...to assess the impact of globalization on the Caribbean business environment. Much has been written about globalization which is more accurately viewed as a process of change rather that an event which has already occurred. The impact of globalization on any environment can be both positive and negative and can be described as the enablers or the constraints which affect the decisions made by leaders, both government and business. It also refers to the way these choices affect the lives of all people. Scholars David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton developed a general framework for understanding the process and characteristics of globalization. The authors said that, “in its simplest sense globalization refers to the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnectedness. They also suggest that the process of Globalization does not only have one kind of impact or outcome but four different types namely Decisional, Institutional, Distributive and Structural: • Decisional impact. How does globalizing processes affect how individuals, corporations, organizations and governments make decisions? • Institutional impact. How does globalization change the agendas of organizations and individuals, structure their choices and influence their preferences? • Distributive impact. How does globalization change the way wealth and power are distributed within and among countries? • Structural impact. How does globalization structure patterns of behavior...
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...THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ANALYSIS On top of almost every economy usually stands the Manufacturing industry and has always been the source of growth of most economy. However, for Jamaica this sector's has been impeded by a number of factors including crime, high energy costs, reduced access to affordable raw materials and thereby resulted in a decline in the industry. THE FOUNDATION Jamaica possesses a highly diversified manufacturing industry whose development has been based on continuous investment from other countries, which has produced high-quality products and dominated the country’s export over the last 50 years. A primary force behind the increase in the manufacturing industry resulted from the shortage of goods after World War 11, therefore a lot of the international goods were produced locally. In its early stages of development of the manufacturing industry was overwhelmed with opportunities. With the support of Government, an entrepreneurial class, a local market that could facilitate over 1 million individuals, and labour in abundance, the manufacturing industry was unstoppable. The company was moving so rapid that sectors quickly diversified from sugar and rum into producing a wide range of manufactured products such as garments, processed foods, machinery, and electrical equipment, and this resulted in an impressive growth. Real value increased for the sector increased at an average of 7% annually between 1938 and 1950, and its contribution to GDP increased...
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...food processing and food distribution. These subsidiaries are spread throughout the Caribbean and the United Kingdom. In 1995 Grace Kennedy formulated its 2020 vision with the objective to transform itself from a Jamaican trading company to a global consumer group with roots in Jamaica. 2006 saw this vision being broadened as the company undertook a strategic reorganization under the theme “designing Grace Kennedy for the 21st century,” aimed at expanding operations within the Caribbean and internationally improving efficiency, innovation and profitability. Through its subsidiary Grace Foods, Grace Kennedy has established itself as the Caribbean’s largest supplier of Caribbean and other ethnic foods to over 38 countries globally; with retail presence throughout the Caribbean, the United States and the United Kingdom. GK Foods’ culture of innovation over the years has allowed it to respond positively to market adjustments with adjustments of its own in regards to its product offerings and cost saving operations. Grace Foods operates through eleven subsidiary companies and independent distributors selling products including beverages, canned meats and fish, chips, coconut products, dairy products, instant porridge, jams and jellies, ready mixes, rice combos, sauces and condiments, spices and seasoning, soups, teas, and veggie meals. Their mission is “To satisfy the unmet needs of Caribbean people wherever we are in the world”. As part of its 2020 vision Grace Kennedy...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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...Coffee and Global Sustainability Coffee is everywhere. From specialty espresso shops in Italy to the corner convenience store, it is near impossible to go anywhere in the world and not be able to purchase a cup of joe. And it is big business too. Since 1950 coffee production has grown by almost 200 percent, and after oil, coffee is the most important traded commodity in the world.[i] Coffee is so prevalent affluent societies take it for granted as an affordable part to their everyday life. For the growers in developing countries, although they may rarely drink the product they produce, it is their livelihoods. This paper will take a look into the past and present of coffee and evaluate and present solutions, both environmentally and socially, for the continued sustainability of the world’s most influential drink. A History of Exploitation To understand the implications of coffee’s impact on society and the global economy, it is important to start at the beginning. Coffee berries were first eaten by slaves who took it with them as they were taken from what is present day Sudan to Yemen and Arabia. This is where coffee as we know it today was born. It is believed that the first beans were roasted and brewed around 1000 A.D. in Arabia. By the 13th century, coffee was a common drink among Arabs and coffeehouses were opened in Mecca and throughout the Arab world. By the 15th century, coffee was cultivated as a crop throughout Arabia. However, the Arabs banned the exportation...
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...duties and other indirect taxes. (stroomdiagram) With the remittances, the individuals/society determine their spending priorities as opposed to the agenda of the government as is the case with taxes and foreign aid. Besides this, governments are now able to increase their debts, because of the constant inflow generated by tax, or governments can spend more on infrastructure. (Abdih et al, 2012) In other words, remittances can provide the (indirect) tax revenues (increase), which allowed some countries to increase spending. This effect is explained in more detail as the (Keynesian) multiplier effect. (Lowell, 2001), (Clemens, 2013), (Ebeke, 2010). Actually, Sophie, that brings up an interesting point. Many people don’t realise just how significant the contribution of remittances is to the GDP of a...
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...the importance of international trade in India’s economy has grown considerably. As a result the ratio of international trade to GDP has gone up from 14 per cent in 1980 to nearly 20 per cent towards the end of the decade of 1990s. Given the trends of globalization and liberalization, the openness of Indian economy is expected to grow further in the coming two decades. The more exact magnitude of India's trade in 2020 and its proportion to India's national income would be determined by a variety of factors. Many of these factors are in the nature of external shocks and are beyond the control of national policy making. One illustration is the recent surge in the crude oil prices in the international market to unprecedented levels that have impacted the country’s imports in a significant manner. In addition, the implementation of various WTO agreements are...
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...Introduction The current state of the world economy is quite uncertain. Economic statistics that governments and other financial institutions use to project the economy imply that the world economy is shrinking. Since 2008, the state of the American economy has not been attractive. For instance, the United States economy has not registered any significant growth for the last three years. The 2011 second quarter results indicated that gross domestic product improved by 1%. At the same time, there was slight increase in business fixed investment sector. This was mainly attributed to good performance in software and equipment. In general, the economy seems to be headed for recovery (United Nations, 2010). There were increased product and services exports as well as over growth in consumer spending. Overall federal government spending increased. This was as a result of increased government spending in military. The issue of oil and turmoil in oil producing countries especially in North Africa has contributed negatively to the economy. High energy costs mean that most sections of the economy will experience high production costs. Final products will be more costly to the consumer and thus leading to reduced consumer spending. A broader look at the state of the economy reveals that the economy is headed for a recovery. Most core sections of the economy have begun to register growth meaning that soon the economy will bounce back (United Nations, 2010). Macroeconomic Snapshots...
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...Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 74 2011 Global economic crisis, gender and employment: The impact and policy response Naoko Otobe Employment Sector Copyright © International Labour Organization First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Otobe, Naoko Global economic crisis, gender and employment : the impact and policy response / Naoko Otobe ; International Labour Office, Employment Sector. - Geneva: ILO, 2011 1 v. (Employment working paper) ISBN: 9789221241690; 9789221241706 (web pdf) ISSN 1999-2939 (print); ISSN 1999-2947 (web pdf) International Labour Office; Employment Sector women workers / men workers / employment / unemployment / gender equality / employment policy / social policy / economic recession / developed...
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...what, where, why, and how of international business. WHAT? Section one introduces what is international business and who has an interest in it. Students will sift through the globalization debate and understanding the impact of ethics on global businesses. Additionally, students will explore the evolution of international trade from past to present, with a focus on how firms and professionals can better understand today’s complex global business arena by understanding the impact of political and legal factors. The section concludes with a chapter on understanding how cultures are defined and the impact on business interactions and practices with tangible tips for negotiating across cultures. WHERE? Section two develops student knowledge about key facets of the global business environment and the key elements of trade and cooperation between nations and global organizations. Today, with increasing numbers of companies of all sizes operating internationally, no business or country can remain an island. Rather, the interconnections between countries, businesses, and institutions are inextricable. Even how we define the world is changing. No longer classified into simple and neat categories, the rapid changes within countries are redefining how global businesses think about developed, developing, and emerging markets. This section addresses the evolving nature of country classifications and helps develop a student’s ability to comprehend the rationale of how to analyze a specific...
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...School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation analyses the problem of how to create more just and democratic global governing institutions, exploring the approach of a more formal system of collective decision-making by the three main actors in global society: governments, civil society and the business sector. The thesis seeks to make a contribution by presenting for discussion an addition to the system of international governance that is morally justified and potentially practicable, referred to as ‘Collective Management’. The thesis focuses on the role of civil society, analysing arguments for and against a role for civil society that goes beyond ‘soft power’ to inclusion as voting members in inter-governmental decision-making structures in the United Nations (UN) system, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organisation...
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...U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are:...
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...U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS: INVESTMENT AND TRADE FOR DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2013 ii World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on four decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensusbuilding, and provides technical assistance to over 150 countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are:...
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...Indonesian experience Smitha Francis Abstract This paper analyses Indonesia’s resource mobilisation and public expenditure policies against the backdrop of her inequality trends and macroeconomic policy evolution. It is argued that the country’s fiscal policy stance has been adversely impacted by her monetary and financial sector policies under an open capital account, with attendant regressive distributional implications. Juxtaposing the analysis of revenue mobilisation trends and taxation policies with the evidence of increasing asset and land concentration and persisting high inequalities reveals that the increase in income tax revenue did not necessarily come from the upper income profiles or corporate profits. Meanwhile, although government expenditure to GDP ratio has improved after 2003, capital expenditures and social expenditures other than those in education continue to remain low. Further, the current pattern of fiscal decentralisation does not seem to be effective in addressing the existing disparities. JEL Classification H 200; H 500; H 700 Key Words Indonesia, fiscal policy, public finance, inequality, taxation, revenue, government expenditure, financial liberalisation, IMF debt conditionalities, decentralisation Smitha Francis is Principal Economist, Economic Research Foundation, New Delhi. Email for correspondence: smithafrancis@gmail.com THE IDEAs WORKING PAPER SERIES 01/2012 Fiscal Policy Evolution and Distributional Implications: The Indonesian...
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...U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011 NON-EQUITY MODES OF INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2011 NON-EQUITY MODES OF INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva, 2011 ii World Investment Report 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development NOTE The Division on Investment and Enterprise of UNCTAD is a global centre of excellence, dealing with issues related to investment and enterprise development in the United Nations System. It builds on three and a half decades of experience and international expertise in research and policy analysis, intergovernmental consensus-building, and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The terms country/economy as used in this Report also refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage...
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