...APA Annotated Bibliography on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Woman Castellsagué, X., Drudis, T., Paz Cañadas, M., Goncé, A., Ros, R., Pérez, J. M., & ... Bosch, F. (2009). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pregnant women and mother-to-child transmission of genital HPV genotypes: a prospective study in Spain. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9(1), 1-12. Retrieved May 27, 2009, from EBSCOhost Academic Search database. This article talks about the studies on HPV infection and transmission of the virus in pregnant women to the child yielding inconsistent results. The cohort studies consisted of 143 participants, 66 HPV positive and 77 HPV negative pregnant women and their offspring. Detection of cervical HPV-DNA yielded a 6.5% result (54/828) from provided data. Sexual behavior-related variables, previous histories of genital warts or sexually transmitted infections, and presence of cytological abnormalities were statistically significantly and positively associated with HPV-DNA detection in pregnant women recruited in the cohort. Louvanto, K., Rintala, M. A., Syrjänen, K. J., Grénman, S. E., & Syrjänen, S. M. (2011). Incident cervical infections with high- and low risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among mothers in the prospective Finnish Family HPV Study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 11(1), 179-189. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from EBSCOhost Academic Search database. The authors talk about the increase or decrease risk of incident of HPV infections in pregnant women...
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...A case of a patient, Miss. Tracy Rewini, of age 66 years, suffering from advanced stages of cervical cancer which is already spread to her liver, pancreas and bowel has been presented for us to do critical analysis, case study and to prepare a plan of palliative care for her. Miss. Rewini has been suffering with this disease since three years. Cervical cancer is special type of cancer which is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) that affect cells of the cervix- lower part of the uterus which connects vagina (Bosch, Manos, Munoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto, & Shan, 1995). It is caused when abnormal cells grow out of control on cervix (Stewart, & Kleihues, 2003). The care plan is discussed in following part of essay. As Miss Rewini is Maori women,...
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...Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cervical cancer in which I will be discussing in this essay…is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. Some symptoms may include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor and Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change also known as mutation that causes them to turn into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass. Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread elsewhere in the body. It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never...
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...Abstract For the past several years, there has been a growing awareness of the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce...
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...Human Papillomavirs or better known as HPV is the one of the most common sexually transmitted infection. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), “Approximately 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV” (para. 13). However it is also one of the sexually transmitted infections (STI) that many people are not educated on. It is responsible for many forms of cancers in both men and women. Certain types of HPV show no symptoms, it is estimated that in 90% of cases the body’s immune system clears HPV within two years. Human Papillomavirus has over 100 types of strands; only about 40 types of the HPV affect the genital area in both men and women. Anyone who is currently or has been sexually active is at risk of getting HPV at some point. HPV is passed during, vaginal, anal, oral sex and genital to genital contract. These types of HPV can also affect the mouth and throat. Warts in the throat is a condition referred to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis( RRP). According to WebMD (2005-2013), “men are three times more likely than women to develop head, and neck cancers caused by HPV” (para. 2). In recent day’s actor Michael Douglas discussed in an interview that his recent battle with throat cancer was caused by oral sex. According to The Huffington Post (2013), the actor stated "Without wanting to get too specific, this particular cancer is caused by HPV, which actually comes about from cunnilingus," (para. 4). Some of the other body parts affected...
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...Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice In an episode of ER in 2000, a nurse named Carol Hathaway makes promises to two 14 year old girls who enter the ER and are hesitant to allow care for themselves. Nurse Hathaway tells the girls that she will not disclose any information to their parents or anyone else if they will agree to care. One of the girls Andrea is tested positive for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) an extremely common Sexually transmitted disease (STD) although later is diagnosed with cervical cancer. Nurse Hathaway speaks to the ER physician who told her that she needs to report these diagnoses to Andrea’s parents and to her school because the girls were involved in sex parties with other students at the school. This is where Nurse Hathaway struggles with the ethical dilemma. The purpose of confidentiality between patient and medical staff is to gain trust of the patients and to respect their privacy. Patients need to trust the individuals that are taking care of them so they will not hold back any imperative information that could negatively affect their care. All patients have the right for privacy and keeping as much as possible will only add to the trust that a nurse will receive in return. Any information about a patient should never be passed along to someone else that is not involved in the care of that patient (Purtilo & Doherty, 2011, p. 208). If somebody says something regarding medical care and it is private information is disclosed then this would qualify...
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...However, cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in developing nations, with about 370,000 new cases annually having a 50% mortality rate. Decades ago, cervical cancer was the number one cause of cancer deaths in women in the U.S. There has been a 75% decrease in incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in developed nations over the past 50 years. Most of this decrease is attributed to the effective institution of cervical cancer screening programs in the wealthier nations. Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is incredibly common in the population; most college-aged men and women have been exposed to HPV. Fortunately, there are several actions that women can take to decrease the risk of dying from cervix cancer. The first of these is undergoing regular Pap testing. Recently, two vaccines, called Gardasil and Ceravix have been developed. These vaccines have been demonstrated to be effective in preventing infection with some strains of HPV, when given before a person is exposed to HPV. For...
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...Health Magazine Date of Publication: (Updated) August 8,2012 Everything you Need to Know About HPV: Millions of Women come into contact with HPV every year- Learn what to you're dealing with now. By: National Woman’s Heath Resource Center Article Rating: Fair Chances are you have at least came into contact with the human papilliomavirus and had no clue you did. Most adults have whom are sexually active have been exposed to HPV, with as many as 20 million estimated Americans to be infected with the strains that cause genital warts. The good news, most cases have no symptoms of health problems. Now for the bad news, it causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer . In many ways, you can compare HPV to genital herpes. Both are incurable and rarely have symptoms. However, both are capable of causing medical problems and are both widespread in this country. Luckily, HPV only causes cancer in a small percentage of those infected. Besides cervical cancer, which is usually all that ever gets mentioned when discussing this infection, HPV can also cause cancer of the vulva, penis, head, neck, and anus, but these are extremely rare. These viruses are called papillomavirus because they tend to cause warts, or papillomas. Which are benign tumors. Warts caused from HPV can appear in the hands, feet or on/around the genital area. The strains of HPV that cause warts on the hands and feet are rarely the same as the ones that cause genital warts. There are about two hundred different types of...
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...Valerie Martinez Communicable Disease University of Phoenix 6/4/2012 Sarah Dunn Diseases have become a concern to the general public health since the founding of how communicable they are. There are some diseases that spread viral, bodily, and airborne which entails the concern for many health cares. Currently, the human papillomavirus has become a concern to younger adults and some adolescents who are the first to experience sexual activity with multiple partners. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, HPV is the most common type of sexual transmitted infection/disease. There are more than 40 types that can infect the genital areas in both males and females which link to cervical cancer in females (CDC, 2012). HPV is associated with other transmitted diseases that are passed through genial contact, most often during vaginal and anal intercourse. A person can have HPV even if years have passed and had sexual contact with infected person, which infected people don’t realize their infected or passing the disease. However, HPV does cause normal cells in and on the skin to turn abnormal, in most cases the body can fight off HPV, though it can mutate into an infection that forms genital warts or caner. According, to many census and information there are about 20 million people that are infected with HPV, and 12,000 women get cervical cancer that are associated with HPV. The CDC and other institutes are taking charge limiting the amount of people...
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...my morals. If the patient chooses to become a DNR or refuses "recommended" life sustaining treatments, they should have the autonomy to do so. A recent example in the news is the death of Steve Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental retardation (Los Angeles Times, 2011). The HPV vaccine has been used on girls...
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...are most prevalent in teens and young adults. The correct use of latex condoms decreases the risk of transmitting a STD. The only guaranteed prevention against a STD is abstinence from any/all sexual activity. The incidence of STDs is almost non-existent in those involved in faithful marriages or in a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes the month of April as STD Awareness Month. This annual observance is in place to raise awareness of STDs and to emphasize the importance of prevention, testing, and treating. There are three types of STDs: parasitic, bacterial, and viral. The most common STDs are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, human papilloma virus, herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. While many STDs are treatable and curable, some are not and carry life-long, even life-threatening consequences. Chlamydia is the most common curable STD. It is caused by a bacterium that infects the urethra in men and women and the cervix in women. Chlamydia is transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during delivery. Chlamydia is probably the most common STD because symptoms may not be present for weeks, months, or even years after exposure. The most frequent symptoms are pain during intercourse and discharge from the penis or vagina. If left untreated, Chlamydia can damage a woman’s reproductive...
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...someone who has tested negative for Chlamydia. * Worst; no babies IV. Hepatitis B * It is an infection caused by a virus that infect liver. * In 2003, 1.25 million people in the US have hepatitis B. * It is not as common as in the past among young people because there is a vaccine for it. * It live in blood or semen, Sharing needles, drugs, nail clippers, razors, or toothbrushes. Tattoo or piercing with infected tools. * Symptoms ellow skin or eyes, No appetite (they don't want to eat), Feeling extremely tired, Brown or dark urine (pee), Light or gray stools, Pain in the stomach, muscles or joints * Simple Blood test * No cure. * Get vaccine , Condoms * Worst get HIV V. HIV (AIDS) * HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes AIDS is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It attacks white blood cells. * Over 1.1 million people living with HIV/AIDS. * Contact with an infected person’s...
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...HPV Vaccine The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection that affects both male and female. Low-risk HPVs, which do not cause cancer but can, cause skin warts technically known as condylomata acuminata on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. High-risk HPVs can cause cancer. About over a dozen high-risk HPV types have been identified. Throughout years of research scientists, doctor, and medical staff have discovered what HPV is, how one contracts the virus, the symptoms or lack of symptoms, treatment and prevention for HPV. Contracting HPV People can contract HPV from skin to skin contact. Many people can get it from direct sexual contact or oral sex. It is recommended by the CDC that preteen boys and girls at 11 or 12 are have sex with someone who is infected. It's possible for a mother with an HPV infection to transmit the virus to her infant during delivery. This exposure may cause HPV infection in the baby's genitals or upper respiratory system. Sign and Symptoms of HPV Most people with HPV do not know they are infected and don’t develop symptoms or have health cause any health problems, but when HPV does not go away, it can cause problems like genital warts and cancer. Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or groups of bumps in the genital area. like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area. Cervical cancer usually does not have symptoms until it is quite advanced,...
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...STD’s In America Jessica Ferguson Park University STD’s In America What you don’t know can’t hurt you right? Wrong. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases and just how harmful and deadly they can be. Many people do not know that they are even at risk of catching an STD and even if they are already infected with one they may not have any symptoms leading them to believe that they have anything wrong with them and this can lead to passing the diseases on to their partners....
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...SCHISTOSOMIASIS a) What is Schistosomiasis? Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms. It is also known as bilharzia and the causal parasite lives in the freshwater snail (CDC). b) What is the etiologic agent of Schistosomiasis? Is it a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth? How is it transmitted? The etiologic agent for Schistosomiasis is helminth which is caused by blood trematodes. The mode of transmission is from infected water by the freshwater snail which is used for bathing or swimming. c) What are the signs and symptoms of Schistosomiasis? The first symptom is itchy and or dry skin. And if not treated, many more symptoms may arise which includes fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches. d) In what areas of the world does Schistosomiasis occur? How common is it? The most affected areas for this disease is the places with unhealthy sanitation. It is widely affecting most parts of the world. Africa is the most affected area where poor sanitation occurs mostly, and also south American. e) How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed? Schistosomiasis could be diagnosed by examining a stool sample electronically in order to find the parasite eggs. Having said that, blood test might the most proficient way of finding the eggs as the small eggs might not be detected. f) How can you prevent Schistosomiasis? As there is no vaccine available in preventing this disease, what we can do is to avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when not in...
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