...influence; this will be discussed in more depth later. Studies must be first sourced and validated, and then results can be combined making use of the statistical data; probability (p) and effect size (both will be explained shortly) to test the original hypothesis. Hypothesis testing relies upon probability (p) to determine whether a positive relationship can be seen between an independent variable (IV) and an independent variable (DV). IV describes the feature that is chosen to test, for example in the hypothesis ‘Does passive smoking increase the chances of lung cancer’ the IV would be passive smoking, therefore the DV would be lung cancer, as it potentially is dependent on the presence of passive smoke. The Null Hypothesis is the ‘no effect’ proposition, in this example ‘ Smoking has no effect on the occurrence of lung cancer’. In order to establish the acceptance of either the Research Hypothesis or the Null Hypothesis the researcher must determine the likelihood of their study conclusions being due to chance; this is where probability comes in. As we can never say for 100% that a study’s result indicates a definite relationship (as we cannot ever test the entire population) probability aims to find the likelihood of a result being found should the Null Hypothesis be true i.e. how likely is it that if 80% of patients with lung cancer had been previously exposed...
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...PROPOSAL SMOKING AND INFERTILITY 1 Mini Research Proposal: What is the relation between smoking and infertility? Shayne Kremers 12/05/2013 University of Arkansas Fort Smith Introduction What is the relation between smoking and infertility? Cigarette smoking has been a common societal activity for decades. Cigarette smoking is known to cause chronic and sometimes lethal health issues, but the effects of Cigarette smoking on fertility are not well understood. Rationale My research will focus on the impacts cigarette smoking can have on human fertility. I will remain unbiased with regards to gender comparison and smoking. Scholars and researchers agree that smoking does appear to have some impact on human fertility. However, there are no published statistics detailing recent estimates for the population of smokers who suffer from infertility. Nor are there theories exploring which gender smoking most effects with respect to infertility. I aim to develop research and statistics that would represent viability of reproduction in relation to the amount and time of cigarette smoking. Problem The majority of smokers or those that are in contact with cigarette smoke are successfully reproducing with no apparent decrease in fertility. This can be due to several different factors, toxin metabolism, age, duration of smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked during a day. The aim of this research is not to prove that cigarette smoking will...
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...Vulnerable Populations and Self-Awareness Paper Barbara D. Ross University of Phoenix Health Assessment and Promotion for Vulnerable Population NUR 440 Marcella Hardy - Peterson April 19, 2010 Vulnerable Populations and Self-Awareness Paper The social stigma of cigarette smoking has grown over the last 25 years. Many states have established anti-smoking legislation that prohibits smoking in public areas. This paper examines current social, economic and health related impact of the chronic smoker in today’s sociality. The author began smoking cigarettes as an enlisted Navy recruit, quit “cold turkey” when a severe morning cough convinced her that smoking cigarettes might not be conducive to optimum health. The conversion from smoker to non-smoker was not difficult. Cigarette smoking can be part of a social and cultural ritual. Tobacco use became popular in the United States in the 1800’s. Chewing tobacco was the method of use for the early American pioneers. In 1880, James Bonsack, created a machine that rolled tobacco in paper. The creation of the cigarette machine increased the cigarette production and revolutionized the tobacco industry. The health concern of long termed cigarette smoking came to the forefront in the mid-twenthth century. The CDC estimated in 2005, that 20.9% of all U.S. adults, were current cigarette smokers, 80.8% smoked daily and 19.2% some days. The highest prevalence of ethnic smokers...
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...Promotion Among Diverse Populations “Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders have higher rates of smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity than other minority populations.” (CDC, 2013). This is just one of many examples of how minority groups differ, and how health and health promotion/prevention vary from Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NHPI) to the major population. Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education have a major impact on the NHPI group. The most current data available, paints a picture of poor health choices and many health disparities. With the NHPI group having higher death rates related to cancer in comparison to non-Hispanic whites (CDC, 2013). As previously stated, the NHPI group has poor health promotion, as they are the minority group with the highest smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity rates (CDC, 2013). The full-blooded Hawaiian people known as Kanaka Maoli, are estimated to be completely gone by year 2043 as a result of having “the worst health and socioeconomic indicators in Hawaii” (Louie, 2001). One health indicator is the prevalence of cancer in comparison to all US racial and ethnic groups. There are estimated 111 per 100,000 women with breast cancer in the Kanaka Maoli as compared to 86 per 100,000 for white women (Louie, 2001). Prior to the 1700’s, the Hawaiian natives believed in “ka mauli o k’aina a he mauli kanasa.” Which is a Hawaiian saying that pertains to protecting and maintaining the land directly effects the health of the people...
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...Vulnerable Populations and Community Nursing April Pelletier Chamberlain College of Nursing NUR-443: Community Health Nursing November 2016 “In the United States, smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, accounting for approximately one out of every five deaths or 438,000 deaths per year” (p. 58). Smoking usually begins during the adolescent years and is typically more prevalent to the juniors and seniors in high school rather than adults. In the little town of Newington, CT adolescents and smoking tobacco is a real problem. Driving through this town it is easy to overlook most of the young population inhaling either a cancer filled stick or a vaporizer. However, the majority of this age group can be seen smoking...
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...Task A 1. Ban smoking is something we all are familiar of. Mostly we have seen it in trains, busses etc. where there is a sign/sticker of a cigarette that has a line across it, meaning, “ smoking is not allowed”. The text “Benefits of smoke ban will be felt at once”, by The Observer of British newspaper Robin Mckie, involves different scientific studies of ban smoking and the effects of it. An international journal of science can conclude that there are improvements in the population of England after the ban smoking has taken place. One of the effects of ban smoking is that, it has become illegal to smoke in all enclosed public places, workplaces and owners/ managers of pubs, clubs and cafés fines up to 2500 pound if they allow customers to smoke their premises. The Europeans Commission has found that UK has the highest percentage of Europeans trying to quit smoking and 46 per cent are trying to stop and even more say they want to give it up. A UK epidemiologist Sir Richard Peto thinks that there are good news and bad news of smoking. The bad news is that non- smokers who breathe in second- hand smoke face a increased risk of getting lung cancer or heart disease. He also says that no matter how much ban smoking is taking place, that there will still be smokers and a lot of early deaths in the coming years. The good news of smoking which Sir Richard Peto points out that the situation of smoking is better than it use to be. Text two “Is this the end of English literature...
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...determents and social injustices that are projected towards a certain population groups. My father is not the only one who have this problem, but he is a member of millions of people worldwide who suffer from respiratory illness...
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...Promotion 4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population Planning Before Teaching: Name and Credentials of Teacher:Elisa Lisella | Estimated Time Teaching Will Last:30 mins | Location of Teaching:Trillium Health Partners | Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed:Projector | Estimated Cost:0 | Community and Target Aggregate:Pulmonary Rehab Population (includes: COPD; Emphysema, etc) | Topic:SMOKING CESSATION: Making a difference in the life of a smoker. | Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (statistics related to topic): * Tobacco is the #1 risk factor for preventable death and disease in Canada * 7 Million canadians smoke; 45,000 die every year * economic burden is high * tobacco contributes to chronic diseases & exacerbations (i.e: COPD). Nursing Diagnosis: Readiness for Self Help Management, secondary to decision to quit smoking and reduce COPD exacerbations. Readiness for Learning: Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn. * Are you a smoker who is interested in quitting in the next month? * Are you willing to set a QUIT date? * If, yes, would you like to enroll in the Ontario Government’s FREE Quit Smoking Program? * Are you interested in learning more about the FREE Quit Smoking Program? Learning Theory to Be Utilized: Explain how the theory will be applied. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY: a...
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...02/18/2015 Smokers and Weight Control Strategy The illusion that smoking helps with weight control was proposed by the maker of cigarettes. Once the addiction to nicotine was started the following perceived benefits to smoking was easily developed, because these are the symptoms of withdraw. Withdraw causes anxiety so smoking and feeding the addiction reduces anxiety and this enhances the females mood. Low self-esteem and addiction have been proven to be interrelated. Young females (18-24) that are more image concerned than older woman are the sample that is drawn from. The following research is biased because of the age of the population that is sampled. Experimental research is a random selection of participants so this research is non-experimental in nature. The research does demonstrate how replacing one habit with a comparable better habit changes perception and this is the key to change. T-test are valuable tools of statistical data and interpretation of this data and its relevance can be interpreted differently. . Physical activity and body image strategy is a viable alternative to help young woman reduce the chances of becoming addicted to bad habits like smoking This study compares responses from body image manipulation and the urge to smoke. The statistics comes from; Nair, U. S., Collins, B. N., & Napolitano, M. A. (2013). Differential effects of a body image exposure session on smoking urge between physically active and sedentary female smokers. (pg.323)...
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...Introduction Smoking is one of the biggest health problems seen throughout the United States. It is estimated that cigarette smoking contributes to around 450,000 deaths every year and cost the U.S. $193 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost productivity (Porter 2013). Cigarette smoking is an addictive habit and for the majority of smokers is very hard to quit, especially by themselves. It is difficult if one is a non-smoker to grasp and understand the dynamics of the addiction and successful quitting usually requires a significant amount of assistance and support. Nurse practitioners are there to provide professional assistance by helping patients take the appropriate steps and measures to ensure their success in smoking cessation. Difficulty of Smoking Cessation In general, most people who smoke know smoking is bad for their health and can contribute to many other health problems and even death, so why can’t they just quit? If it were that easy there would be significantly less smokers in this country. The problem is not the desire to quit but rather the actual act of stoping smoking for good. The fact of reality is there are plenty of smokers out there who want to quit but just can’t due to the complexity and addictive nature of the habit. The three main components of tobacco smoke include; tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine (McEwen 2014). Most of the health issues that arise from smoking cigarettes are directly linked to tar and carbon monoxide components...
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...Tobacco & Smoking: Smoking is a world wide hazard. It is a single most important cause of preventable premature death. According to WHO figures there are about 1.3 billion smokers in the world. 20 billion cigarettes are sold every day. Smoking is declining in US and many other western countries In USA smoking rate have decreased to almost half over the last three decades but it is on the rise in developing countries like Pakistan, India, Philippine, Thailand and Cambodia . In some developed countries in far East like Japan and China more than 60 % of male population smokes. One third of the world population smokes, 12 % of them are women and every day 100,000 kids are added to this number. Every year 5.6 million people die of tobacco/smoking related diseases. Every 6 second a current or former smoker dies. 70 % of smokers die younger than normal population. Smokers die 15 year younger than non smokers. In 21st century, 1.3 billion people will die of smoking. Smoking cigarette, pipe, cigar, Huqua, Shisha and other use of tobacco like chewing tobacco and tobacco sniffing all are dangerous and addictive. Nicotine present in tobacco smoke causes addiction by increasing the brain levels of chemicals like Dopamine and Endrophine. These chemicals give a sense of happiness hence there is craving for tobacco products. If a person tries to quit, withdrawal effects include irritability, anxiety, depression and lack of concentration. Tobacco and tobacco smoke have about 4...
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...SMOKING BAN – OHIO STATE LAW As early as the days of Christopher Columbus accidentally mistaking our beautiful country, the United States of America, for our Eastern hemisphere friends India; there has been a major agricultural product whose historical prominence still exists to this very day. That product is the tobacco plant. Early settlers of our great nation grew and brought this very plant from various parts of the world. Little did they know that the tobacco plant would eventually be rolled into a piece of filter paper, added to other harmful substances, and turn into one of the largest health addictions mankind has ever faced. It was not until the two World Wars of the 20th century, where the fad of cigarette smoking skyrocketed (“The History of Smoking”). During the period of the World Wars, medical research was still in its infancy stages and no corollary was established between cigarette smoking and its adverse health effects. It was not until 1964, when the United States Surgeon General stated that cigarette smoking was directly linked to lung cancer (“The History of Smoking”). This is when the government decided it was the best to intervene since the safety of its citizens was at stake. In today’s day and age, cigarette companies have expanded in various different markets and are a part of a multi-billion dollar industry. Unfortunately even with all the technological advances and modern day medical practices that mankind has discovered, cigarette smoking is still...
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...the Docket 1. Comments Submitting Research on FDA’s Proposed Required Warnings 2. Other Comments D. Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area E. Non-Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area IV. Comments Regarding Textual Warning Statements A. Changes to Textual Warning Statements B. Attribution to the Surgeon General C. Foreign Language Translations V. Description of the Final Rule...
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...__________________________________________ 5 Does income contain a correlation? ______________________________________ 6 How does smoking affect our life expectancy ______________________________ 7 How the leading causes of death relate ___________________________________ 8 How the health care has affected life expectancy ____________________________ 9 Future Studies Thing’s that could have been improved on _______________________________ 10 Conclusion A restatement of the work that has been done...
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...Introduction Assessing the Main Effects of population strategies, such as tobacco taxation and pricing, on high-risk subpopulations is important for understanding the reach and effectiveness of such strategies. Increased tobacco taxes, passed on to consumers in the form of higher cigarette prices, provide an economic disincentive to those who smoke or may be contemplating smoking. Indeed, evidence from this knowledge synthesis strongly supports increasing cigarette prices through tobacco taxation as a powerful strategy for achieving major reductions in smoking among some, but not all, high-risk populations. This is a highly effective policy tool for reducing smoking participation and consumption among youth, young adults and persons of low socioeconomic status. In contrast, major gaps exist in our knowledge about the impact of price on persons diagnosed with mental health or non-nicotine substance abuse disorders, heavy and/or long-term smokers. Raising cigarette prices is an effective tobacco control policy in reducing smoking among youth. While most studies of young adults found that increased prices also result in reductions in smoking behavior, the magnitude tends to be smaller than for youth. Chaloupka and Pacula argue that because tobacco is an addictive substance, response to increased prices will occur more slowly than for non-addictive goods; therefore long-term gains may be larger than short-term gains. The impact of increased price on smoking initiation among youth and...
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