...by human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States affecting 20 millions of Americans at age of 16 to 24 years old. Men and women get in contact with HPV when they engage in any kind of sexual relation such as vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse because HPV spreads through skin to skin contact. The HPV infection is asymptomatic and without medical treatment may result in cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer (Lindley et al. 18). Being the cervical cancer the most frequent cancer among women. Prevalence of HPV among females at age of 14 to 59 years old was 42.5%. Being the prevalence among 20-24 years old women equal to 53.8%. Thus, an important public health...
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...CANCER CONTROL PROJECT ABSTRACT A. PROJECT TITLE: Self-sampling for HPV infection among low-income Hispanic women. B. SPECIFIC AIMS: Although cervical cancer is preventable through regular screening 1 with Pap smear and liquid-based cytology,2 only 72% of women in the Texas-Mexico border and 82% of women in the US undergo such regular screening.3 Hispanic women in this region have one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in the nation.4 Previous studies have identified barriers to screening in this minority population such as lack of access to healthcare, fear of pain during the gynecological exam and embarrassment.5 Persistent infection with oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types is necessary for developing cervical cancer.6 Thus, HPV testing of women 30 – 65 years of age has been added to the cervical cancer screening guidelines in addition to Pap/cytology (co-testing).2 Self-sampling is a novel approach to detect HPV infection, it allows women to collect their own cervical specimen with a brush in the clinic or in their own homes.7 It has high sensitivity (74%) and specificity (88%) compared to physician collected samples.8-13 Women that deem it acceptable cite reasons such as privacy, costs, and lack of need for an office visit.13-21 However, Pap/cytology has been preferred over self-sampling among some groups because of low confidence in self-sampling accuracy and uncertainty over performing it correctly.13,17,20,22,23 Self-sampling has been least likely...
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...(2013). Giving families their best shot: A low-medicine perspective on the right to religious exemptions from mandatory vaccinations. Case Western Reserve Law Review. 63(3), 869-915. Many states have proposed to make the HPV vaccine mandatory for children before entering school. This article points out that people who distrust vaccines worry about the safety of the HPV vaccine. There are religious concerns with the vaccine as well. The main point of the article is that new legal frameworks need to be created because state governments are quickly converting the HPV vaccine, a recommended vaccine, into a mandatory vaccine. The research in this article is biased in my opinion. It focuses only on the distrust and concern of safety of the HPV vaccine. Lu Hope, the author, is an associate at the Thompson Hine Firm in the Litigation group. She is qualified in the legal aspect of this article. Midthun, K. & Bernier, R. (2004). Getting the science right and doing the right science in vaccine safety. The American Journal of Public Health. 94(6), 914-7. DOI:...
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...difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental retardation (Los Angeles Times, 2011). The HPV vaccine has been used on girls...
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...Article Rebuttal Kao Saechao BCOM/275 February 9th, 2015 Dr. Sharla Walker Article Rebuttal Vaccination in children has been a touchy topic for today’s society. Do I vaccinate my child and risk life-changing diseases or do I not vaccinate my child and run the risk of other children catching diseases? On one hand, there are parents who decide not to vaccinate their children for the fear of long-term diseases such as Autism and other contaminates. And on another hand, there are parents who whole heartedly in vaccinations for their children. In an article, by S. Edmonson, the author believes that all vaccines are contaminated with diseases. The author believes as such referring to Dr. Maurice Hillerman; the former head of vaccines at Merck. Dr. Hillerman has stated on camera that all of their vaccines were contaminated with a virus. Should parents vaccinate their children? Yes, of course. However, the statement may not be untrue regarding if there are “vaccines contaminated with diseases”, there is still more to the story. What is a Vaccine? A vaccine, in essence, is made from a virus itself; contaminate or disease; if you will. A vaccine may be made from different forms of viruses such as: living or weakened, killed, or segments of other viruses. These different types of vaccines are no different from those we received as children. Varicella (Chicken Pox) is a vaccination most of us have received as children made from living forms of viruses. Other vaccinations...
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...19.7 million new STIs cases in the United States each year” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). “Human papillomavirus are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the epithelium” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1). According to the Centers of Disease Control, there are “79 million Americans that are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million people become infected each year” (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). With the number rising so quickly in the United States, they have developed vaccines to help minimize youth and young adults from contracting the infection. CDC recommends that all teen girls and women through the age of 26 and all teen boys and men through the age of 21 get vaccinated" (Crow, 2012, pg. 3). The vaccines best protect the individuals that are not sexual active before they receive the vaccine. "About 21,000 of HPV-related cancers could be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine" (Centers of Disease Control, 2014, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus has been linked to different types of cancers. Cervical cancer is the leading cancer linked to HPV. “In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells were demonstrated to contain HPV’s DNA. Epidemiologic studies showing a consistent association between HPV and cervical cancer were published in the 1990s” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1) There are approximately 500,000 cases of cervical...
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...effective and can lose potency over time. There are legitimate reasons for parents to not vaccinate. Question 2: Should unvaccinated people be blamed for the outbreak at Disneyland? Unvaccinated people should not be to blame for the outbreak at Disneyland. The outbreak at Disneyland could have easily been spread by someone that had the vaccine 35 years prior and had the virus in their system, but wasn’t showing symptoms. There have been studies showing that vaccines lose their effectiveness over time. Also, people can develop autoimmune diseases that can make the vaccine less potent. Question 3: How relevant are gender and age in terms of vaccinations? Could there be an argument concerning discrimination (particularly as it deals with HPV vaccinations)? Gender and age are irrelevant in terms of vaccinations. There is not an argument concerning discrimination. Vaccines should have nothing to do with age, gender, or any discriminatory issue. The only thing that should be the point is letting responsible adults decide what they believe is best for their family, not what others believe. Question 4: What about mandatory vaccinations for healthcare workers? Vaccinations should not be mandatory for healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are adults and know how to research whether vaccinations are best for them or not. They are able to determine what steps they need to go through to take precautions if they choose to not vaccinate. Every adult should be able to make their own choices...
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...original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cervical cancer in which I will be discussing in this essay…is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. Some symptoms may include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor and Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change also known as mutation that causes them to turn into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass. Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread elsewhere in the body. It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never develop cervical cancer. This means other factors — such as your environment or your lifestyle choices also determine whether you'll develop cervical cancer. The type of cervical cancer that you have helps determine...
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...it non mandatory.It may be relevant because it has to do with the subject and from this point of view are against.The article speaks clearly that vaccines should not be mandatory especially for religious people and they have their way of seeing the world and see vaccines as unnecessary,this supports the research in the sense that it is against the mandatory vaccines.In fact if there are other sources that support this conclusion nonreligious but other items exactly where they think that vaccines should not be mandatory.Of course, a person can rely on this article and be of great help also be easy to understand because the reading level is not as high, if you ask me would say that is normal average. (Klein, Kristin, and Sherry Luedtke.) "HPV Vaccinations Should Be Given to All Adolescent Girls." Should Vaccinations Be Mandatory? Ed. Roman Espejo. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven, 2014. At Issue. Rpt. of "Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Case for Mandatory Immunization?" Www.ppag.org. N.p.: n.p., 2008. N. pag. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 7 Feb. 2016. This source provides specific information about whether the vaccine should be mandatory for all adolescent women, it is not much help for this work because it focuses more on diseases that can be had only in women. More than anything this article was written to delve into the consequences of not receiving the vaccine. for my work it is not very important because it is not closely related to what my topic speech. The information...
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...I chose this article HPV in inner city teenagers because I remember hearing about the vaccine at the end of high school and being told it was probably too late for me to have the vaccine! I was interested in find out how many girls are getting the vaccine these days. I plan to have all my children, boys included vaccinated against HPV. As future health professional I may also find myself in the position to recommend the vaccine to the patients or clients I work with. The article states that the current recommendations are to vaccinate young people before they become exposed to HPV. However women up to the age of 26 may “catch up” and get vaccinated. Only about a third of adolescent women have had all three doses of vaccine as recommended. While cervical HPV rates are highest among young women, rates of infection in other parts of the body (e.g, mouth, anus) are currently being examined. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HPV in the three main sites on the body in a group of young unvaccinated inner city women. METHODS Participants In the Bronx, New York City, 97 sexually active women aged 15-22 were enrolled in the study at Mt. Sinai Adolescent Health Center between July 2005 and March 2006. All women coming in for gynecological exams, sexually transmitted infection treatment or screening, and follow up for abnormal pap smears or genital warts were included. The women in the study were  mostly African American (54%) and Latina (39%) with an with a median...
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...Topic: Vaccinations General Purpose:To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade people that vaccinations are a good thing. Thesis Statement: Everyone should be vaccinated or support vaccinations because (1)vaccines are safe and effective (2) you reduce the chance of spreading the disease to family members and the community and (3) you don’t want to pay the price of getting sick. Attention Step Nearly everyone in the U.S. got measles before there was a vaccine, and hundreds died from it each year; today, most doctors have never even seen a case of measles. Like all of you, I am part of the lucky people who have been vaccinated, however, there are many people around the world who are not as fortunate and others who are simply beginning to deny vaccinations. After researching vaccinations, I have become very aware of how much they actually benefit our society. According to the cdc, vaccines given to infants and young children over the past two decades will prevent 322 million illnesses, 21 million hospitalizations, and 932,000 deaths over the course of their lifetimes. Vaccines will have saved $300 billion in direct costs, such as medical expenses and a total of more than $1.3 trillion in societal costs over that time, because children who were spared from sometimes-devastating illnesses will be able to contribute to society. These numbers underestimate the full impact of vaccines because only the early 14 routine childhood immunizations typically required for school entry...
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...Vaccines aren’t bad It could be much more than a common cold, or it may just be a cold. How are you to know through? Take your children to the doctor and get them vaccinated, and you could avoid a lot of stress. Do you want a major disease to spread just because you wouldn’t vaccinated your children? There are so many lives that are put in danger over one thing. It can help save your country and many other countries from going into financial deficit, because a disease is spreading fast. The parents that refuse to vaccinate their children need to be at least fined, until they understand the importance of vaccinating their children. Individuals that have a higher risks of getting horrible diseases need to be protected. The chance of a baby catching a disease is so high because they haven’t been exposed to anything (CDC).There are also people with really weak immune systems. Children with cancer and adults cannot handle even the smallest of colds (CDC). There are so many diseases that are spread just by touch and show no symptoms at all (CDC). Measles are an example of a disease that is enough to concern the whole community (CDC). These people can’t help that they can’t handle diseases, but you can. The United States and many other countries can benefit financially by immunizing their citizens. Studies have estimated to save more than one dollar for every five dollars spent on vaccinations (Armstrong, Edward). Almost every disease either approached or exceeded ninety percent reduction...
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...Early exposure to peanuts could prevent allergies A major study suggests that keeping babies away from peanut-based foods is the wrong thing to do. Exposing infants to peanut before age 1 helps prevent a peanut allergy, lowering the risk by as much as 81%. Instead of provoking an allergy, early exposure seems to help build tolerance. Results published online in the New England Journal of Medicine. The big warning though: before feeding babies peanut foods, parents need to skin-test their babies to prevent life-threatening reactions. Physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include mild itchiness, urticarial (hive, a form of skin rash), swelling, eczema, sneezing, asthma, abdominal pain, drop in blood pressure, cardiac arrest, and anaphylaxis (a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death). The allergic reaction causes an overreaction of the immune system. There is evidence that eating peanuts early in life may decrease later allergies. The common practice of withholding peanuts from babies could have been in part responsible for the rise in peanut allergies. Peanut consumption during pregnancy is associated with a decreased likelihood that the child would develop allergy. Three million Americans are allergic to peanuts. 2% of American children are allergic to peanuts. The prevalence of peanuts allergy among children in Western countries has doubled in the past 10 years. Some doctors now suggest that not eating peanuts may actually...
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...Sudden infant death syndrome is when an infant, under the age of one, dies during the night from an unexplained cause. It is rare for SIDS to occur within the first month, chances are higher around 2-4 months of age. It is only diagnosed after a complete autopsy examination is done, showing no specific reason for death. It is unclear if there are a combination of causes or a single cause but most of the infants are relatively healthy prior to SIDS. Even though the knowledge and education of this disease has grown it still results in thousands of deaths each year. Pathophysiology A hypothesis has been brought about that questions SIDS delay in the growth of nerve cells in the brain that are life-threatening to normal lung and heart functions (Carolan, 2015). The examinations done on the brainstems of babies that have died from SIDS has shown a developmental delay in the function and structure of a few serotonin binding nerve cell pathways in the brain (2015). These specific pathways are believed to be important in managing the infants heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure responses that regulate arousal during sleep (2015). If this is impaired the infant is unable to sense theses changes and will not be able to react for help. Signs and Symptoms There aren’t any signs or symptoms of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome but there are risk factors. SIDS can happen to any family but studies have shown that it occurs more if the mother smoked throughout her pregnancy and if she...
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...|PLEASE ATTACH RECENT PHOTO |[pic] | | |Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan | |APPLICATION FOR A COMMONWEALTH SCHOLARSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA | |1.a) TITLE (delete as applicable) |Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms / Other | |1.b) NAME (underline surname) | | |2.a) PERMANENT ADDRESS | | | |2.b) EMAIL ADDRESS | | |3. ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE (if different from above) | | | |4...
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