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Hubbles Lov

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Hubbles lov

Formål:
Formålet med denne øvelse er, at illustrere hvad Hubbles lov går ud på. Ved at simulere et Big Bang scenarie i et legetøjsunivers kan vi ved hjælp af egne målinger ”udlede” Hubbles lov, og samtidig få en fornemmelse for hvad man egentlig mener med at rummet udvider sig.

Materialer: • En rund ballon.

• En pen

• En kraftig bukseelastik (ca. 30 cm.)

• Et målebånd.

Forsøgsbeskrivelse:

Del 1:

Vi fik udleveret en ballon, denne ballon skal illustrere et univers. Ballonen pustet halvt op, og vi tegner med en tus små prikker på, dette skal illustrere ”små” galakser. Ballonoverfladen er nu et to-dimensionelt legetøjsunivers. Vi puster nu mere luft i ballon og observerer galakserne. Formået med dette lille forsøg var at vise, at det to-dimensionale rum, som faktisk er tredimensionelt, er det der udvider sig. Det er ikke galakserne der flytter sig fra hinanden, det er rummet de er i, der udvider sig.

Del 2:

Det andet forsøg var et mere kvantitativt forsøg. På en bukseelastik tegnede vi nogle tilfældige steger, der skulle forestille at være galakser, 8-10 streger tegnede vi. Den første streg tegnede vi et par centimeter fra enden af bukseelastikken, og denne galakse var så vores egen galakse nemlig Mælkevejen. Vi strakte elastikken ud, det var vigtigt at holde fast i vores egen galakse. Vi observerede så hvad der skete med de andre galakser. Vi kunne her se at det var de fjerneste galakser der bevægede sig hurtigst væk. Denne bevægelse skal vi måle hastigheden på. Først skal vi dog have nogle referencemålinger af galaksernes positioner. Dette gjorde vi ved at trække elastikken ud, så den ikke buler. Da det var gjort målte vi afstanden mellem ”Mælkevejen” og de andre galakser (r) Da dette var gjort flyttede vi galakserne, ved at strække elastikken, godt 7 cm. Vi fik da deres nye positioner (rslut)
.Dette skal der så regnes på, og vi forestiller os ved det at strækket svarer til et enkelt sekund i universet (legetøjsuniverset). Nedenfor ses så en tabel med startpositioner, slutpositioner og hastigheder.

Måleresultater:

|Galakse nr |r/cm |rslut/cm |v/cm/s |
|0 |0 |0 |0 |
|1 |7 |11 |4 |
|2 |12,5 |19,5 |7 |
|3 |16,4 |26 |9,6 |
|4 |18,4 |29 |10,6 |
|5 |25,1 |40,1 |15 |
|6 |29,1 |46,4 |17,3 |
|7 |32,6 |52,3 |19,7 |
|8 |37,1 |59,9 |22,8 |
|9 |40,3 |65 |24,7 |
|10 |43,8 |70 |26,2 |

Disse data indtegnes i diagram, hvor r/cm er x-aksen og v/cm/s er y-aksen. Se vedlagt bilag.

Beregninger:
Hubbles lov: Hubbles lov er beskrevet ved v = H * r, hvor H er Hubbles konstant. Denne konstant har vi udregnet ved et par stikprøver.
Galakse nr. 1: v = H * r (( 4 = H * 7 (( H = 0,57.
Galakse nr. 2: v = H * r (( 7 = H * 12,5 (( H = 0,56
Galakse nr. 6: v = H * r (( 17,3 = H * 29,1 (( H = 0,59.

Del 3: a) Bestem afstanden til et objekt, der bevæger sig væk fra os med en hastighed på 7,5(104 km/s. Formel: V=H*R.

7,5(104 km/s = 0.21 * R. R = 357143 km.

b) Vurder afstanden til grænsen af det synlige univers

Vi kan måle universets alder ved at måle bølgelængden af det lys der kommer fra universets ydre kant. Universets alder er blevet målt til at være 13,7 milliarder år. Vi ved ydermere at lyset bevæger sig med en hastighed af 300,000km/s. Grænsen til det synlige univers grænse må altså kunne bestemmes ud fra de to faktorer.

c) En galakse bevæger sig væk fra os med en hastighed på 1,43(105 m/s. Det modtagne lys har en bølgelængde på 534,4 nm. Beregn bølgelængden af det udsendte lys.

1,43*105 = x * 3,00*105, X = 0,4766 0,4766 = (534,4nm - x) / x Bølgelængden af det udsendte lys = 361,913.

d) Vi modtager lys med bølgelængden 523,5 nm og det udsendte lys har en bølgelængde på 524,9 nm. Er der sket en rød- eller blåforskydning af lyset? Hvor stor er lyskildens fart i forhold til os?

Z=( 523,5nm - 524,9nm)/ 524,9 =- 0,002667, vi har altså at gøre med en blåforskydning da tallet er negativt.

V= 0,002667 * 3,00*105 km/s

V= 800,1525km/s

Konklusion:
Man kan konkludere, at jo større r er, jo højere bliver hastigheden. Det fremgår tydeligt i diagrammet, punkterne er tilnærmelsesvis på en ret linje, så der er et lineær sammenhæng.
Så ja rummet udvider sig. Big Bang fik eftersigende rummet til at udvide sig og da galakserne stadig er på vej væk, kan man antage at Universet blev skabt ved Big Bang.

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