...The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring. The major organs of the reproductive system includes, the external genitalia as well as a number of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads . Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly communicable sexually transmitted diseases. Most other vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates. Human reproductive system Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful fertilization and implantation...
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...The Female Reproductive System Human reproduction, always an object of the most intense interest, has lately become the darling of the media, the subject of innumerable television talk shows, magazine articles, and newspaper editorials. With each new medical breakthrough in fertility and family planning, the noise level grows higher. From elementary school onward we're now deluged with information, some factual, some not on menstruation and menopause, conception and contraception. Sorting it all out may seem impossible. But a reasonable understanding of the basics of reproduction can make the job easy. As you weigh your options, whether to encourage pregnancy or forestall it, your best resource is a working knowledge of the organs, glands, and hormones that prepare your body for motherhood. The reproductive system begins at the external genital area or vulva, which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum. Two folds of fatty, fleshy tissue surround the entrance to the vagina and the urinary opening: the labia majora, or outer folds, and the labia minora, or inner folds, located under the labia majora (Thibodeau and Patton, 2008.) The clitoris, is a relatively short organ (less than one inch long), shielded by a hood of flesh (Reproductive System, 2009.) When stimulated sexually, the clitoris can become erect like a man's penis. The hymen, a thin membrane protecting the entrance of the vagina, stretches when you insert a tampon or have intercourse. From this point onward...
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...Human Reproductive System The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring. The major organs of the reproductive system includes, the external genitalia as well as a number of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads . Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly communicable sexually transmitted diseases. Most other vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates. Human reproductive system Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Upon successful...
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...REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ➢ The major function of the reproductive system is to make sure that the human species survives. ➢ It is not necessary for every human being to produce children, but in order to continue our human species, at least some people have to have children. ➢ The four main functions of the human reproductive system are: • To produce egg and sperm cells, • To transport and sustain these cells, • To nurture the developing offspring, and • To produce hormones. MAJOR ORGANS ➢ In the human reproductive system, the major organs include the external genitalia and many internal organs including gonads producing gametes and hormones. ➢ These hormones are needed in the maturing of the human reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and the importance in regulating the normal physiology of the human reproductive system. ➢ In the males, the major organ of the reproductive system is the penis, and in the females it is the vagina. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female External Reproductive Organs A female's external part of the reproductive organs is called the vulva, meaning “covering.” The vulva is located between the legs and covers the opening to the vagina and other reproductive organs located inside the body. Female Internal Reproductive Organs The female has four internal reproductive organs: • the vagina, • uterus, • fallopian...
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...Human Biology BIOL-120 Lecture 13 The Reproductive Systems Excretory System PAGE 1 OF 5 I. The urinary system functions to control water & minerals and remove wastes (urea mainly) from the blood II. The kidneys are the major organ of excretory system A. Ureters lead from kidney to bladder B. Urethra leads from bladder to outside of body a. Exist internal and external urethral sphincters C. In females, urinary and reproductive systems separate with urethra passing to surface between the clitoris and the vaginal opening in the vulva D. In males, both urine and semen pass out the urethra from the penis a. During sexual arousal, internal sphincter closes to prevent urine from flowing into urethra during sexual intercourse III. The excretory and genital organs are collectively called the urogenital system CHAPTER 16 16.1 Male reproductive system I.Since chance of one sperm fertilizing an egg is very slim, strategy is to deliver large number of sperm at one time II.Exist several reproductive organs although only the penis and scrotum are visible III.Testes is site where sperm made A.Differentiate from tissue that become abdominal wall B.Just before birth, testes drop into outpouching of skin & smooth muscle called the scrotum 1.Allows sperm to develop at a temperature a few degrees lower than body temperature – will regulate C.2 inches long but have 100 yards of seminiferous tubules (where sperm form) D.The many seminiferous tubules join into the epididymus 1.Epididymus located...
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...Death is Not Always the Measurement Why do we acclaim a person’s achievements only after the time of their lives? Why is it that the public only opens its eyes to the greatness of a person and his/her achievements after the time of his/her brief existence? Well, I can guess that it is a part of the irony of life as it is evident not only in our nation but in the whole civilization itself. It has become, what it seems to be, a Custom. Whereas a custom based on the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a Habitual Action and a common practice among people. Late have we appreciated the importance of the person we have lost. And that is NOT however a good indication of a genuine condolence and appreciation of a man’s life. First of all, we are beginning to create a high standard in order for one to achieve recognition. Through these evident ironies of “reliving the lives of those who lost their lives” we are forming a new perspective among all, that for you to become someone we can pattern our lives with, you must first die and lose your life. That for us to be proud of having you in our same country, you must meet your final destination first. I have here a concrete example of what I am exactly talking about. The untimely death of our former DILG officer Jesse Manalastas Robredo indeed shook not only the Bicol region but the entire nation itself. No one expected that a man of honor would reach his demise in the harsh conditions of the shores of Albay. “I lost a Brother” a statement uttered...
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...outlining all the gross structures of the main body systems and I would also be saying what the system is made out of with a diagram. Main body system • Skeletal System • Muscular System • Nervous system • Respiratory system • Digestive System • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive system • Cardiovascular system • Urinary system • Endocrine system 1. Skeletal system The skeletal system is muscle that is connected to the skeletal to make a part of the mechanical system which moves the limbs and other parts of the body. The skeletal also relates the cartilages and joints of the human body which then creates the human skeleton. It is one of the main and important systems in the body. The joints are very important because they allow different types of movements at different locations to happen. However there are three components; • Bones • Cartilages • Joints Bones: Bones is a tough and frim form of connective tissue. It is the responsibility is to almost all strength of skeletal. Bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts Cartilages: The cartilage is a form of the connective tissue however it is not as tough and frim as the bone and the main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. This is because the bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts whereas cartilages are not. Joints: the joints are important components of the human body because they allow the body to move about...
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...ANIMAL REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Dr Ilma • The two earthworms in this picture are mating • Each worm produces both sperm and eggs, which will fertilize – And in a few weeks, new worms will hatch Asexual And Sexual Reproduction • Both occur in the animal kingdom • Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals – Whose genes all come from one parent • Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring – By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Budding – In which two new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones • A two-step process – Fragmentation • The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults – Regeneration • Follows fragmentation • the regrowth of lost body parts • Some animals reproduce by parthenogenesis – A process in which an egg develops without being fertilized • Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards – Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of parthenogenesis Ovary size (a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles...
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...THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM JASMIN CAS TABLE OF CONTENTS Task 1- 1.1 | The male reproductive system | | 1.1 | The female reproductive system | | 1.2 | The function of Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone | | 1.3 | The human menstrual cycle | | Task 2 – 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of the sperm cell for fertilization | | 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of egg cell for fertilization | | 2.2 | The process of fertilization and implantation | | 2.3 | Diagram of the early stages of a developing embryo | | 2.4 | The importance of the placenta | | 2.5 | The role of the following hormone during birth and lactation | | | Reference | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexual Reproduction Like all living things, humans have to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. Reproduction is the role of the reproductive system. The female reproductive system lies mainly inside the body, whereas much of the male system is outside the body. Each reproductive system produce special cells, the sex cells called gametes (sperms and eggs). From these gametes, the typical traits of the parents are conveyed to their brood. The genes are the one that stored the hereditary information on the chromosomes...
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...aids, and preparation in order to present this to an adolescent. Deciding at what age to tell your child the scientific version should depend on the parent. The “birds and bees story” may be more appropriate for a younger child, and the scientific version can be more explained when they are a little more mature. A girl should know about the sexual reproductive system when she starts menstruating. If she is not taught properly, she may not understand what is going on with her body, and may wind up pregnant at an early age. In order to explain the scientific version, first, you would have to start out by explaining the immediate male and female body parts that are involved; the penis and vagina. The inner part of the vagina consists of two ovaries, the cervix, and the uterus that are all connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes. These are all structures that make up the woman’s reproductive system. A female is born with all the ova she will need for her entire life, which adds up to about 2 million. Due to a lot of the ova being immature in form, only about 400,000 actually make it into puberty. “During a woman’s reproductive years, from puberty to menopause, only 400 or so ripened ova, typically 1 per month, will be released by their follicles for possible...
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...formed by meiosis. • Sexual reproduction directly reduces your contribution to the next generation! Phil Lester, KK413 3 Asexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction has many advantages: – All your wonderful genes are contributed to the next generation (no dilution!). – It enables animals living in isolation to reproduce. – It can create numerous offspring in a short amount of time. • Theoretically it is most advantageous in stable, favourable environments because it perpetuates successful genotypes precisely. Types of asexual reproduction: Fission. • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission. – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of roughly equal size. Phylum Cnidaria– sacs with central digestive system. 4 5 Types of asexual reproduction: Budding. • A new individual splitting off from an existing one. – For example certain species in the Phylum Cnidaria: new individuals grow out from the body of a parent. – May detach or remain joined to the parent. Phylum Cnidaria– hydras can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavourable. 6 Types of asexual reproduction: Fragmentation. • The breaking of the body into several separate pieces. – Some or all of which may develop into new adults. – Always associated with regeneration e.g. crown-ofthorns starfish. 7 Types of asexual reproduction: Gemmules. • Some invertebrates release specialized cells that can grow into new individuals. – For example the gemmules of Porifera that are...
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...The Skeleton system The skeleton system is all the bines in the body, where tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects to them. The skeleton system supports the body and without the skeleton your body would collapse. The skeleton is strong but light, it is there to protect the important organs and fragile body systems, helps with movement which the bones provide structure for muscles to attach to so the body is able to move. The Muscular system The muscular system is responsible for movement of the human body. It has over 600 named muscles but not all them are the same, they are split into three groups known as smooth muscles, which are muscles that we don’t have any control off. Skeletal muscles are muscles that are directly attached to bones and then cardiac muscles that are only found in one place of the body. Muscles are only able to contract or pull because the body has to move id different ways and different directions. The Circulatory System The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, water and oxygen throughout the body. The circulatory system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins and capillaries. The body has two circulatory systems known as pulmonary circulation, which is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again. The systemic circulation sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body The skin The skin is the largest organ in the body, which...
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...help provide support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients needed for growth. They can also store sugars and carbohydrates that the plant uses to carry out other functions. Plants can have either a taproot system (such as carrots) or afibrous root system (such as turf grass). In both cases, the roots are what carries the water and nutrients needed for plants to grow.(http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2a.html) In other words the root is the life of a plant because it won’t grow without it The stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers),conifer cones, roots, other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but also to other structures like leaves or flowers. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems. A stem develops buds and shoots and usually grows above the ground. Inside the stem, materials move up and down the tissues of the transport system. Stems have four main functions which are Support...
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...variety of chemicals have been shown to disrupt female reproductive function throughout the lifespan in laboratory animals and humans (e.g., diethylstilbestrol). These effects include the disruption of normal sexual differentiation, ovarian function (i.e., follicular growth, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance), fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy. Only a few agents are associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant...
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...Functions of Reproductive System ❑ Procreate species ❑ Manufacture important hormones ❑ Pleasure Stages of Life ← Embryologically, males and females start out “sexually indifferent” ← Gonads, ducts and externally identical structures ← At 5 weeks gestation changes start to take place ← Puberty: reproductive organs grow to adult size and reproduction becomes possible ← Between 10 and 15 ← Influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones ← Testosterone in males ← Estrogen in females I. Male Reproductive System: Structure ← Scrotum ← Function: Protects the testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord ← Holds testes away from body ← Temperature: 1° below body temperature ← Lined with serous membrane that secrets fluid ← Testes move freely ← Penis ← Function ← Deliver sperms to female ← Urination ← Shaft ← Erectile tissues surround urethra ← Glans ← Cone-shaped structure on end of penis ← Prepuce (foreskin) ← Skin covering in uncircumcised males ← Epididymis ← Sits on top of each testis ← Receives spermatids from seminiferous tubules ← Spermatids become sperm cells ← Vas deferens ← Tube connected...
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