...Human Error in AviationMatthew R. GriffithEmbry-Riddle Aeronautics university AbstractIt is unreasonable to assume that any person could operate continuously without ever making a mistake. Thus, human error is a very real and inevitable problem in the aviation industry. Unfortunately, for those involved, it is usually met with disastrous results. One momentary lapse of judgment might very well result in a large numbers of fatalities, as well as, hundreds of millions of dollars in damages. Human error can be described as any event that takes place because a task, or portion of a task, was not performed with its exact specifications. Human error can stem from a very wide spectrum of circumstances. Three critical areas of concern that will be carefully reviewed in this paper are the following: fatigue, vision, and communication. It is important to study these primary causes of human error and look for trends or break downs that might very well serve to protect the safety of future flights. Only through the management of human error can continue the outstanding reputation of safety in the world of aviation. Human Error in AviationBefore an accurate discussion on the root causes of human error can take place, it is necessary to understand the fast pace setting of the aviation industry. One visit to any major airport, such as Atlanta's international airport, and one will come to appreciate the tremendous demands placed upon all the aviation professionals involved along...
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...The Nature of Errors in Human Perception Everyday individuals try to make sense of the environment that they are presented with. What we perceive can be significantly different from objective reality, this is because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The process of perceiving and interpreting the behavior of other individuals takes time. Consequently, techniques have been developed to speed up this task. These techniques can be used to make accurate perceptions quickly and provide validity for making predictions. One of these techniques is Attribution Theory: the theory that when we observe what seems like atypical behavior by an individual, we try to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally meaning the individual is responsible for the behavior, externally meaning something outside of the individual caused the behavior. Attribution theory can be a great tool; however, it is not always accurate and can distort the perception process. Individuals tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements of others. This is known as the fundamental attribution error. This leads to perceptual errors. We can try to make accurate perceptions about other individuals but we will always come across flaws...
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...Study Guide Chapter 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is an advantage of seniority pay systems? 1) _______ A) they reward exemplary performance B) they encourage employees to continue to increase their skillsets C) they reward employees on an objective basis D) they help to promote product quality 2) This term refers to a difference between the output of a human judgment processes and that of an objective, accurate assessment. This difference could be due to bias, prejudice, or other subjective, extraneous influences. 2) _______ A) content validity B) a first-impression effect C) rating error D) the performance appraisal process 3) In 2009, employees were expected to earn average merit increases of what percent? 3) _______ A) 8.3% B) 2.9% C) 5.2% D) 1.3% 4) Management by objective is part of which type of performance appraisal system? 4) _______ A) behavioral observation scale B) behaviorally-anchored rating scale C) goal-oriented system D) trait system 5) This occurs when a rater generalizes good performance behavior in one aspect of the job to all aspects of the job. 5) _______ A) negative halo effect B) positive halo effect C) first-impression effect D) similar-to-me effect 6) ...
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...SCIENCE LAB REPORT Abdulaziz Shodiev 818 5/6/16 QUESTION How does the length of the rocket affect the distance it travels? HYPOTHESIS If length of the rocket is long then the distance it travels will be longer because the length of the rocket has to do with weight, and it affects the distance it travels INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Length of Straw DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Distance CONSTANTS: Nose tip, wings, launch force and launch angle, nose tip mass MATERIALS 1. Tape 2. Clay 3. Nose tip 4. Straw 5. Paper 6. Ruler 7. Rocket launcher 8. Index cards PROCEDURE 1. Gather material needed to build rocket 2. Using a 3 by 5 inch index card, fold the card twice and then cut into a triangle 3. Tape the triangle fins to the straw evenly around the straw 4. Shape the clay (3.5 g ) into an aerodynamic shape. Place the cone on to the straw eliminating any room for air to escape 5. Place the rocket unto the rocket launcher tube 6. Launch the tube from a 30 degree angle 7. Bring the rocket plunger up to 30 cm and release it 8. Record the distance the rocket travels affect each launch on the chart DATA | | Distance (cm) | Distance (cm) | Distance (cm) | | | Body Length | Launch 1 (cm) | Launch 2 (cm) | Launch 3 (cm) | Average (cm) | Rocket A | 8 inches | 265 cm | 286 cm | 329 cm | 294 cm | Rocket B | 6.5 inches | 490 cm | 515 cm | 500 cm | 502 cm | RESULTS During our investigation, we launched our rocket...
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...may end up causing inaccessibility of the intended service or even worse, unauthorized users. This helps the particular organization be on high alert and ensure that their security controls are monitored at all times .Another assumption is that all people conducting alterations or configurations to the system may introduce loopholes to the latter due to wrongful installation or a mistake made during the configuration. The third assumption is that all people conducting day to day operations are subject to make normal errors if the computer allows them to. Interfacing with humans creates situations that increase the margin of error due to factors such as assumptions, fatigue or improper training. In corporate computing environments where thousands of nodes, applications and processes exist, the probability of a normal error to occur are significantly high to the extent that it is mathematically possible to prove that it is next to impossible to prevent such errors from...
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...do it today, and this serves them fine. Larger companies have switched to computerized accounting systems today which run faster and are more accurate than manually. They both perform essentially the same thing, and are under the very same principles and concepts with the only differences being in the mechanics (Shanker, 2011). There are many factors facing manual accounting compared to computerized accounting today: speed, cost, and back up. Speed is important in accounting today due to the large companies and their investors. Using today’s computerized accounting systems, processing data, and reports are faster and more accurate causing less errors, and increases efficiency. This is all done with the push of a button (Shanker, 2011). Doing accounting manually is cheaper, but takes longer and is more likely to have errors. Using the computerized system is more costly due to the purchases of software, computer, training, and program upkeep. Other expenses with the computerized system...
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...Errors, Risks, & Failures CIS 324-014 December 16, 2012 Errors, Risks, & Failures Errors, Risks, and Failures occur frequently in computer technology. Some of them are very simple, and others are catastrophic, costing money, time, and sometimes lives. Not all can be completely avoided, but through proper software and hardware design, development and testing, a great deal of them would be decreased. Planning and good software designs are crucial in producing a safe, functional, finished product. When you are building a large software project, you will usually be overwhelmed by the overall complexity. Humans are not good at managing complexity; they are good at finding creative solutions for problems of a specific scope. A basic strategy for reducing complexity to magageable units is to divide a system into parts that are more handy. As you divide the systems into components, and further, components into subcomponents, you will arrive at a level where the complexity is reduced to a single responsibility. (Peters, 2012) I think that if the company doing the development takes the time to really communicate with the customer and find out the specs of the project and then takes the time to devise a good design, it sets up the project to become successful. According to A Gift of Fire, some contributing factors causing computer system errors and failures include, not enough attention paid to possible safety hazards, interaction with physical devices...
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...feedback to pupils provides an opportunity for them to see how the respond given to their works which may be engaging or just being ignored by pupils. However, the teachers may have their own perspectives and beliefs underlying their practices. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the way teachers give written feedback to pupils’ writing, belief of their practices and factors that influencing their belief on practices in written feedback. A number of writing exercise books selected from upper level primary pupils are collected to be analysed and a few follow- up interviews being done to elicit the information data required for the purpose of this study. The results shows that most teachers focus more on the language form, giving uncoded error feedback and less written commentary given in writing. It is assumed that the factors that influence these practices are mainly because of examination culture, the time constraints and the teacher’s personal belief of written feedback. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Written feedback is a long-standing educational practice that can arguably be linked to almost everything we learn (Evans, Hartshorn, McCollum, & Wolfersberger, 2010; Hattie & Timperley, 2007). According to Hyland & Hyland (2006), teacher written feedback is designed to carry a heavy informational load, offering commentary on the form and content or other aspects of a text to encourage pupils to develop their writing and consolidate learning...
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...“Never let the fear of failure be an excuse for not trying. Society tells us that to fail is the most terrible thing in the world, but I know it isn’t. Failure is part of what makes us human.” Amber Deckers, Ella Mental and the Good Sense Guide It is universally accepted that from ancient times humanity makes everything possible to comprehend or invent something new and to develop what has already been discovered. To be quite plain it cannot go without mistakes in this case. In spite of all our wishes and intentions, making false steps turns out to be inseparable part of our life. Moreover failure is considered to be one of the greatest man’s fears. There is no need to deny the fact that up-to-date life is sure to lay high claims to every person and to enhance the importance of competition. Seeking after perfection and willing to make some favorable impression one, in contrast, grows weaker before failure. Frankly speaking the very point, not to be forgotten, is that perfection exists only in our imagination but not in real life. Thus understanding of such thing can become the only way to accept one’s own and somebody else’s failure. You can’t but take into account that all greatest discoveries happened mostly by trial and error. Society imposes certain conditions, according to what it can result in the fear of misfortune that leads us, in turn, to more sizable blunder. Right for mistake means often the right for some innovation, research, experiment...
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...path of learning through their own experiences; while others prefer that a guide or a teacher could help them live a smooth life. Time and experience can be excellent teachers when you actually learn a lesson from your poor decisions. Experience comes from our way of living, understanding and the adjustments we make. It also comes from suffering, agony and the ordeals we are afflicted by. As one of the famous writer puts it together: “Good judgment comes from experience and experience comes from poor judgment.” Growth starts as soon as you recognize your mistake and the way to prevent it from happening again. Every human being is bound to make mistakes in life, this is normal; but how you learn from them is really the important factor. The only way to prevent oneself from making a mistake the second time is to learn. If you don’t, you will be making that same error again and again until you are forced to learn. I’ll give you an example of my own life. I started playing Table Tennis in 2008. Back then our school had recently bought the equipment for this game and there were only few good players of this game in the whole school. Although I was not a good table tennis player, still I had a self belief and never took any kind of coaching or training from anyone. I had the same belief of learning from my own mistakes. As time passed, I participated in several tournaments, but never won any. Each time I loose, I got to know another of my weakness and put my heart and soul to transform...
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...The majority of people expect doctors to be perfect, I believe. However, in Atul Gawande’s essay, “When Doctors Make Mistakes,” he tells us that is not the case. His theme is that doctors, as seemingly perfect professionals, are humans too, they make mistakes too. He mentioned one of his mistakes while treating a patient from a car crash. Afterwards, he reported his mistake to the M&M. He felt ashamed and guilty to the patient. He then develops his essay by statistic support of how often doctors make mistakes. I didn't expect doctors to be 100% accurate while they treat patients, at least while they treat light illness, like the common cold or flu. However, after reading the essay, I was shocked even when are treating serious illness they still...
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...Electronic Media Claim (EMC): this is an electronically processed and transmitted claim. The claim process starts by the healthcare facility collecting information, such as, the patient’s condition, the physician’s diagnosis and a list of all procedures performed. This information is then sent to the insurance company. Healthcare facilities that submit electronic claims use a clearinghouse. Clearinghouse: a clearinghouse acts as a third person that takes claims information from a healthcare facility and sends it to the insurance company. The clearinghouse checks the claims for errors and also makes sure that procedures and diagnosis are coded correctly. Explanation of Benefits (EOB): a document that is sent to patients from the insurance company explaining what services where paid for by the insurance company. An Explanation of Benefits usually includes, patient’s name, patient’s insurance ID number, claim number, provider information, type of service, date or service, charges, total patient cost and the amount the patient is responsible for paying. Bucket Billing: in bucket billing the healthcare facility decides how much to charge for a procedure, the insurance company reimburses the healthcare facility for that procedure and if that reimbursement does not cover the full bill, what is left over is then billed to the patient. That is called bucket billing. Benefit of Using Electronic Claims Clearinghouses Using an electronic claims clearinghouse have a lot of...
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...MITIGATION OF ERROR by Michael Raynard Mayberry A Paper Submitted to the Worldwide Campus In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Aeronautical Science Corporate Aviation Operations ASCI 622 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide Campus November 2011 Abstract Crew Resource Management (CRM) has been a great asset to flight safety by properly using resources for pilots and aircrew. The use of CRM have been effective with other training tools to help encourage better communication and to improve decision making skills. CRM is a valuable asset to companies training program if the technical skills are utilizes in the proper manner. CRM errors will never be eliminated, but the use of effective CRM skill can prevent a substantial amount of errors from ever occurring. Keywords: aviation, CRM, error, human error, decision making, safety Mitigation of Error Crew Resource Management (CRM) has been a great asset to flight safety by properly using resources for pilots and aircrew. Not all researchers accept the concept of CRM to manage error because of its import from other airlines and other training organizational. Other culture and situations could have been worse and not justified use in the United States due to its culture and environment. The researcher will discuss the ability of CRM to eliminate some error; although error can never be completely eliminated, the skills of CRM are an exceptional source that was originally...
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...ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report – AR-2008-055 An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. December 2008 ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Research and Analysis Report AR-2008-055 Final An Overview of Human Factors in Aviation Maintenance Alan Hobbs Ph.D. - iii - Published by: Postal address: Office location: Telephone: Facsimile: E-mail: Internet: Australian Transport Safety Bureau PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 62 Northbourne Ave, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 1800 020 616; from overseas + 61 2 6274 6440 Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) 02 6247 3117; from overseas + 61 2 6247 3117 atsbinfo@atsb.gov.au www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2008. This work is copyright. In the interests of enhancing the value of the information contained in this publication you may copy, download, display, print, reproduce and distribute this material in unaltered form (retaining this notice). However, copyright in the material obtained from other agencies, private individuals or organisations, belongs to those agencies, individuals or organisations. Where you want to use their material you will need to contact them directly. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, you must not make any other use of the material in this publication unless you have the permission of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Please direct requests for further...
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...Analysis of Accidental Deaths in Healthcare Human factors related to death of 73 year old man: At first glance, it is very easy to attribute the switching of the man’s oxygen and suction tubes to human error by the nurse. However, it is also important to look at the factors that led up to that moment. Was she tired because of being overworked? Has she received the proper training? Was she aware of all the protocols that needed to be followed? Most of these can be attributed to organizational factors such as overstaffing or lack of proper education. The fact that this issue was, as far as we know, an isolated incident, human error appears to be the more likely candidate. If the error was related to organizational factors or systems complexity, there would likely be other occurrences. Systems complexity factors related to death of 73 year old man: The systems complexity factors related to the death of the 73 year old man are not as apparent as the human and organizational factors. A possible systems error was the lack of differentiation between the oxygen and suction tubes. The hospital knew the importance of ensuring that nurses identify the tubes correctly because they required two nurses to check them. Knowing this, they could have implemented a system to better identify the tubes before the incident rather than after. Another systems factor is the process of reporting these incidents. Two of the violations Tucson Medical Center was cited for by CMS were “failure to promptly...
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