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Human Psychology

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Submitted By sunshine226
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"Happy Birthday to You", also known more simply as "Happy Birthday", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate theanniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness Book of World Records, "Happy Birthday to You" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow". The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[1], p. 17 The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which was written and composed by American siblings Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill in 1893.[2][3] Patty was a kindergarten principal in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse;[4] Mildred was a pianist and composer.[1], p. 7 The sisters created "Good Morning to All" as a song that young children would find easy to sing.[1], p. 14
The combination of melody and lyrics in "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[1], pp. 31–32 None of these early appearances included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered for copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R.R. Forman. In 1988, Warner/Chappell purchased the company owning the copyright for $25 million, with the value of "Happy Birthday" estimated at $5 million.[5][6] Based on the 1935copyright registration, Warner claims that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are technically illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner. In one specific instance in February 2010, these royalties were said to amount to $700.[7] In theEuropean Union, the copyright of the song will expire on December 31, 2016.[8] The actual American copyright status of "Happy Birthday to You" began to draw more attention with the passage of the Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003, Associate Justice Stephen Breyerspecifically mentioned "Happy Birthday to You" in his dissenting opinion.[9] American law professor Robert Brauneis, who extensively researched the song, has expressed strong doubts that it is still under copyright.[1] In 2013 a documentary filmmaker brought suit against Warner/Chappell based in large part on Brauneis's research.[5]
Contents
[hide] * 1 Lyrics * 1.1 "Good Morning to All" * 1.2 "Happy Birthday to You" * 1.3 Traditions * 2 Copyright status * 2.1 History of the song * 2.1.1 2013 lawsuit * 2.2 Public performances * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 External links
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Lyrics[edit]
"Good Morning to All"[edit]
Good morning to you,
Good morning to you,
Good morning, dear children,
Good morning to all.
(Lyrics by Patty Smith Hill.)[10]
"Happy Birthday to You"[edit]
The song consists of four lines, three of which are identical. Each of the three identical lines is precisely the title of the song: "Happy birthday to you!". The other line is "Happy birthday, dear _____", where the blank "_____" is replaced by the name of the person whose birthday is being celebrated, and serves to address the song to that person. For example, "Happy Birthday, dear Henry." This naturally leads to problems of scansion if the name is not two syllables with the stress on the first syllable, and a breakdown of ensemble if excessive ad hoc adjustment is required, for example if the person is known to all as "Mrs. Winterbottom."
Traditions[edit]
It is often the tradition that at a birthday party, the song "Happy Birthday to You" is sung to the birthday person by the other guests gathered around. The birthday person is traditionally presented with a birthday cake with lit candles, with the number of candles sometimes corresponding to the age of the person. After the song is sung (usually just once), sometimes party guests may add wishes like "And many happy returns!" or "And many more!" expressing the hope that the birthday person will enjoy a long life. The birthday person could be asked to make a wish ("Make a wish!")—which is done silently—and then blow out the candles. Traditionally, the blowing out of the candles is felt to signify that the wish will come true.[citation needed] Once the candles have been blown out, people may applaud, after which the first piece of the cake may be served. Guests may present a gift, usually wrapped in festive paper, to the birthday person who may then open the gifts or simply receive them.
In Australia, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, immediately after "Happy Birthday" has been sung, it is traditional for one of the guests to enthusiastically lead with "Hip hip..." and then for all of the other guests to join in and say "...hooray!" This is normally repeated three times. This custom goes back to much older songs in Dutch (Lang zal hij/zij leven), German (Hoch soll er/sie leben) and Swedish (Ja, må han/hon leva).
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Copyright status[edit]
History of the song[edit]

The public domain song Good-Morning to All

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Song Good-Morning to All. 22sec.

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Instrumental version of "Good Morning to All".
The origins of "Happy Birthday to You" date back to the mid-19th century, when two sisters, Patty and Mildred J. Hill, introduced the song "Good Morning to All" to Patty's kindergarten class in Kentucky.[5] In 1893, they published the tune in their songbook Song Stories for the Kindergarten. Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other popular and similar nineteenth-century songs that predated theirs, including Horace Waters' "Happy Greetings to All", "Good Night to You All" also from 1858, "A Happy New Year to All" from 1875, and "A Happy Greeting to All", published 1885. However, Brauneis disputes this, noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies.[1], pp. 12–14
The Hill Sisters' students enjoyed their teachers' version of "Good Morning to All" so much that

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