...HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 2012/2013 MODULE LEADER: FIONA BOYD STUDENT NUMBER: N0371372 WORD COUNT: 2450 This assignment is aimed to discuss a case study using child development and adult development theories to explain the relevance of these theories to health and social care practice. It is going to briefly summarise the of major theories used by health care professionals to provide care and determine practice related decisions. The discussion is going to focus mainly on the attachment theory, Bowlby, J (1969), Levinson, D (1986) theory of life structures and Erikson, E (1963)stages of life theory. According to Banks (2001), these theories are there to help health professionals describe or predict patterns and behaviour considered to be within the parameters of normality for human beings and assess the need for intervention. Some major theories used by health care professionals today embrace the works of Freud (1856) and Bandura (1925) who challenged the view of human development and human nature by suggesting that humans are driven largely by emotions and motives of the unconscious and , a social cognitive theorist who believed humans learnt from observation of other people rather than from a pre-disposed notion of biological (nature) influences...
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...RUNNING HEAD:HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Human Development Jonneitta James PSY 2022 W3A2 South University Online Human Development 2 Topic 1: Early Childhood 1) Jolly, R. (2007). Early childhood development: The global challenge. The Lancet, 369(9555), 8-9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199073736?accountid=87314 A large alarming number of children under the age of 5 were not reaching full potential in cognitive and socioemotional development. This is a major problem in third world countries due to malnutrition, iodine, and iron deficiency and insufficient acceleration during early development. WHO and UNICEF made immunization a primary part of health care for all, the death rate had fallen by the millions in the less fortunate countries (Jolly, R. (2007)). The methods of research were not specifically stated but my interpretation it was done by reports on the children 5 and under from different government agencies, religious groups, and non-governmental organizations. UNICEF called this study child survival and development revolution. They also stated a decline in the death rate from 15 million to 12 million a year (Jolly, R. (2007)). Without the immunizations third world country children would be almost nonexistent after the age of 5. The researchers concluded...
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...Running head: Human Development Human Development Teresa Smith Submitted to Eileen O’Brien BA; MA; in partial fulfillment of RC210 Discernment and Human Development Regis University Introduction Human development consists of many theory’s that help us to develop a perspective on why, how, what and where we are in our lives. Erickson, Kohlberg and Fowler’s human development stages and levels give us a clearer understanding of these levels, including, proper attitudes and behaviors toward others in society. Human Development Erickson’s Stage Seven, Middle Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation occurs during middle adulthood. During middle adulthood a person will go through a period of growth and maturity that will allow that person to become either generative or stagnant. When a person becomes generative “they will show concern for others and think about the future.” (Useful Study Charts-Learn Visually, Erickson) This person becomes mature enough to know that the caring about themselves and the people around is important. A generative person cares about the well being of not only themselves but also for the society as a whole. If a person does not experience this type of growth in to generativity then he/she will show signs of stagnation. Those who stagnate are selfish and only think about what will make he/she happy. Rarely will they ever think about how what they do affects everybody else as well. I have gone through this stage and feel that...
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...past three decades, India has made good progress on the human development index (HDI), says the Human Development Report 2013, released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). However, India’s rank out of 187 countries is no better than last year’s. With a HDI value of 0.554 and a rank of 136 among 187 countries, which it shares with Equatorial Guinea, India is placed in the “medium development” category. There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators in the medium human development category. For example, the country has only 10.9 per cent...
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...1. The Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development measured on four things: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. By measuring life expectancy, education, literacy and gross domestic product per capita yearly, you can how individual countries have developed overtime. 2A) What freedoms you enjoy most in your day to day life: The freedomsI enjoy most in my life are the simple things that usually go by unnoticed; the freedom of speech is a significant one in my life as a lot of my time is spent on the internet writing opinions of what I think and being able to read opinions of others. I do not have to worry about what I say (in comparison to some Third World countries where there is a restriction on freedom of speech) as I have the freedom to speak the truth whenever I want. B) Areas in my life that I experience 'unfreedom' is mostly a result of my age and the fact that I am a poor student. This is restricting, as my age (19) is still classified as a teen and I am still not as 'mature' as I will be when I am in my early 20's. This makes it harder to get a job as I haven't got a degree and the fact that I am too young and inexperienced. Also, being a student restricts me...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT * Exploring Human Development * Nature or Nurture? * John Locke – thought of new born as a blank slate, believed that experiences provided by environment during childhood have a profound and permanent effect. * Jean-Jacques Rousseau – believed children are capable of discovering how the world operates and how they should behave without instruction from adults. * Arnold Gesell – found that motor skills developed in sequence of stages, the order of the stages and the age at which they develop are determined by nature and relatively unaffected by nurture (apart from extreme circumstances). Maturation: natural growth/change that unfolds in a fixed sequence relatively independent of the environment. * John B Watson – founder of the behaviours approach to psychology. Claimed the environment not nature moulds/shapes development. * Jean Piaget – suggested nature and nurture work together and influences are inseparable and interactive. * Nature/Nurture operate together to make all people similar in some respects. Eg; achieving milestones of physical development in the same order at roughly the same rate. * Nature/Nurture operate to make each person unique. Nature of inherited genes and the nurture of widely different family/cultural environments produce differences among individuals. Eg; intelligence, language skills and personality. * Hereditary creates predispositions that interact...
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...The UNDP Human Development Report (HDR) for 2011 focuses on the intertwined issues of sustainability and equity. While most countries have achieved substantial development gains since 1970, the 2011 HDR draws attention to evidence that raises questions about the sustainability and distribution of these benefits. Human Development Index: Encouraging Progress Most countries have made great strides in living standards over the past 30 to 40 years. The UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) increased, on average, by 41 percent overall and 60 percent in low HDI countries since 1970. The HDI country ranking is divided into four quartiles. The first quartile, or top 47 countries with the highest HDIs, is labeled “very high human development.” The remaining three quartiles of country groupings are “high human development” countries, “medium human development” countries and “low human development” countries. From 1980 to 2011, average HDI scores increased by 16.1 percent, 20.7 percent, 50.0 percent and 44.3 percent for very high, high, medium and low human development countries, respectively. The table below presents HDI data from the 2011 HDR for a select group of countries from each development category. Green Revolution The Green Revolution in agricultural productivity is one of a number of important factors behind the dramatic rise in living standards. With only a 10 percent increase in cultivated land, agricultural output doubled over the past 50 years. In Asia, the Green...
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...\]Chapter Four: Human Development 1. The nature-nurture debate basically involves a discussion of A. the relative importance of environment and genetics in determining our development. B. the tension between genetically determined predispositions and environmental constraints. C. the role of early nurturing versus later life experiences as determinants of personality. D. how the physical constraints of humans limit their ability to overcome environmental events. ANS: A 2. During conception, organs first start to form during the _____ period. A. fetal B. zygote C. embryonic D. neonatal ANS: C 3. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)? A. It is caused by heavy drinking on the father’s part prior to conception. B. Most FAS babies have below average intelligence. C. FAS babies are physically the same as non-FAS babies. D. While there are some external symptoms of FAS, internally FAS children are normal. ANS: B 4. Which of the following reactions is not present in newborns? A. stepping reflex B. sucking C. fear of heights D. startle reflex ANS: C 5. One way to gauge an infant’s interest in a stimulus is to see when responsiveness decreases, also called A. habituation. B. regression. C. deactivation. D. response repression. ANS: A 6. Which of the following is an accurate description of brain development during early...
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...The Human Development Index and the Inequality Human Development Index Human development is defined as the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. Human development is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live. The human development concept was developed by economist Mahbub ul Haq. At the World Bank in the 1970s, and later as minister of finance in his own country, Pakistan, Dr. Haq argued that existing measures of human progress failed to account for the true purpose of development—to improve people’s lives. In particular, he believed that the commonly used measure of Gross Domestic Product failed to adequately measure well-being. Working with Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and other gifted economists, in 1990 Dr. Haq published the first Human Development Report, which was commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme. The Human Development Index was developed as an alternative to simple money metrics. It is easy-to-understand numerical measures made up of what most people believe are the very basic ingredients of human well-being: health, education, and income. The first Human Development Index was presented in 1990. It has been an annual feature of every Human Development Report since, ranking virtually every country in the world from number one currently Norway, to number 186 Niger. Like all averages, it conceals disparities in human development across the population...
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...In this paper the different stages of human development will be discussed there is Piaget's Stages of Development and Erikson's Stages of Development. First we will begin with Piaget's stages by starting with the Sensorimotor stage the typical age range is from birth to nearly 2 years. In this staged an individual are able to experience through their senses and actions (seeing, hearing, touching, and mouthing). One of their developmental phenomenon is object permanence. Object permanence is use to describe a child's ability to see an object and know that it exist although they can no longer see or hear it. This concept is important because it plays a role in the theory of cognitive development. This theory was created by Jean Piaget who suggested that children can understand the world we live in through their motor abilities. Next stage is preopertational and the typical age range is 2 years to about 6 or 7 years this stage is when children are able to represent things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. One of the developmental phenomenon is egocentrism this refers to their inability to see a situation from another point of view. Piaget felt that an egocentric child feels that everyone around them not only see what they do but feel and hear as well. Concrete operational is the stage when thinking logically, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. The typical age for this...
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...Development of Human Capital in Organizations [First name of the author appears here] [Name of the course appears here] [Date of submission appears here] Human Capital Development: Issue of Reducing Income Inequality Introduction Human capital is the set of skills, talents, skills, experiences accumulated by an individual which determine their ability to produce for themselves or for others. Human capital theory works by analogy to that of financial or physical capital. It is considered that human capital is composed of three elements that together determine a certain ability of an individual to work: namely, skills, experiences and knowledge. Human capital can be developed through continuing education and attention to the health of an individual. The inclusion of human capital in the economic analysis is an important step. It is generally theorized that accumulation of human capital is a key driver of economic growth. According to economists, dissemination of knowledge to general population allows increasing returns and generates positive externalities. Therefore, it is a central concept of development economics that investment in human capital should be the foremost priority of developing countries. Foreign direct investment refers to international movement of capital across national boundaries. This may take the shape of creation of a subsidiary abroad or to exercise control on the management of a company in another country. The effects of FDI are generally considered...
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...Human Development Stage Analysis Chloe PSY/201 November 23, 2014 Dr. Janis White Human Development Stage Analysis Today I have two patients’s that I will analyze for human behavior and understanding of the developmental process that relates psychologically. This is my journal that discusses my analysis to further summarize my findings and present to Dr. White for a further assessment. What I will be looking for within these two patients is theories that link to the psychological behavior within humans along with comparing the developmental stages that involve such change and comparison with certain phases depending upon age. Hoping for a clear understanding occurs within the psychologically process for human behavioral tendencies. Study One: Ben Today I met with little Ben and his mother. Ben is a two year old little boy starting the toilet training stage. He is at the beginning stages of cognitive development and according to Piaget’s theory; Ben is showing characteristics of this development that is defined in stages such as; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational (Ch. 8, pg. 351). Spending enough time with Ben and his mother, I would say that Ben is between using his sensory capabilities along with his motor skills to realize that the toilet is present and even to be curious enough to lift the toilet lid and inquire of what it for is. In addition to Ben also shows interest is imaginative thinking that the toilet is a pond where...
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...infant changes as it grows. Infancy is the “period that starts at birth and continues until the second birthday” (Feldman, 2014, p. 113). Some of the biggest changes happen in the realms of physical growth, cognitive development, sensory perception and nutritional needs. All these work together to form a functioning, intelligent, capable human. Although, there can still be some nature/nurture controversy over prenatal development, labor, birth, birth complications and the development of the competent newborn, things are changing. Infants grow at a rapid pace during this time. Non quiet as obvious as the physical growth of the infant. “Average newborns weigh just over 7 pounds, and measure 20 inches long” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). They go from being helpless to dynamic moving, eating, talking experimenting children. “By the end of his or her second year, the average child weighs around four times as much as he or she did at birth and average a height of 3 feet” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). Infants go through four principles of growth from birth to their second year. The cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a direction that begins with the head and then proceeds to the rest of the body. The proximodistal principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward. The principle of hierarchical integration states that simple skills develop separately, but that these skills are integrated into more complex ones. The principle of the independence...
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...Human Development 270 22JAN13 understanding human development wendy dunn the power of habit http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx character strength love caring temperance addiction power point 24JAN13 1859 origin of the species Darwin gene frequency modification generation by generation creates change species- groups reproductive members are compatible freud 1856-1939 psychoanalysis human nature motivated by innate biological inner dynamics id-primative hedonistic component ego- the conscious reality oriented component super-ego the ego ideal conscious plus morality principle death instinct- destructive aggressive impulses life insticts- impulses having to do with survival food water sex psychological stages oral stages- birth to 1.5 oral gratification anal stage- 1-3 stinginess and stubbornness fixation hung up in stage phallic stage 3-6 erogenous zone shifts to gentiles Oedipus electra complexes latency 5-12 sexual impulses are dormant genital 12 onward primacy of sexual impulses erik erikson 1902-1994 trust vs mistrust the world is safe autonomy vs shame 1-3 dress toilet move outside family initiative vs guilt 3-6 learn to cope with wider world industry vs inferiority 6-12 goes to school intimacy vs isolation development of sexual intimacy character learn to be good person choices from habit inhibitions satisfaction kagan standards for behavior formed in childhood. Guilt anger shame beauty by...
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...Human Growth and Development Cherese Murphy CJA/280 October 18, 2012 Altovise Boyd Human Growth and Development The way in which humans grow and develop has been in question for many years. However, theorists have developed numerous theories pertaining to the growth and development, of humans. All of these theorists had the same question how and what causes humans to behave, grow and develop in different ways. Human development consists of how a person grows and develops physically, intellectually, and socially. However, this process began taking place from the time a person is conceived in its mother’s womb, birth, childhood, teenager, adult, and up until death (Kathleen Stassen Berger (2010).). Erikson’s psychosocial development consists of eight stages. These stages of development consist of various development particular objectives to be mastered in different stages and time frames. The main focus of the theory pertains to how internal and external forces affect ones development by life stages (Hutchinson (2003).). However, Erikson eight stages of development consist of hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. The Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory pertaining to human intelligence and nature and is better known as the Piaget’s theory. Piaget’s theory involves how humans obtain knowledge and later how it is utilized. The Piaget’s theory of cognitive development consists of six stages assimilation and accommodation, sensorimotor...
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