...* Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, encephalitis, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma.[12] The two brain regions related with this condition are medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss.[13] However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving quality of life for anterograde amnesia sufferers.[13] * Retrograde amnesia refers to inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory. Episodic memory is more likely to be affected than semantic memory. The damage is usually caused by head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. People suffering from retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Recent memories are less likely to be recovered...
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...5/30/2014 SSCI206 Unit 4 Individual Project Sensory, short-term and long-term memories are all a part of the first step in the human memory model. After the basic steps of memory function come the types of memory and how they’re used in retaining information. Encoding happens first in order to determine how information is remembered on each acquired basis. Once the information is encoded it is then stored and each memory can be in more than one place. When the memory or information is ready to be used it is then retrieved and brought to a conscious level. Next, “the retrieval process relies greatly on the encoding process and the cues or techniques used to get the material through the encoding process” (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Spacing out the repetition of information can help with the retrieval and storing of information. When a student considers cramming for a test, often times the material is not retained properly and forgotten by the time he is ready to use the information. Interference theory states that old or current information remains until new information comes into play. There are two types of interference theories retroactive and proactive interference. Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with the ability to retain older information and proactive interference is when the old information prohibits new information to retention (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Cramming...
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...Psychology Paper #2 (Amnesia) Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where patients are unable to remember things, people, places, etc. that happened before they suffered from amnesia. Susie claims that she was in a car accident a few months ago and suffered a severe blow to the head, and now she cannot remember much from the months before the accident. Susie also mentions that she used to be a very good artist but now when she picks up a paintbrush, it feels unfamiliar to her and she can no longer draw adequately. However, she can still recall facts about art history. After hearing this testimony from Susie I have come to the conclusion she is suffering from retrograde amnesia. I would also say that Susie’s nondeclarative LTM seems to be affected the most. Nondeclarative memory (also called implicit memory) is memory that is independent from conscious recollection or without conscious recall. This type of memory is where you would find your motor skills, and since Susie says she can remember facts about art but does not remember how to draw or paint well, leads me to believe that here implicit memory is affected more then her explicit memory. Tom on the other hand is suffering from anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is when someone is unable to recall new memories or events after the event that caused their amnesia. Tom says that after his surgery he does not remember anyone coming to visit him, even though his friends and family insist they came many times...
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...Lynda Cable The Man without a Memory Paper How would you define the relationship between learning something and remembering it? The author would define the relationship between learning and remembering such as preparing for a test or remembering the different signs when studying for a driver’s test. Sometimes when studying for that test a person can learn the material but might have a hard time remembering the information. If a person learns the information that needs to be learned for the test and retains the material, the person will remember what information they need for the test. We also have to ask ourselves the question what is learning and memory? Memories are the mental records that we maintain, which give us instant access to our personal past, complete with all of the facts that we know and the skills that we have cultivated (Wesson, 2012). When we are studying for a test we learn the material necessary to pass that test or to remember certain things that has happened in our lives. According to Wesson (2012) there are three different stages to learning and they are encoding, storage, and retrieval. There could also be a fourth stage which is forgetting. Clive Wearing has that fourth stage because he cannot remember his daughter’s name or when he wrote in his journal. Preservation of Different Memory Types Anterograde amnesia describes the inability to learn new information. Retrograde amnesia describes the inability to recall memories prior...
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...When people think of depression, stress, or amnesia, do they think of a mental illness, or someone’s fake act for attention? The novel associated with the research is called “We Were Liars”, by E. Lockhart. The books main focus is about a story of riches to rags; going from king of the world to the lowly beggar. Underneath the main plot lies the book’s main themes of depression, loss of memory, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The main point of this essay is the misinterpretation, treatment, and our thoughts toward individuals suffering from amnesia, trauma, and depression. The themes researched for the novel “We Were Liars” by E. Lockhart are depression, loss of memory, and PTSD. Information obtained after investigating these themes are,...
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...A Man Without a Memory There is a relationship between learning something and remember it. Clive Wearing do not have this relationship because he suffered a serious infection called encephalitis causing him severe brain damage in several regions of his brain and totally destroyed the hippocampus, which important role is memory formation. In the video “A Man Without a Memory-Clive Wearing”, it talks about how his life and family was affected by him not remembering. This paper will let readers know what specific region of Clive’s brain was damaged which resulted in this memory loss and will also explain how his loss of memory for most things despite his lasting memory for the piano and his wife. This paper will also gives our personal opinion on if we were Clive, what memories would we miss the most and explain how emotions links to memories while given examples to support our answer. Relationship between Learning Something and Remembering It To define the relationship between learning something and remembering it, you must first determine what learning is. Learning is acquiring, constructing, or developing new knowledge or skills. In Bloom's taxonomy of learning, the cognitive domain consists of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Terry, 2009). With this being said, knowledge (to know something) is to be able to recall the information. Comprehension is to understand the meaning of something. Application is being able to use a concept...
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...Living in the Moment Written by Alan Bellows on 25/09/10 In memory of the Infamous H.M “I don’t remember things,” Henry explained to the unfamiliar female interviewer. She seemed very curious about how he spends a typical day, and about what he had eaten for breakfast, but his efforts to summon the information from his mind were fruitless. He could easily answer her questions regarding his childhood and early adult years, but the indefinite expanse of time since then was bereft of memories. In fact, from moment to moment Henry feels almost as though he has just awakened from a deep sleep, with the fleeting remnants of a dream always just beyond his grasp. Each experience, dull or dramatic, evaporates from his memory within a few dozen heartbeats and leaves no trace. For over fifty years Henry has lived with anterograde amnesia, a form of profound memory loss which prevents new events from reaching his long-term memory. As a result his only memories are those he possessed prior to his amnesia, and the small window of moments immediately preceding the present. The amnesia frequently depicted in fiction is a very rare retrograde variety known as dissociative fugue, where one’s identity and all memories prior to the pivotal event are compromised. In contrast, anterograde amnesia does not deprive the sufferer of their identity, their past, or their skills; it merely prevents new memories from forming. As a consequence one’s final memories are frozen in perpetuity, often accompanied...
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...submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from it. But now, our understanding of the brain is beginning to reach a level of sophistication that may allow this. Tentative links between brain processes and cognitive theories are beginning to emerge in our quest to understand memory. 1 This essay is about some of these tentative links between brain and mind, and how they are may set the stage for some...
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...Lecture 6 70% = lecture 30% = book Medial temporal lobe/medial temporal cortex Divided into two parts = cortex and subcortex Cortex • Perirhinal cortex o Peri means next to or surrounding o Colatoral sulcus = humans. Rinal sulcus = rats • Enorhinal cortex • Parahippocampal cortex o Para = next to. Thus next to hippocampus Subcortical • Hipocampus • Amygdala In textbooks etc. they sometimes use the more general term vs. specific i.e. say medial temporal cortex when they mean perirhinal cortex. Medial diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Sense of smell goes to parahippocampal and enorhinal cortex Wilder Penfield To do experiment = only remove a little bit of a tissue. Permanent window = remove bone forever. Or bone flaps, cut 3 sides and crack a hinge so that they can see under. Tissue is already damaged Bone has an arterial structure in it. Arrest response = stopping response = then you know you want to stay away from this area, i.e. when the patient stops talking etc. Stimulating parts of the brain: 1/3 sensory reports 1/3 dejavu like experiences 1/3 actual memories you can stimulate any part of the cortex and evoke a memory. Also makes a difference of where it was Area especially rich for evoking memories was in the temporal lobe This is also where epileptic fits happened in many people. Where neurons fired rapidly and incoherently. Then eventually starts spreading. Locus/loci spontaneously causing epileptic fits Drugs...
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...Amnesia is one disorder of memory, Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new long term memories. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for past events, and recall is usually worst for events occurring closest to the onset of amnesia. Explicit memory which is where information can be deliberately and consciously recalled, and implicit memory where recollection is independent of conscious awareness. Furthermore,, there are different types of LTM’s, for example procedural memory is the acquisition of motor skills, i.e. knowing how to ride a bike which is an implicit memory and Declarative memory which is fact based i.e. knowing that you can ride a bike which is an explicit memory. Amnesiacs tend to have poor explicit memory and unimpaired implicit memory which this can account for normal performance on tests of procedural memory. Evidence for this comes from the example of Clive Wearing who had damage to his hippocampus leaving him with only moment to moment memory. However, he could remember how to play the piano so his procedural memory was intact yet he could not remember that he could do so. This could be because the part of the brain responsible for procedural memories is the cerebellum and this was not affected in his case. Moreover procedural memories are stored in motor code rather than verbal code and this may make them less susceptible to decay. A problem with case studies of human amnesiacs is that they involve a single individual and so findings...
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...or skill right away without having to go through the monotonous process of learning it (Carlson, 2010). Once the skill is learned it is stored in short-term memory and then once it is practiced often it is stored into long-term memory available for retrieval and instant application (Carlson, 2010). For example, in order to learn how to ride a bike you constantly practice being able to steady yourself while pushing the peddles in order to move forward. By the time you learn how to ride the bike you have practiced the skill so much that it is imprinted in your long term memory. Region of Brain Damaged The area of the brain that was damaged is the hippocampus; this was due to the total amnesia that was a result from his illness. The hippocampus is the region of the brain that relocates memories from the short-term memory to the long-term memory. “Wearing is not capable of forming new memories because his memory only last between 7 and 30 seconds” (MedLibrary, 2002, p. 1). Loss of Memory for Things Wearing only has moment –to-moment consciousness because he has not only retrograde amnesia but also anterograde amnesia, Wearing can still remember how to play the piano and conduct a choir, but he has no memories of receiving an education in music. Wearing can play the piano but once he stops he has not memory that he played and starts to shake intermittently. This shaking is a physical sign of the lack of ability to control his emotions. According to Medlibrary (2002) “Wearing’s...
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...Intro to Psych Exam Review 5-7 Exam Chapter 5-7 Review 1. I say chair. You think sit,seat,table. This is referred to as. a. semantic network model. 2. Henry Gustav Molaison had a bilateral lobotomy of this region on hid brain which is responsible for memory. a. The hippocampus- small region by brain stem responsible for memory dealing with amnesia. 3. This type of amnesia takes away a persons memory from the time of an injury and backward. a. retrograde amnesia. 4. The phenomena of not remembering every bit of information because it would overwhelm ones brain is known as. a. Consolidation Matching: Encoding- organizes and transforms incoming information. Information Processing- how information is processed Parallel Distributed Processing- connections and timing of processes Storage- placing encoded information into memory stores. Levels of Processing-deeper levels of processing lead to better memory Retrieval- accessing the stored information. 5. This man developed what is referred to as the "forgetting curve" which refers to the phenomena that as time passes out ability to recall information decreases. a. Hermann Ebbinghaus 6. This man is well known for his work with classical conditioning especially with dogs and orphaned children. a. Ivan Pavlov 7. This type of conditioning attempts to take a natural response to a natural stimulus and changes the stimulus with the goal of eliciting the same...
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...time that is processed as information and stored to be recalled at a later time. However, do we know how our memories are stored? Memory researchers and psychologist have debated whether we as humans store memories in a single, unitary system or multiple system pertaining to different types of memories. The multiple memory system theory states that memory is stored into different types of memory or storage. Those being short-term vs. long-term, procedural vs. declarative, semantic vs. episodic, and so on. Single unitary system or states that memory is unified by short term and long-term memory through a process that stores the memory together in the hippocampus. The debate that researcher and psychologist have been arguing about is whether which model best fits into how we actually store memory. Arguments can be made for both sides in how humans store there memories. Vouchers of the...
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...FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN PARTS - AMYGDALA: memory, emotion, aggression - HYPOTHALAMUS: basic biological functions (hunger thirst, temperature, sexual arousal, emotion - MEDULLA: vital functions (breathing, heart rate) - CEREBELLUM: coordinated movement, language, thinking - THALAMUS: switching station for sensory info; memory - SPINAL CORD: transmits signals between brain & rest of body CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS (Sensory & Motor) - picture representation of the anatomical divisions of primary motor & primary somatosensory cortex - “distortion” not based on size of body part greater representation = greater sensitivity - areas have to do with motor neurons DORSAL ANTERIOR -------(< ‘ )-------POSTERIOR (ROSTRAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL LATERAL -------- < : )8( MEDIAL )~ -------- LATERAL METHODS OF LOCALIZATION - assign specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex - LESION STUDIES: any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of brain tissue - SURGERY: Wada Test (anesthetize one hem), Tumor Removal, Split Brain - INFERENCE STUDIES (talk while balancing broom) - FUNCTIONAL IMAGING - PET (positron emission tomography): track blood flow associated w/ brain activity; used to assess physiology, including glucose & oxygen metabolism, and presence of specific neurotransmitters - SPECT (single photon emission...
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...because what is available as an intelligent act will change as the organism matures biologically and it gains experience. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) It is an important part of all living organisms because they seek those conditions for survival. How intelligence manifests will vary as conditions vary. This theory is often referred to as genetic epistemology; it attempts to trace the development of intellectual capabilities. Schemata Children are born with a few highly organized reflexes (sucking, looking, grasping, reaching, etc.) Instead of discussing individual occurrences of the reflexes, he discussed the general potential to act. The potential to act in a certain way was labeled as schema (plural: schemata). (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) The schema is more than a single manifestation of the reflex. Schema is an element in the organism’s cognitive structure. When any particular manifestation is observed, it must be described in terms of a specific response to a specific stimulus. These aspects of any particular manifestation of a schema are called content; content describes the conditions that prevail during any particular manifestation of the general potential. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) The schemata available determine how the organism responds to physical environment. The schemata can manifest themselves into overt behavior or covert manifestation. The way a child deals with their environment changes as (s)he gets older. Assimilation and...
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