...storage space. While many organizations store records digitally, microfiche records are still created and used and, in fact, have some advantages over digital storage options, including their potentially longer lifespan. Types of Microforms Microfiche is a type of microform, a term used to describe several mediums that provide storage for exact, miniature copies of documents. This type is made of a flat sheet of film, usually with a polyester base, on which multiple pages of a document are printed in extremely small size. The standard size is 105 mm by 148 mm (about 4 by 5.8 inches). Other types of microforms include microfilm, a strip of film on which the miniaturized copies are printed, and aperture cards, which are punch cards with a window that holds a single micofilm image. How They Are Read Microforms usually cannot be read with the naked eye and must be magnified first. Specialized machines have been designed to make this task eaiser; the most common include a magnifier and a simple projector that allows the user to read the much larger image of the document on a screen. Microfiche machines are usually expensive and are found primarily in large institutions that store a lot of documents. Optical scanners can also be used to convert the film to a digital image that can be read on a computer. Advantages Even a small storage cabinet can hold thousands of microfiche cards which, in turn, can contain tens of thousands of...
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...1. It is an overcast day and you are photographing a friend. How does the light on this day affect the shadows in the photograph? On an overcast day, you are already in a large shadow of the cloud cover, so the light is non-directional, diffused and soft. There are no sharp shadows. This can be a great light for portraits. 2. Define and describe “Depth of Field”? Depth of Field is the range of distance that remains in focus in a photograph. The smaller the aperture size, the larger the range from near to far will be in sharp focus. If viewing a large depth of field, images in the foreground middle and background will all be in sharp focus. 3. Define and describe “Aperture”. The aperture refers to the size of the lens opening in a camera. The aperture controls the amount of light that reaches the sensor or the film. The aperture size is represented by f stops on a camera. The higher the number of the f stop- the smaller the opening. Aperture and shutter speed combined are referred to as the “exposure”. 4. Define and describe “Shutter Speed”. Shutter speed is the length of time the shutter on the camera stays open to emit light. Shutter speed is measured in “stops”. Each full stop is half (or double) the speed of next. The faster the shutter speed the sharper a moving object will appear in a photo. By contrast, the slower the shutter speed, the more movement will be captured. 5. Define and describe “White Balance”. White balance is the function of the camera that allows for...
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...Specifying lenses for megapixel cameras Continuing advances in high-resolution sensors with higher pixel densities and smaller pixels are challenging optics manufacturers to produce lenses with increased performance. To understand how lenses can affect the performance of imaging systems, it is necessary to grasp the physics behind diffraction, lens aperture, focal length, and the wavelength of light (see “Matching Lenses and Sensors,” Vision Systems Design, March 2009). Other design limitations also restrict the optical capabilities of a lens, even before manufacturing tolerances are taken into account. In specifying a lens and camera system for a particular application, it is not advisable to simply choose a 5-Mpixel lens, for example, in the hope that it will work with a 5-Mpixel camera. Before choosing such a lens, the effects of aperture (f/#), working distance, lens design, and tolerances must also be considered. Detailing the specific requirements of an application is critical before choosing correct optical components since this allows manufacturers to show how their components may meet these requirements. Understanding MTF One of the most useful benchmarks for describing image quality (lens performance) is the modulation transfer function (MTF). Unfortunately, since MTF can be specified in different ways, the performance of any given lens may appear higher than what is actually achievable. To properly measure the MTF, an image of a target whose intensity varies sinusoidally...
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...THE APERTURE is referred to the lens diaphragm opening inside a photographic lens. The size of the diaphragm opening in a camera lens regulates amount of light passes through onto the film inside the camera the moment when the shutter is pressed in camera opens during an exposure process. The size of an aperture in a lens can either be a fixed or the most popular form in an adjustable type (like an SLR camera). Aperture size is usually calibrated in f-numbers or f-stops. i.e. those little numbers engraved on the lens barrel like f22 (f/22),16 (f/16), f/11, f/8.0, f/5.6, f/4.0, f/2.8, f/2.0, f/1.8 etc. Each of this value represents one time the amount of light either more or less in quantity. Meaning to say, f/16 will let in 1X the amount of light than a diaphragm opening of f/22 and so forth; while on the other hand, an aperture of f/4.0 will let in 1X lesser than that of f/2.8 etc. . (i) As controller of light • Also known as the f-nos, changing the size of the aperture the lens opening through which the light enters the camera can change the exposure the amount of light that reaches the film. • Whereas the shutter speeds controls the length of time light strikes the film the f-no controls the brightness of the light. • It works like the pupil of an eye i.e. it can be enlarged or contracted to admit more light or less. • In a camera, this is done with a diaphragm which is a thin overlapping metal leaves located inside the...
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...requires attention to detail and the use of acquired skills. Inspiration Capturing an image that impacts an audience holds the upmost importance to any photographer. Inspiration for photographs...
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...[pic] 3D SEISMIC SURVEY DESIGN COURSE OUTLINE This course gives practical background for 3D survey design. It also provides the understanding of acquisition geometries, which is necessary for optimal seismic processing. ABREVIATIONS This is a list of commonly used abbreviations in this course notes. b bin dimension Fdom dominant frequency Fmax maximum frequency MA migration aperture NC number of channels NRL number of receiver lines NSL number of source lines NS number of source points per unit area RI receiver line interval RLI receiver line interval SI source interval SLI source line interval t two-way travel time Vint interval velocity immediately above the reflecting horizon Vave average velocity from surface to the reflecting horizon Xmin largest minimum offset Xmax maximum recorded offset Z depth to reflecting horizon UNITS CONVERSION TABLE To convert imperial To metric units Multiply by from imperial units Inches (in) Centimetres (cm) 2.54 Feet (ft) Meters (m) 0.3048 Miles (mi) Kilometres (km) 1.609 Square Miles (m ) Square Kilometres (km ) ...
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...Box 586 Buffalo, N.Y. 14226 Fax: 716-874-4508 www.AmherstMedia.com Publisher: Craig Alesse Senior Editor/Production Manager: Michelle Perkins Assistant Editor: Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt Editorial Assistance from: John S. Loder, Carey Ann Maines, Charles Schweizer ISBN-13: 978-1-58428-258-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008942244 Printed in Korea. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded or otherwise, without prior written consent from the publisher. Notice of Disclaimer: The information contained in this book is based on the author’s experience and opinions. The author and publisher will not be held liable for the use or misuse of the information in this book. Table of Contents FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 by David A. Williams INTRODUCTION Why Manual Exposure Mode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Exposure Metering Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Metering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Metering Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Using a Hand-Held Incident Light Meter . . . . .18 Using and Interpreting the Camera’s Built-In Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Using the Histogram to Determine...
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...behaving unexpectedly? Find the solution here. A For Your Safety Before using the camera for the first time, read the safety instructions in “For Your Safety” (0 xii–xvii). Help Use the camera’s on-board help feature for help on menu items and other topics. See page 18 for details. Digitutor “Digitutor”, a series of “watch and learn” manuals in movie form, is available from the following website: http://www.nikondigitutor.com/index_eng.html Q&A Index Table of Contents 0 ii 0 iv 0 1 X Introduction s Basic Photography and Playback x Live View y Recording and Viewing Movies # P, S, A, and M Modes $ User Settings: U1 and U2 Modes k Release Mode d Image Recording Options N Focus S ISO Sensitivity Z Exposure/Bracketing r White Balance J Image Enhancement l Flash Photography t Other Shooting Options I More on Playback Q Connections U Menu Guide n Technical Notes 0 35 0 49 0 57 0 67 0 75 0 77 0 85 0 91 0 101 0 105 0 117 0 131 0 143 0 151 0 163 0 179 0 195 0 269 i Q&A Index Find what you’re looking for using this “question and answer” index. Taking Photographs i Shooting Modes and Framing Options Is there a quick and easy way to take snapshots (i mode)? How do I quickly adjust settings for different scenes? Can I choose a shutter speed (mode S)? Can I choose an aperture (mode A)? How do I make long (“time”) exposures (mode M)? Can...
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...The World of the Cell Seventh Edition Wayne M. Becker Lewis J. Kleinsmith Jeff Hardin Gregory Paul Bertoni Chapter 1 A Preview of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. Chapter 1--Cell The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms The smallest structure capable of performing the essential functions characteristic of life The study of cells •Began with the invention of microscopes in the 17th century •Using a microscope to look at cork, Robert Hooke described little box-like compartments and named them cellulae (little rooms) in 1665 (Micrographia) •Actually, the cellulae were dead plant cells •Limited by the microscope resolution Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Developed superior lenses that had 10-fold better resolution than Hooke’s. Looked at algae, protists, minerals, fossils, animals using a microscope. First to describe bacteria: "I then most always saw, with great wonder, "an unbelievably great there wereof living that in the said matter company many very animalcules, a-swimming more nimbly than little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving. any Ibiggest sort. . . up to this time. The The had ever seen had a very strong and biggest sort. .and shot through into water (or swift motion, . bent their body the curves in going forwards. . . does through the water. The spittle) like a pike Moreover, the other animalcules were in suchspun round numbers, second sort. . . oft-times enormous like a top. that allthese were.far more in number...
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...Criteria for Buying a camera ..................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 20 Assignment 1 CSW201 2/21 Introduction “What are the things you look at, when buying a digital camera”? I asked “I know nothing about the cameras and its techniques. Well! , you know! , when I just felt like having a camera, I just came here and bought a one”. An owner of a Digital SLR camera replied back, standing at the most famous Digital Camera’s Shop in the Capital City of Maldives. He is correct in his reply. Majority of the people doesn’t know about the different camera types and use of it in different types of photography. What purposes do the camera they buy, mostly suitable for and fit in. Abstract Capturing light to record an image started back from 1814 as a pin-hole camera which later advances to Rangefinder, Argus, Polaroid, Nikon and finally in 1991 to Digital SLR. From the Pinhole to the Digital age of the cameras, camera’s has bought a revolution not only to the camera and photography but alternatively to the lives of people....
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...go f t h i s c a m e r a ,y o u c a n u s e t h e C a n o n F T b t o t h e f u l l e s te x t e n t o f i t s c a p a b i l i t i e s . www.orphancameras.com Bayonet Ring for Cap a n d H o o d CanonLens FD 50mm F 1.4 Coupling Pin to Flash-Auto Ring A/B Distance Scale F o c u s i n gR i n g PresetAperture Ring Metering Lever Film Speed Set Ring Bayonet Mount Ring Flash Socket ASA Fitm Speed Scale Time Lock/ tter Lock Lever Frame Counter Shutter Release Button Film Advance Lever Shutter Speed Dial c Meter Switch ,.* Film RewindCrank Accessory Shoe Film Plane Indicator Contents , . TechnicaData l Mercury Battery Loadingand Checking F i l mW i n d i n g . Shutter and Aperture Adjustment M U s i n g B u i l t - l nE x p o s u r e e t e r ExposureSettings . CouplingRangeof Buitt-in ExposureMeter . V i e w i n ga n d F o c u s i n g . H o...
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...Brief History Optical microscopy, as discussed in the introduction of the previous lab, uses a system of lenses to magnify and resolve image details usually invisible to the naked eye. Reflected light microscopy relies on the observed specimen to have a highly reflective surface, while other light microscopy techniques employ a different fundamental system. [1][10][11] In this lab, we make use of transmitted light microscopy – a practical and common technique made possible by sample illumination using a light source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [2] Relatively, this technique was discovered only very recently and has by and large become just as heavily used as reflected light microscopy. The chronology of the transmitted light microscope is rooted in the evolution of the optical microscope, but branches off in 1893 when August Kӧhler began to work with sample illumination and made use of light that interfered with the sample, rather than the light being absorbed and reflected.[3] Transmitted light microscopy is heavily favored to observe biological sample and in Figure 1, we can see how light is transmitted through the sample and into an eyepiece, instead of being reflected off the surface.[4] Figure 1 Unstained (left) and stained (right) biological sample. In 1953, this technique saw a crucial jump in development and began exploring phase contrast techniques.[5] Bright-field and dark-field techniques also allowed for contrast between specimen...
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...Thomas Young and the Wave Nature of Light Historical Background Isaac Newton was famous not only for formulating the laws of motion but also for pioneering in the study of optics. He used a prism to show that sunlight was a mixture of the colors that make up the rainbow. In his Opticks (1704), Newton argued that light was made up of tiny particles. Slightly earlier, the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens wrote a Treatise on light, in which he proposed that light was a wave. It was only in 1789 that Thomas Young proposed a simple experiment that appeared to resolve the controversy by showing that light indeed behaves as a wave (according to 20th-century quantum mechanics, however, even Young’s wave description is incomplete). Young, a leading British natural philosopher, formulated an influential theory of color vision. He was also the first to decode the Egyptian hieroglyphics being brought to Europe by Napoleon’s troops. Although Newton and others had observed alternating patterns of bright and dark bands of light under certain circumstances, Young would be the first to explain these patterns, based on an analogy with water waves. Young used very simple equipment to produce patterns of light and dark bands: a candle and a card with a rectangular hole across which he stretched a single human hair. He used his observations to measure the wavelength of light. Notice that he was proposing that light is a wave and measuring its wavelength (something that cannot be directly observed...
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...unexpectedly? Find the solution here. A For Your Safety Before using the camera for the first time, read the safety instructions in “For Your Safety” (0 xii). Help Use the camera’s on-board help feature for help on menu items and other topics. See page 13 for details. Digitutor “Digitutor”, a series of “watch and learn” manuals in movie form, is available from the following website: http://www.nikondigitutor.com/index_eng.html Q&A Index Table of Contents 0 ii 0 vi 0 1 X Introduction s Basic Photography and Playback x Framing Pictures in the Monitor (Live View) y Recording and Viewing Movies z More on Photography (All Modes) t P, S, A, and M Modes I More on Playback Q Connections o The Playback Menu i The Shooting Menu L Custom Settings g The Setup Menu u The Retouch Menu w Recent Settings / v My Menu n Technical Notes 0 27 0 41 0 49 0 53 0 79 0 115 0 131 0 146 0 148 0 153 0 165 0 174 0 190 0 193 i Q&A Index Find what you’re looking for using this “question and answer” index. ❚❚ Camera Displays Question What do these icons mean? How many more shots can I take with this card? How much charge does the battery have left? How do I keep the displays from turning off? How do I display the menus in another language? How do I adjust monitor brightness? Can I display a framing grid in the viewfinder? How...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy Jennifer Boyer SCI/151 June 12, 2015 Robert Austin Telescopes in Astronomy What people currently know about the universe, along with all of its contents, is due in large part to the invention of telescopes. This paper discusses the science of sunlight and stars by explaining how the telescope has changed people’s view of the universe, as well as their place in it. This essay also discusses the major designs of telescopes, provides a list of each design’s strengths and weaknesses, describes the best places to build ground-based telescopes and why astronomers choose those places, and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses between building telescopes on Earth, in orbit, or even on the moon. Additionally, this paper explains how different frequencies of light tell more about the birth, life, and death in the nature and properties of the Sun, stars, and the universe. Lastly, this essay explains how telescopes operate in wavelengths of light that range from radio waves to gamma rays. How Telescopes Changed People’s View The invention of the telescope significantly impacts the way people in the past and present view the Earth, other planets and solar systems, as well as the universe as a whole (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider, N., & Voit, M., 2015). Until the invention of Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) simple telescope, many people thought that the earth was the center of our solar system (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider...
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