...Rough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into “trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption” (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been defined as trading women and children for prostitution. As of late, trafficking has grown to include other types of force, fraud, or coercion, beyond sexual exploitation (USDHHS, pg. 3). The United States Congress has defined human trafficking into two categories, sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Human trafficking has grown since it first gained entrance into the political spotlight in 1996. Of the two, sex trafficking is the most talked about in America. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines sex trafficking as, “[the] recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which [the act] is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is younger than 18” (USDHHS, pg. 3). A commercial sex act refers to a sexual act committed in order to receive a valuable typically intrinsic in nature. The types of sex trafficking include prostitution, pornography,...
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...means to reduce incentives to participate it. A. Background of the Study Drug is, in the broadest of terms, a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans or other animals. Foods are generally excluded from this definition, in spite of their physiological effects on animal species. In pharmacology, a drug is “a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs worldwide. Recreational drugs are drugs that are not used for medical purpose, but are instead used for pleasure. Common recreational drugs include alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, as well as other substances such as opiates and amphetamines. Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation and all drugs can cause side effects. Many drugs are illegal for recreational purpose and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of legally prohibiting certain substances. History of Drug Trafficking Chinese edicts against opium smoking were made in 1729, 1796 and 1800. Addictive drugs were prohibited in the west in the...
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...HUMAN TRAFFICKING A SEMINAR PAPER PREPARED BY ELEGBOGUN OSERERE JULIET COURSE TITLE: CLASSICAL THEORIES OF CRIME, DELINQUENCY AND SECURITIES COURSE CODE: 800 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER IN CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS LECTURER : PROFESSOR SOYOMBO OMOLOLU FEBRUARY, 2013. ABSTRACT With the rapidly increasing rate of migration – a by-product of a more globalised world – human traffickers have greater opportunities to exploit those who migrate to other States. First, human trafficking is driven by poverty and international productivity/living quality disparities. Second, the existing humanitarian and/or suppressive approaches cannot solve the problem. Third, the best option for solving the problem is setting up the ‘reciprocal direct investment’ (RDI) scheme between leading and lagged economies. The RDI scheme can facilitate improvements in the quality of public governance in lagged economies and...
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...order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. It is classified as fourth-generation warfare and as a violent crime. In modern times, terrorism is considered a major threat to society and therefore illegal under anti-terrorism laws in most jurisdictions. It is also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used to target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutral military personnel, or enemy prisoners of war” . Another Definition: “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or its citizens to further certain...
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...states. In detail, this paper illustrates the specific security challenges that failed states have posed on the traditional security concerns in the world. While the failure of states is attributed to struggles for political liberalism, the lack of sovereignty and autonomy are the major factors contributing to collapse in some states (Bar-Joseph. 2001). Fragile or failed states are defined as nations which face extreme levels of poverty and development challenges (AusAid, 2005). Other characteristics of failed states include frail political governance, improper institutional frameworks and persistent conflicts. Thus, such countries face many forms of instabilities in economic, social and political aspects. On the other hand, transnational crime perpetrators take the opportunity of these conditions to...
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...with these challenges in the context of Bangladesh. 1. Threats to Societal Security Inflow of Small Arms and Drug: This is an external or trans-national source. Estimates differ and perhaps will be less than what is happening in the context of India or Pakistan. But it is causing security threats to the state and the society, for at least two reasons: first, the rate is increasing at an alarming pace; second, Bangladesh is a soft state and a soft society, the impact is easily felt.[i] Use of small arms, use of drugs are gaining autonomous proportion in the sense the administration and law enforcing agencies have practically little control over the trafficking and use. Law and Order and Social Violence: The south western districts are again becoming restless following increase in the number of incidences of killings and overrunning of police posts by the outlawed and extremists who seem to be reemerging from the banned parties like Purba Banglar Communist Party and Biplobi Communist Party in the southwestern districts.[ii] The northern districts in recent months have been subjected to terrorist attack.[iii] One of the horrendous crimes in recent times was the slaughtering of six persons in a village of Atrai in Naogaon. More than 100 outlaws invaded the village at night and raised party slogans.[iv] The spate of crimes and severe breakdown of law and order follows the local body elections that also witnessed significant amount of violence in the country before...
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...product of “capitalism”? Yes, certain aspects of culture and society can be said to be a product of “capitalism”, but defining how and why something is said to be a product of capitalism is very important. Some of the key concepts relating to an analysis of the effects of capitalism on culture are profit motive, commodity, human desire, and the market economy. The capitalist system is based on private ownership and consolidation of the means of production, where the production of commodities is guided by profit motive to satisfy human desires Definition: Materialism is the importance placed on material possessions. Someone with a high level of materialism, described as "materialistic," considers material possessions to be central to their life and their identity, and focuses a good deal of their energy on acquiring possessions. Someone with a low level of materialism, described as "non-materialistic," or "not materialistic," does not consider acquiring possessions to be particularly important, although they vary in the extent to which they acquire material possessions in order to meet other objectives, such as social acceptance. Anthropology is the study of humans. Cultural materialsm is an...
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...Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. | This article lends undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. (December 2013) | This article is outdated. (December 2013) | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2014) | | | Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs | Governments of opium-producing Parties are required to "purchase and take physical possession of such crops as soon as possible" after harvest to prevent diversion into the illicit market. | Signed | 30 March 1961 | Location | New York City | Effective | 8 August 1975 [1] | Condition | 40 ratifications | Parties | 185[1] | Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations | Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish | Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs at Wikisource | The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. As noted below, its major effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones. From 1931 to 1961, most of the families of synthetic...
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...white powder training exercise. 2012 The FBI Story I A Message from FBI Director Robert S. Mueller, III For the FBI and its partners, 2012 was a year that reminded us once again of the seriousness of the security threats facing our nation. During the year, extremists plotted to attack—unsuccessfully, thanks to the work of our Joint Terrorism Task Forces—the U.S. Capitol, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and other landmarks on U.S. soil. Tragically, on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, a hateful attack in Benghazi took the lives of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans. In the cyber realm, a rising tide of hackers took electronic aim at global cyber infrastructure, causing untold damages. High-dollar white-collar crimes of all kinds also continued to siphon significant sums from the pocketbooks of consumers. And in Newtown, Connecticut, 20 young children and six adults lost their lives in one of the worst mass shootings in American history, ending a year of violence that saw similar tragedies around the country. Working with its colleagues around the globe, the FBI is committed to taking a leadership role in protecting the nation. As you can see from this book—an annual compilation of stories from the FBI’s public website that provides a snapshot of Bureau milestones, activities, and accomplishments—we used the full range of our intelligence, investigative, and operational skills to address major threats during the year. We helped avert terrorist attacks...
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...identity. These terms are explained in more detail here. Lesbian A lesbian woman is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to women. Many lesbians prefer to be called lesbian rather than gay. Gay A gay man is one who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to men. The word gay can be used to refer generally to lesbian, gay and bisexual people but many women prefer to be called lesbian. Most gay people don't like to be referred to as homosexual because of the negative historical associations with the word and because the word gay better reflects their identity. Bisexual A bisexual person is someone who is romantically, sexually and/or emotionally attracted to people of both sexes. Transgender or Trans Is an umbrella term used to describe people whose gender identity (internal feeling of being male, female or transgender) and/or gender expression, differs from that usually associated with their birth sex. Not everyone whose appearance or behaviour is gender-atypical will identify as a transgender person. Many transgender people live part-time or full-time in another gender. Transgender people can identify as transsexual, transvestite or another gender identity. Gender Identity One's gender identity refers to whether one feels male, female or transgender (regardless of one's biological sex). Gender expression refers to outwardly expressing one's gender identity. Transsexual people live or wish to live full time as members of the gender...
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...Introduction: Right to life, that life of every human being is very valuable, is a core concept of human civilization. All the major religions and philosophies declared that human life is inviolable. None has any right to take the life of another. If anybody takes the life of another, s/he will be punished with capital punishment. This basic proposition has been accepted by most of the earlier human societies and it has not been questioned until the modern humanitarian movement has taken momentum. Capital punishment is a relevant issue for every human society and it constitutes a “dilemma of hidden human divinity versus hubristic capital punishment.” The concept of a right to life is central to debates on the issues of capital punishment, euthanasia, self defense, abortion and war. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly declared in article three: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.” A central principle of a just society is that every person has an equal right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Within that framework, an argument for capital punishment can be formulated along the following lines: some acts are so vile and so destructive of community that they invalidate the right of the perpetrator to membership and even to life. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must...
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...Flag Burning History has taught us, sleeps or wakes up this country actually achieved independent over 54 years. Generally, the absolute freedom granted to the indigenous population heads of leadership that was originally under the leadership of Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. However, it should be remembered again, the history of western imperialist occupation of much flushed and sweat of the people of Malay land resources for the benefits of themselves and their nation. What a cruel, greedy and cruel rule for 446 years occupied the country. As citizen of Malaysian, a string of previous history as a struggle should be the nation of Malaysia. “Eating is not satisfied, do not sleep soundly, no wet bath.” That is seen as circumstances and situation peoples of Malay in the colonial era. There are sad, bleaker and darker. If announced to the public about this story is sure to be stunned, speechless and some who shed tears of sympathy. Imagine imperialist atrocities when they were everywhere on our shoes. Indigenous populations into slaves, while other people pleasing profits from the sweat of our ancestors. Today security can no longer be defined only in the traditional form of accounting for the military threats and related issues even if we to enjoy nearly 54 years of independent in which globalization. The nation-state had to work together to safeguard commons interests, but at the same time maintaining special interest to them. This resulted in increasing need to maintained...
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...General History of Mexico Mexico foundation starts in the year 900 B.C. with the migration of the Mexica from Aztlan tribe, towards the center of Mexico. When the Mexica tribe arrived, where now stands Mexico City, they found an eagle holding a serpent between its claws on a cactus. The Mexica thought this was a message from their god Huitzilopochtli (sun god) telling them that there was their sacred land. Pre-Hispanic Cultures Before the Mexica arrived to the center of Mexico and Central America, many pre-Hispanic cultures were developed, sharing their traditions and culture. When we talk about Mesoamerica, it refers to cultures that existed before the European conquest in the territories that are now Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In Mesoamerica grew and faded many cultures, some of the most important were the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec. These cultures had their own art, architecture and religion, most of these cultures were conquered by other cultures and therefore there was a mixture developing and forming a new and enriched culture. These cultures lived on the Pre-classic, Classic and Post classic which is division in periods of the pre-Hispanic period, some of these cultures lived for over a period, others just lived through one. The Conquest of Mexico and the Creation of New Spain In 1492 Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba and thought that they were in the Indies (today India). Almost thirty years later...
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...Causes of the Booming Sex Industry .......................................................... 2 3. Economic implications of Sex Industry...................................................... 3 3.1. Thailand ................................................................................................. 3 3.2. Philippines .............................................................................................. 5 4. Social implications of Sex Industry ............................................................ 8 4.1. Moral Implications ................................................................................ 8 4.2. Child Prostitution .................................................................................. 9 4.3. Sex Trafficking and Slavery ............................................................... 10 4.4. Health and Cost Issues ........................................................................ 11 5. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 14 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 17 7. References ................................................................................................... 18 1. Introduction The sex industry involves the sale of sex related adult entertainment and/or services. It involves a wide range of commercial sex work such as prostitution, exotic dancing and pornography amongst...
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...Inter-country Adoption: A Brief Background and Case Study Inter-country adoption (ICA) is a practice that has gained popularity over the years, and there is every reason to believe this trend will continue. For couples (or individuals) whose country of residence has few healthy babies available for adoption, going outside the country for a child is a desirable option. It is also desirable from the perspective of the child, who usually comes from a country with more available children than potential adoptive parents. Right away, these seem to be two very compelling reasons to support the idea of inter-country adoption, and work toward its best model. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of inter-country adoption using India as a case study. The paper will give a brief background of ICA and the main problems it both addresses and raises, then look at the case of India in particular, and, finally, provide some directions for policy and further research. Background on ICA ICA began in earnest as a response by North American countries to the post-WWII devastation. At that point, it was a humanitarian reaction to the needs of the newly-orphaned children in Europe. Since that time, ICA has shifted its focus to become a means for individuals in the developed world to have children. In most Western nations, the number of healthy infants available for adoption has been steadily decreasing, due to a number of social and economic factors including widespread...
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