...aspects of an infant changes as it grows. Infancy is the “period that starts at birth and continues until the second birthday” (Feldman, 2014, p. 113). Some of the biggest changes happen in the realms of physical growth, cognitive development, sensory perception and nutritional needs. All these work together to form a functioning, intelligent, capable human. Although, there can still be some nature/nurture controversy over prenatal development, labor, birth, birth complications and the development of the competent newborn, things are changing. Infants grow at a rapid pace during this time. Non quiet as obvious as the physical growth of the infant. “Average newborns weigh just over 7 pounds, and measure 20 inches long” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). They go from being helpless to dynamic moving, eating, talking experimenting children. “By the end of his or her second year, the average child weighs around four times as much as he or she did at birth and average a height of 3 feet” (Feldman, 2014, p. 114). Infants go through four principles of growth from birth to their second year. The cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a direction that begins with the head and then proceeds to the rest of the body. The proximodistal principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward. The principle of hierarchical integration states that simple skills develop separately, but that these skills are integrated into more complex ones. The principle...
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...adolescents. Physical growth, intellectual/cognitive growth, psychosocial changes, social development, moral development, and the personality all changes and evolves as the infant makes its way through these stages of life. During infancy, children attach to others. “Attachment, a strong, positive emotional bond that forms between an infant and one or more significant persons, is a crucial factor in enabling individuals to develop social relationships” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198).They normally form their initial primary relationship with their parents and other family members. “Research suggests an association between an infant’s attachment pattern and his or her social and emotional competence as an adult” (Feldman, 2014, p. 198). Through the process of “reciprocal socialization, in which infants’ behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers,” infant’s social world starts to take form (Feldman, 2014, p. 188). Infants express their sociability, at first, in nonverbal ways. They smile, laugh, stare, and with age make vocalizations and imitate others. A mothers’ interactions with her baby is important for the babies’ social development. As mothers’ respond appropriately to their babies’ social cues, the infant’s attachment is strengthened. A father’s expression of positive emotions is also important to the infant’s social well-being. Personality includes those stable psychological characteristics and temperaments that define each human being as unique...
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...HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 2012/2013 MODULE LEADER: FIONA BOYD STUDENT NUMBER: N0371372 WORD COUNT: 2450 This assignment is aimed to discuss a case study using child development and adult development theories to explain the relevance of these theories to health and social care practice. It is going to briefly summarise the of major theories used by health care professionals to provide care and determine practice related decisions. The discussion is going to focus mainly on the attachment theory, Bowlby, J (1969), Levinson, D (1986) theory of life structures and Erikson, E (1963)stages of life theory. According to Banks (2001), these theories are there to help health professionals describe or predict patterns and behaviour considered to be within the parameters of normality for human beings and assess the need for intervention. Some major theories used by health care professionals today embrace the works of Freud (1856) and Bandura (1925) who challenged the view of human development and human nature by suggesting that humans are driven largely by emotions and motives of the unconscious and , a social cognitive theorist who believed humans learnt from observation of other people rather than from a pre-disposed notion of biological (nature) influences...
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...Psychology is the understanding how and why an individual change and doesn’t change through development. The changes from Germinal to fetal period is miracle; but when you eventually saw the changes occur in a child from ages six through eleven on a daily basis is unbelievable. In this paper, we’ll get to understand how a child grows and developed to understand the environments around them. These changes are well researched and the finding of it is remarkable. The finding is through different domains which these psychologists, Erickson and Freud have made; they are Biosocial, Psychosocial and Cognitive. These domains will explain step by step the different development of six years through eleven years old child. The first domain will describe how a child from age six through eleven motivate and experience their self. This domain is called the biosocial theory. At this age for almost ailment from influenza to cancer they are the healthiest period of their life. This theory will also explain how a child has the skills to undertake their basic care, from brushing their own teeth, prepared their break and walk to school. As one interviewed a ten year old girl; she remembered the age she started to do her laundry. She stated,” I was six when my mom told me to wash my under wear and socks and at that same age I have to clean my room” (Tonian 3/6/2010). They are few children at this age will not start to do these duties. You have parents that spoiled their child so badly...
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...DEP 2000 – EXAM 1 REVIEW SHEET CHAPTER 1 1. The pattern of movement that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Each of us develop: * Party like some individuals i.e. with those whom we share similar genetic makeup example our parents, siblings. * Partly like no other individuals i.e. the genetic recombination and environment factors which makes us unique. * Partly like all other individuals with those whom we share similar gender, age, and other such physiological factors. 2. Development includes Growth and Decline (see page 5) * Consider a 75 year old man, his goal will not be able to improve his golf swing, but to maintain his independence and to play golf at all. 3. Traditional vs Life-Span Approach (see page 2) * Traditional Approach suggests that, most if not all changes occur from birth to adolescence (infancy), no change in adulthood and decline in old age. * Life-Span Approach suggests that we undergo changes throughout the course of our life, i.e. all stages of life, from birth till death. 4. Life Span vs. Life Expectancy * Life Span is the longest recorded age a human has lived, which is to be 122 years. Life Span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. * Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual born in a particular year/era is expected to live. Life Expectancy has gone up by 30 years in the 20th century. 5. Characteristics of...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Growth and Development 2 3. Human Development Index 3 3.1 Historical Background of Human Development Measurement 4 3.2 Definition of Human Development and HDI 5 3.3 HDI Calculation 6 3.4 HDI Interpretation and Application 7 3.5 Limitations 8 3.6 Criticism 9 4. Conclusion 10 Appendix-I (Acronyms and abbreviations) 10 References 11 1. Introduction Over the last two decades economic growth has got a lot more attention among policymakers, corporate, economists, and academics in India and across the world. Since 1991, when India implemented liberalization, privatization, and globalization policies, GDP growth rate has become a buzz word. It has got disproportionate amount of attention from policymakers and economists. It has been used excessively to measure the success or failure of any policy. But after two decades it has become clearly visible that GDP growth rate alone cannot measure the development of a nation. The difference between growth and development too has become clearer. In spite of fast paced economic growth for last 10-20 years, a large part of our population remains illiterate. A large part of our population does not have the access to safe drinking water and proper medical care. Highest number of malnourished children belongs to our nation. These are some of the bitter realities which GDP growth based measurement never reflects. All these facts suggest the need of a more...
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...INTRODUCTION This essay seeks to show an understanding of the interface between economic growth and economic development and offer recommendations of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve them. Firstly this essay will define terms such as development, economic growth as well as economic development. It will then proceed with a brief discussion of the various measures of development, and show why the human development index, has in recent years become a widely accepted measure of development. This essay will then highlight the interface between economic growth and economic development and finally offer resolutions of what a country like Zambia needs to do in order to achieve both economic growth and economic development before drawing to a conclusion DEFINITIONS Development: Development according to Todaro (2003,16) “must be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty”. He further went on to explain that development, in its essence, must represent the whole range of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and evolving aspirations of individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially and spiritually...
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...4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CHANGING FOCUS 4.1 Introduction The large impact of TFP growth on economic growth (on average 56.5%) found in the previous section provides a sign that there were also other factors, besides physical capital, which were important for economic growth. However, because TFP growth is calculated as a residual, it is unclear which factors are captured by TFP growth. Whether this was technology, as was often assumed, or whatever other factor, could not be decided based on this evidence. This was less a problem in early development economics when development was looked upon as (lack of) physical capital accumulation (see for example Lewis 1955). As physical capital accumulation was inserted in the growth accounting exercise, the TFP growth could simply be interpreted as technological growth. Yet, with the rising importance of other, social, indicators such as health, literacy, and human capital, the growth of TFP could reflect the growth of these social indicators as well. 4.2 A classic view: GDP and physical capital On the basis of per capita GDP data provided by Maddison (2003), we may conclude that the levels of per capita GDP were about equal in India, Indonesia, and Japan around 1800. However, in the course of the nineteenth century they started to diverge. In 1890 Japan was already clearly ahead, having a gap in per capita GDP of 35% with Indonesia and 65% with India (see figure 1.1). Indeed, figure 1.1 shows that from 1870 onward there...
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...Human Growth and Development Cherese Murphy CJA/280 October 18, 2012 Altovise Boyd Human Growth and Development The way in which humans grow and develop has been in question for many years. However, theorists have developed numerous theories pertaining to the growth and development, of humans. All of these theorists had the same question how and what causes humans to behave, grow and develop in different ways. Human development consists of how a person grows and develops physically, intellectually, and socially. However, this process began taking place from the time a person is conceived in its mother’s womb, birth, childhood, teenager, adult, and up until death (Kathleen Stassen Berger (2010).). Erikson’s psychosocial development consists of eight stages. These stages of development consist of various development particular objectives to be mastered in different stages and time frames. The main focus of the theory pertains to how internal and external forces affect ones development by life stages (Hutchinson (2003).). However, Erikson eight stages of development consist of hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. The Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory pertaining to human intelligence and nature and is better known as the Piaget’s theory. Piaget’s theory involves how humans obtain knowledge and later how it is utilized. The Piaget’s theory of cognitive development consists of six stages assimilation and accommodation, sensorimotor...
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...Development of Human Capital in Organizations [First name of the author appears here] [Name of the course appears here] [Date of submission appears here] Human Capital Development: Issue of Reducing Income Inequality Introduction Human capital is the set of skills, talents, skills, experiences accumulated by an individual which determine their ability to produce for themselves or for others. Human capital theory works by analogy to that of financial or physical capital. It is considered that human capital is composed of three elements that together determine a certain ability of an individual to work: namely, skills, experiences and knowledge. Human capital can be developed through continuing education and attention to the health of an individual. The inclusion of human capital in the economic analysis is an important step. It is generally theorized that accumulation of human capital is a key driver of economic growth. According to economists, dissemination of knowledge to general population allows increasing returns and generates positive externalities. Therefore, it is a central concept of development economics that investment in human capital should be the foremost priority of developing countries. Foreign direct investment refers to international movement of capital across national boundaries. This may take the shape of creation of a subsidiary abroad or to exercise control on the management of a company in another country. The effects of FDI are generally considered...
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...economic growth and socio-economic development at the macro level. It focuses on a range of questions with respect to the impact of innovation and technological change on productivity, growth, employment, human capital, inequality, poverty, sustainability and socio-economic development. These questions are studied in an international comparative perspective including advanced economies, developing economies and economies in transition. The analysis of growth and development will be enlarged to include processes of catch up, forging ahead and falling behind. In the sense that the study of micro-dynamics of households, firms and sectors contributes to our understanding of relationships at the macro-level. A key concept relating innovation and technology with growth and development is productivity. Technological transformation is one of the major forces resulting in enhanced productivity and growth of income per capita. Productivity growth implies enhanced productive capabilities, which can potentially be used to fulfill a variety of human needs and realize social goals in the context of economic development. Socio-economic development is a broader concept than economic growth. It includes aspects such as the degree of inequality within and between societies, the environmental sustainability of increased production, the creation of employment and the fulfillment of basic human needs. Drivers and mechanisms of technological change and their contribution to growth and development ...
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...Q: “What is human development? Critically summarize the views of Mahbub ul Haq on how human development can be realistically attained within prevailing socio- economic conditions. What in your view is the significance of human development as a contemporary vision for social reorganization?” Discuss the nature of this significance with the help of one or two examples that illustrate your points. A: Human development is well-being concept and wider range of the human context. It is included the studies of human conditions. Human development meaning comes at last twenty-five years. Human development is like approach, which is define conditions of human life. Human development means not like that only growth of economic expansion, its growth in opportunities in every field. Development of kind which allows people their respective choices. There are two dimensions of sketch of human development. First dimension is directly enhancing of human abilities, and other is creating conditions for human development. Directly enhancing of human abilities included long and healthy life, knowledge, and decent standard of living. Creating conditions for human development included like participation in political and community life, environment sustainability, human security and rights, gender equality. Human development is concept of totally development of the people. Human life should be based upon their choices, not insisting that they make use of them. It is true that no one can guarantees...
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...Human Development Amber Jones PSY 280-Human Growth and Development October 13, 2012 Linda Baker Human Development The growth and development of humans is a very interesting topic to discuss with anyone. There are so many theories that people have on human development and it always makes for interesting conversations. In this paper, I will put focus on the psychoanalytic theory, the stages of psychosocial development theory, and the stages of faith theory. I will focus on the three theories because I feel that they are extremely interesting to the growth and development of humans. To be more specific, I want to focus on exactly what the theories are and how they are important and/or related to the human growth and development. As well, I want to focus on at least on theorist who is known specifically for the theory I focus on. I also want to identify the aspects of the life span from that theory’s perspective. Last, but definitely not least, I want to discuss in detail how the heredity and the environment have influence on human development. By the end of the paper, you as the reader, should have a better understanding of the three theories of my choosing and how human development works. Psychoanalytical Theory The first theory related to human growth and development that I want to focus on is the psychoanalytical theory. With this specific theory, the personality organization and the development of the personality dynamics is he focus. Probably the most...
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...Growth and Development Paper ECE 205 February 20, 2012 The first years of life are the most important stage of human development. During the early childhood years, the brain goes through drastic changes that are influenced by our genes, as well as our environment. It is the responsibility of adults in our society to take care of their children’s emotional and cognitive needs of children in order to see the progress in each child individually. In this paper I will describe how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. I will summarize the domains of development and analyze each developmental milestone and the purpose of each. Finally I will identify and explain the factors that might contribute to atypical development. “An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood” (Cherry, 2012). Infants, toddlers, and children all have particular capabilities and needs. Even though it may not seem like it, growth and development are two different things. There are no similarities between growth and development, and it is easy to distinguish the two. Development “relates to qualitative basis while growth is to quantitative measurement”. In other words, development takes place mentally and in the knowledge and skills children produce. Children with developmental...
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...The first years of life are the most important stage of human development. During the early childhood years, the brain goes through drastic changes that are influenced by our genes, as well as our environment. It is the responsibility of adults in our society to take care of their children’s emotional and cognitive needs of children in order to see the progress in each child individually. In this paper I will describe how the concept of development differs from the concept of growth. I will summarize the domains of development and analyze each developmental milestone and the purpose of each. Finally I will identify and explain the factors that might contribute to atypical development. “An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood” (Cherry, 2012). Infants, toddlers, and children all have particular capabilities and needs. Even though it may not seem like it, growth and development are two different things. There are no similarities between growth and development, and it is easy to distinguish the two. Development “relates to qualitative basis while growth is to quantitative measurement”. In other words, development takes place mentally and in the knowledge and skills children produce. Children with developmental difficulty because of a disorder, special needs, etc., can gain from participating in a program with a...
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