Free Essay

How Successful Were the Reforms of Post War Labour Government 1945-1951 in Creating a Welfare State?

In: Historical Events

Submitted By michaln
Words 1554
Pages 7
How successful were the Liberal Reforms of 1906-1914 in meeting the needs of the British people?
Before the turn of the twentieth century, the government and people of Britain commonly believed in the policy of laissez-faire – the policy of non-intervention in relation to social problems. Due to this, the majority of those in poverty received no help whatsoever. However as time passed, people’s attitudes were changed by the publishing of various findings and the government seeked to help not only the poor but also other groups. The young were helped by aiding their nourishment and inspecting their health. The elderly were helped by supporting them with pensions. The sick were helped by creating insurance which would come to their help during times of sickness. The unemployed were assisted by funding which supported them at times during which they looked for work. Finally, the employed were helped by making their wages fairer and shortening working hours.
In 1906 the School Meals Act was passed. This Act addressed the problem of children being undernourished in school as this made them incapable of learning as much as they were expected to. A year later the Medical Inspections Act was passed which made it mandatory that a child goes through at least 3 medical inspections throughout their school career. Finally, in 1908 the Children’s Charter was passed. The Charter protected children in all aspects of life, making sure they were protected from abuse and neglect by making these punishable offenses and ensuring that they children were not living on the streets without food or education. It also banned under-16s from smoking, drinking alcohol or begging. Furthermore, children now had a separate legal system in which they weren’t tried as adults if they committed crimes. The induction of all these were very important. Children could now get proper sized meals which in turn helped them to learn in school. They would now know if they had any medical conditions which needed tending to as medical inspection were compulsory, even if treatment was not covered. Additionally, it prevented to an extent, abuse against children as it had now become an illegal act. Also, thanks to the setting up of juvenile courts children became protected by the state as they did not have to face the consequences that adults did. The Acts were all however very limited in the sense that they only focused on certain aspects of childhood and did not reform the flawed education system due to which many children lost out as their parents were simply not rich enough to guarantee them a good education.
The Liberal Reforms also looked to help the elderly. In 1908 they did this by passing the Old Pensions Act which provided money to those over 70 who needed it most. The poorer one was and the less money one earned, the better pension one received. Married couples were also given seven shillings and six pence for their pension. This Act was the first time that the government had shown some initiative to help the elderly of the country and this led to many seniors hailing and praising David Lloyd George for what he had done for them. However, the pensions were not strictly all that they were made out to be. They did not give the recommended amount to remain above the poverty line and most of those who were in need of it had already died by the age of 70 as they were simply unable to keep themselves going with the money that they had. This can be attributed to the fact that numerous individuals had to stop working well before that age due to medical problems and the likes. Also, if one claimed poor relief within the past year then they were not entitled to claim such a benefit. This also applied to those who had been in prison the past two years or had failed to work regularly. Overall, this Act was once again very limited and did nothing to tackle the problem of low wages and restricted employment. Instead the government implemented such an Act which only pacified the people making it seem like they had made great strides when in reality a majority of those that needed help, still did not receive it.
Moreover, reforms were aimed at tackling problems which sick workers faced. It was in 1911 that the National Insurance Act (Part 1) was passed. Said Act focused on creating unemployment insurance and the first labour exchange schemes where benefits would be collected. This way those who were out of work due to sickness were given funds to support them during these hard times. These schemes covered 15 million people in Great Britain and meant that each worker who put in 4p received 9p back during sick leave, thanks to the government’s help. However, the Act ensured benefits for only 26 weeks after which they were cut. Women lost out as they received less, and it was merely insured workers who received such aid. The Act is sometimes viewed as having bad influence on poverty as many who paid in money never saw any back. There was also nothing done to tackle health problems and reduce the time that people were ill for so they could remain sick for extremely long periods of time.
Part 2 of the National Insurance Act aimed to help the unemployed of certain industries, especially in practical and technical ones. These were the jobs which were considered to be most liable to varying employment levels at different times of year. In total the Act covered 2.25 million workers – it supported those who were looking for work and provided them with benefits for up to 15 weeks whilst they searched for work. This meant they would not immediately become poor if they had lost their jobs and become unemployed. The labour exchanges which were created also made it much easier to find new jobs as people could now go somewhere specific to look for employment. Nevertheless, since the Act only covered workers of specific industries, many did not receive help when they were unemployed. Also, workers had to give up some of their pay to contribute to this scheme which in certain cases made their problems even larger and worse. As the scheme only insured for 15 weeks regardless of industrial problems, many were unable to support themselves past this duration. Furthermore, the scheme only worked when under 5% of workers were unemployed, otherwise there would not be ample capital to subsidise it. Overall, the system did not really help the general British population as it covered only a small amount of the country’s workers. Plus, workers had to contribute to the scheme themselves which a lot of the time was impossible, especially for those who were already in poverty and this only made them worse-off.
Another group which the Liberal Reforms looked to help were the employed. This they did through the passing of 4 different Acts – The 1906 Workman’s Compensation Act which allowed all employees to receive compensation for injuries or diseases sustained in the workplace. The 1908 Coal Mines Act which granted miners an 8 hour day. The 1909 Trade Boards Act which set up boards to negotiate minimum wages in the box, lace, chainmaking and tailoring trades. And the 1911 Shops Act which entitled shop assistants to a weekly half-day holiday in addition to setting the maximum working hours in a week to 60. The Act was revolutionary in the sense of allowing 6 million to claim compensation, giving miners a secure working hour day, setting up trade boards to give fair wages and preventing shop workers from being overworked. However, the Acts still failed to establish minimum wages and working hours in many professions and shop assistants were forced to make up for the time off they had received during weekdays, meaning that they were not helped all that much by the Act. The Act was limited in the sense that it targeted certain industries so not all the employed people of Britain were helped. It would have possibly been easier and more appropriate to create a universal minimum wage covering the entire population as this way there would be less problems in terms of fair wages and pay
In conclusion, while many historians think the Liberal Reforms only made matters worse in the United Kingdom as they were unable to help all of the British people in terms of making everyone even and fair when it came down to benefits and help, I believe that while they did have their limitations, they were rather successful in helping the people of Britain by assisting them in all aspects of life as well as laying the foundations for further future reforms. Since a wide range of groups in the population were aided, these were good stepping stones for changes in the future. It is wrong to say that the Liberal Reforms had a negative impact on the populace of the United Kingdom as millions of people in five different groups were helped by them in numerous different ways which increased the standard of their lives. However, it must be said that the reforms had their boundaries as they did not help a big chunk of the British population.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Traveling

...growth was developed by two trade union economists shortly after World War II. Through the use of extensive employment policy measures, a tight fiscal policy and a wage policy of solidarity, the Rehn-Meidner model represents a unique third way between Keynesianism and monetarism. This essay analyses the application and performance of the Rehn-Meidner model in Sweden. Although never consistently applied, it is possible to distinguish a golden age for the model from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. In the 1970s and the 1980s, governments abandoned the restrictive macroeconomic means of the model and were thus unable to combine low rates of unemployment with low inflation and high economic growth. Since the early 1990s, Sweden has not met the requirement of full employment in the Rehn-Meidner model. Recent declarations by the EU to prioritise full employment once again but without giving up the objectives of price stability and growth legitimise a renewed interest in the model. __________________ JEL classification: E24; E31; E62; J23; J31; J62; O23 Keywords: Swedish model; Rehn-Meidner model; third way; labour market policy; solidarity wage policy; productivity growth, fiscal policy; unemployment; inflation Contact author: Lennart Erixon, Department of Economics, Stockholm University. Tel.: +46 8 16 21 36; fax.: +46 8 15 94 82; e-mail: lex@ne.su.se. 2 1. Introduction In the early post-war period, two Swedish trade-union economists presented a unique...

Words: 31952 - Pages: 128

Premium Essay

Beyond Consumerism

...Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption Author(s): Frank Trentmann Source: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 373-401 Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180734 . Accessed: 21/03/2011 08:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sageltd. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access...

Words: 14844 - Pages: 60

Premium Essay

Economics

...Development — The New View of Economic Development • Development as a Multi-dimensional Process • Three Core Values of Development — Development, Freedom and Opportunities — Human Development • Sustainable Human Development • What Makes Development Unsustainable? • Policy for Sustainable Development — Human Development Index — Progress and Setbacks in Human Development • Advances in Human Development—A Global Snapshot • The Limits to Human Development `• The End of Convergence? • India—A Globalization Success Story with a Mixed Record on Human Development — National Human Development Report - 2001 • Indicators — State of Human Development in India • State Level 2. The Environment and Development. 46 — Introduction — The Basic Issues • Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting • Population, Resources, and the Environment • Poverty and Environment • Growth versus the Environment • Rural Development and the Environment • Urban Development and the Environment • The Global Environment — Consequences of Environmental Damage — The Indian Case • Consequences of Environmental Plunder — Public Policy SECTION - II Indian Economy at Independence 3. India's Economy at Independence. 57 — Introduction — The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities ...

Words: 57754 - Pages: 232

Premium Essay

History Ib Review Notes

...their way of life: - Slavic based languages including writing system (Cyrillic) - Orthodox religion The Russians adopted much from Asian culture and this led western Europeans to think less of the Russians Geographically Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe: - Entirely land locked (mostly) - Huge Plains of Eastern Europe prevented overland travel During these early years there were a series of muscovite princes based in Moscow and called themselves Tsars. By the 17th century the Romanov family became the ruling dynasty: - Alexander I (1801-1825) - Nicholas I (1825-1855) - Alexander II (1855-1881) - Alexander III (1881-1894) - Nicholas II (1894-1917) Under the rule of Peter the Great (1689-1728) Russia grew greatly in size and entered the European World www.ibscrewed.org The Russia of 1800 was one of the greatest autocracies in Europe where: - The Tsar’s rule was absolute - There was a small, but powerful landowning elite - The vast majority of the population existed in a state called serfdom Serfdom: refers to the legal and economic status of peasants (serf). In Russia Serfdom practically equaled slavery - In 1646, landowners registered peasants living on their land. From then they are considered property of the estate. - Serfs could not leave the estates...

Words: 32400 - Pages: 130

Premium Essay

Case

...Preface iii v Chapter 1 The Cold War Era 1 Chapter 2 The End of Bipolarity 17 Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics 31 Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power 51 Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia 65 Chapter 6 International Organisations 81 Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World 99 Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources 117 Chapter 9 Globalisation 135 Chapter 1 The Cold War Era OVERVIEW This chapter provides a backdrop to the entire book. The end of the Cold War is usually seen as the beginning of the contemporary era in world politics which is the subject matter of this book. It is, therefore, appropriate that we begin the story with a discussion of the Cold War. The chapter shows how the dominance of two superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union, was central to the Cold War. It tracks the various arenas of the Cold War in different parts of the world. The chapter views the NonAligned Movement (NAM) as a challenge to the dominance of the two superpowers and describes the attempts by the non-aligned countries to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO) as a means of attaining economic development and political independence. It concludes with an assessment of India’s role in NAM and asks how successful the policy of nonalignment has been in protecting India’s interests. The end of the Second World War led to the rise of two major centres...

Words: 52386 - Pages: 210

Premium Essay

Politics

...of Jews live in Israel and this % is rising.’ * ‘Zionism wants to strengthen and protect Jews and the State o What problems faced Palestine in 1945 Civil disruption.‘ * Large numbers of Jews wanted to go to Palestine.’ * ‘The US was supporting a state of Israel.’ * ‘Should immigration be allowed?’ * ‘Campaigns of violence by the Irgun.’ Why did Britain decide to hand Palestine over to the United Nations * ‘It did not want to stay.’ * ‘Because of the cost.’ * ‘There was violence.’ * ‘Because of its view of Zionism.’ * ‘The pressure from the Irgun.’ * ‘Because of the guerrilla campaign. Explains why * ‘At the end of the war Britain was under great pressure to change its policy and allow in survivors of the holocaust. They refused and this brought about violent protest.’ * ‘The Irgun deliberately attacked and killed British soldiers including the explosion at the King David Hotel. The violence from the Irgun was intended to persuade the British to leave.’ * ‘Because the Arabs continued to block any proposals regarding partition.’ * ‘The British were finding it too expensive to keep large numbers of troops there, especially having just fought a costly war.’ How far was the war of 1948-49 a success for Israel * It was as the Arab armies were forced to accept defeat.’ * ‘A Jewish state was established.’...

Words: 87832 - Pages: 352

Premium Essay

Labor Law

...CHAPTER 9 LABOUR PRACTICES AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN TNCS: THE CASE OF TOYOTA KIRLOSKAR IN INDIA KRISHNA SHEKHAR LAL DAS & SOBIN GEORGE 1. INTRODUCTION The study on the working conditions and labour practices in Toyota Kirloskar in India is part of the network research on Transnational Corporation Monitoring in Asia. Since 2002 the Asian Transnational Corporation (ATNC) Monitoring Network has been operational to build up a regional network through which labour organisations in different Asian countries can pursue concrete solidarity actions to improve working conditions of workers employed in transnational corporations (TNC). Against this backdrop, it is aimed to have a closer look at the labour management and forms of employment in automobile and electronics sectors invested by Asian TNCs in Asia. As part of this endeavour, the Centre for Education and Communication (CEC), New Delhi collaborated with the network research coordinated by Asia Monitor Resource Centre (AMRC), Hong Kong to observe the labour practices of Asian TNCs invested in India. In the first phase the network research focused on the movement of capital and its impact on labour by engaging desk research on foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and related aspects. In the current phase, emphasis is on specific cases of labour practices and labour conditions in selected ATNCs. 1.1 Methodology The present study is situated in the wider context of the dichotomy between labour and capital. The changes of production...

Words: 32270 - Pages: 130

Premium Essay

Treasures

......................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................................................... Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA)................................... Final Examination and Grading.......................................... Course Marking Scheme..................................................... Course Overview/Presentation Schedule............................ How to get the most from this Course................................ Tutors and...

Words: 55473 - Pages: 222

Premium Essay

Industrial

...(are) engaged”. By “relations” we mean “the relationships that exist within the industry between the employer and his workmen.” | | | | The term industrial relations explain the relationship between employees and management which stem directly or indirectly from union-employer relationship. Industrial relations are the relationships between employees and employers within the organizational settings. The field of industrial relations looks at the relationship between management and workers, particularly groups of workers represented by a union. Industrial relations are basically the interactions between employers, employees and the government, and the institutions and associations through which such interactions are mediated. The term industrial relations have a broad as well as a narrow outlook. Originally, industrial relations were broadly defined to include the relationships and interactions between employers and employees. From this perspective, industrial relations cover all aspects of the employment relationship, including human resource management, employee relations, and union-management (or labor) relations. Now its meaning has become more specific and restricted. Accordingly, industrial relations pertains to the study and practice of collective bargaining, trade unionism, and labor-management relations, while human resource management is a separate, largely distinct field that deals with nonunion employment relationships and the personnel practices and policies...

Words: 23312 - Pages: 94

Premium Essay

Euro Crisis

...Local Economy http://lec.sagepub.com/ The euro crisis Andrew Jones Local Economy 2011 26: 594 DOI: 10.1177/0269094211421748 The online version of this article can be found at: http://lec.sagepub.com/content/26/6-7/594 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: London South Bank University Local Economy Policy Unit Partner Organisation: Centre for Local Economic Strategies Additional services and information for Local Economy can be found at: Email Alerts: http://lec.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://lec.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://lec.sagepub.com/content/26/6-7/594.refs.html >> Version of Record - Nov 17, 2011 What is This? Downloaded from lec.sagepub.com at UNIV OF GUELPH on November 17, 2013 Review article The euro crisis Andrew Jones Local Economy Policy Unit, London South Bank University, UK Local Economy 26(6–7) 594–618 ! The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0269094211421748 lec.sagepub.com ´ ˜ Marco Buti, Servaas Deroose, Vıtor Gaspar and Joao Nogueira Martins (eds), The Euro: The First Decade, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2010; 1048pp: ISBN 978-9279098420, £95 (hbk); Roy H. Ginsberg, Demystifying The European Union: The Enduring Logic of Regional Integration (2nd edn), Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham, MD, 2010;...

Words: 15233 - Pages: 61

Free Essay

Japan Trade Laws

...Country Commerce Japan Released September 2011 The Economist Intelligence Unit 750 Third Avenue New York NY 10017 USA Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For 60 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The Economist Intelligence Unit delivers its information in four ways: through its digital portfolio, where the latest analysis is updated daily; through printed subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through research reports; and by organising seminars and presentations. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London Economist Intelligence Unit 26 Red Lion Square London WC1R 4HQ United Kingdom Tel: (44.20) 7576 8000 Fax: (44.20) 7576 8500 E-mail: london@eiu.com Hong Kong Economist Intelligence Unit 60/F, Central Plaza 18 Harbour Road Wanchai Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2585 3888 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 E-mail: hongkong@eiu.com New York Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Group 750 Third Avenue 5th Floor New York, NY 10017, US Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 E-mail: newyork@eiu.com Geneva Economist Intelligence Unit Boulevard des Tranchées 16 1206 Geneva Switzerland Tel: (41) 22 566 2470 Fax: (41) 22 346 93 47 E-mail: geneva@eiu.com This report can be accessed electronically as...

Words: 52449 - Pages: 210

Premium Essay

Canada

...is a crowned lion holding a red maple leaf. On the right is a lion rampant flying the Union Flag. On the left is a unicorn flying a fleurs-de-lis flag. A red ribbon around the shield says "desiderantes meliorem patriam". Below is a blue scroll inscribed "A mari usque ad mare" on a wreath of flowers. Flag Coat of arms Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] Projection of North America with Canada in green Capital Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W Largest city Toronto Official language(s) English and French Recognised regional languages Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] Demonym Canadian Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor General David Johnston - Prime Minister Stephen Harper - Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house House of Commons Establishment - British North America Acts July 1, 1867 - Statute of Westminster December 11, 1931 - Canada Act April 17, 1982 Area - Total 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi - Water (%) 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2)...

Words: 14190 - Pages: 57

Premium Essay

Civil Rights

...a name usually associated with America's Civil Rights movement if only because the main 'points' happened after his presidency - Montgomery, Little Rock, Birmingham, the careers of Martin Luther Kingand Stokely Carmichael. However, some very important civil rights issues were covered in his presidency. Truman’s ancestors had owned slaves. His first recollection of African Americans was a household servants within his family - and he did not come from a prosperous family. While he was dating his future wife Bess, she claimed that he told her that he felt that one person was as good as any other as long as they were not black. He also criticised the Chinese in America, the Jews - to whom he referred to as "Kikes" and the Italians in America who he called "wops". Hence, Truman’s background produced what one would have expected and the young Truman would have had the same views as most other youths in Independence. When he got involved in politics at an early age, he did what any aspiring politician did in the South, he paid $10 to join the KKK. Public office changed Truman. Why? Did he feel that America could not claim to be the democratic  capital of the world while African Americans were treated thus? Or were his motives political? The African American population was big enough to have some political clout. Was he out to fish for their votes with his adoption of the civil rights cause? Truman and civil rights legislation: Before he became president, Truman show demonstrated...

Words: 11349 - Pages: 46

Free Essay

Globalisation

...Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili and Patrick Hayden Critical Theories of Globalization Also by Chamsy el-Ojeili CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics FROM LEFT COMMUNISM TO POSTMODERNISM: Reconsidering Emancipatory Discourse Also by Patrick Hayden AMERICA’S WAR ON TERROR CONFRONTING GLOBALIZATION: Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics COSMOPOLITAN GLOBAL POLITICS JOHN RAWLS: Towards a Just World Order THE PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN RIGHTS Critical Theories of Globalization Chamsy el-Ojeili Department of Sociology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Patrick Hayden School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK © Patrick Hayden and Chamsy el-Ojeili 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents...

Words: 100030 - Pages: 401

Free Essay

One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.

...Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael...

Words: 163893 - Pages: 656