...As a network of capillaries, the glomerulus acts as a filtering unit by keeping normal proteins and cells in the blood while allowing the filtrate, which contains particles such as ions, sugars, and ammonia, to pass through to the glomerular capsule and exits into the renal tubule (Tilley, 2003). Glomerular filtration is regulated by blood pressure and osmosis. A decrease in blood pressure results in the release of renin by renal juxtaglomerular cells, which is transformed into angiotensin, ultimately causing vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction results in the increase of blood pressure, thus powering filtration (Ira, 2009). There are four distinct regions of the renal tubule through which the filtrate is modified prior to becoming urine: the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct (Crowder, 2010). The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs a large majority of the filtrate via active and passive transport. By means of a countercurrent multiplication mechanism, the loop of Henle is able to concentrate the fluid (Tilley, 2003). In response to the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, water is reabsorbed in...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.0 DEFINITION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, HERBAL PREPARATION AND FINISHED HERBAL PRODUCTS The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures. Traditional medicine is used in the maintenance of health the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness, whether explicable or not and is passed on from generation to generation. Herbal Preparations contain plant parts or plant material in the crude or processed state as active ingredients and may contain excipients. (WHO, 1996a; Busse, 1999). Combinations with chemically defined active substances or isolated constituents are not considered herbal preparations (Busse, 2000; GNDP, 2004). According to the European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA), herbal preparations are medicinal products containing exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations as active substances (WHO, 1996b; Busse, 2000). Several chemical constituents with different pharmacological targets are involved in the therapeutic action of herbal preparations. This may be an advantage compared to single isolated compounds, especially when the underlying disease has a multifactorial etiology which is the case in many chronic illnesses. Herbal preparations may include comminuted or powdered plant material, extracts, tinctures, fatty or essential oils of...
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...because along sweat is essentially water with waste being flushed out of your body. The enzymatic reactions in the cells are also dependent on water. Water is essential to maintain body's homeostasis. If normal water levels aren't maintained, it will affect the osmotic pressure, ion homeostasis and plasma/blood volume as well. Also it is required to excrete waste products from our body (E.g.; urine) and for the regulation of metabolic activities such as enzyme activation. Therefore, water is essential to maintain the body in its normal state. “Water serves many curative functions even in our day-to-day life. In fact, water is very essential for maintaining the proper functioning of our body and sustaining us. It makes up more than half of our body weight and caters to the requirements of various bodily needs. Deficiency of water in the body can affect various functions and in severe conditions might also lead to death. Effects of Water Deficiency * Low blood pressure * Clotting of blood * Kidney malfunction * Severe constipation Functions of Water in the Human Body The functions given below will help you understand the role of water in our body: * Water is essential for digesting food. It is also important for getting rid...
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...Osmotic Regulation of the Renal System: Investigating the Effects of Fasting and the Ingestion of Coke, Water and Gatorade on Urine Flow Rate and Urine Specific Gravity Madison Urtusuastegui Biology 213, Section 1 November 18th, 2014 San Francisco State University Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to detect how varying conditions had affected the kidney’s homeostatic regulation. There were several conditions that were looked over during the experiment such as urine flow rate and urine specific gravity of adult subjects who have: (1) fasted which was considered as the non-drinking group and (2) fasting which was then replaced by fluids known as the drinking group. Through out this experiment were three...
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...in fish. Osmoregulation: the general process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss Salt water fishes: Gain water and salt ion through drinking seawater or from food, Excretion of salt ions from gills, Osmotic water loss through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of salt ions and small amounts of water in scanty urine from kidneys Fresh water fishes: Uptake of water and some ions in food, Uptake of salt ions by gills, Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface, Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys There is diversity in the excretory mechanisms of living thing. Describe each and include an example. Contractile vacuoles: Flame cells Nephridia Malpighian tubules Mammalian kidney Describe the functional unit of the human kidney Nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone. Each nephron is composed of an initial filtering component (the "renal...
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...This assignment reflects on one day’s care delivered to a patient during my practice as a healthcare support worker (HSW). It presents anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and focuses on the patient’s catheter use, urinalysis, regular intake of medication and legal issues associated with delivery of care to the patient without mental capacity to make crucial decisions in his life. For the purpose of this care study, I use the pseudonym Chris for the patient in order to protect his identity and maintain confidentiality (NMC, 2008). There is also a legal obligation under Data Protection Act (1998) not to disclose patient’s personal details. Chris is a 73 year old male, who I worked with in a residential home for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour, where he was residing. Chris has been diagnosed with a learning disability (LD), which means that he has significantly. reduced ability to understand new or complex information and learn new skills (Department of Health, 2002). He has a reduced ability to cope independently due to recent leg amputation and the LD. Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or body part (Mosquera, 2010). It was performed on Chris’s right leg above the knee to relieve the recurring pain caused by a severe case of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The PAD is a form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, caused by deposits of fat built up along its walls (Patient UK...
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...sample. A clean catch sample is a urine-specimen that is a free of bacterial contamination as possible without the use of a catheter. The main purpose of this urine sample is to test the abnormities that may be present, such as bacteria, ketones or drugs. When this test is conducted we are looking for different things like color distortion, texture (cloudy, clear, and pale), smell and etc. When there is color distortion it can come from different foods eaten, drugs that were taken or even health problems. The types of colors can be a clear or helpful indictor of what is going on with you. I will give you some examples of color and the meaning of them and also give detail of our patient. Red urine indicates blood by hematuria and this is usually dark from the normal light color. Yellow can be caused by dehydration or also foods that are being taken. Orange can be caused by dehydration or jaundice which can make the bile show up in urine. Some fruits can cause this orange like color also; such as blackberries, beets, rhubarb and senna herbs. The best kind of urine a person wants to have is clear kind of pale color. This is a good indicator that a person is healthy. The clearer it is the healthier you are. Now when we look at our patient since she was diagnosed with diabetes; with that her urine would be a clear almost cloudy yellow color. With the medication for her depression added to the mix it would still be the same color. Having clear urine can also sometimes mean you have...
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...function of the major organs of the excretory system (302-5). Materials: • Body diagrams (showing the excretory system) and blank outlines of the human body. • Tag board or other sturdy paper on which to affix the model • Mini-marshmallows • Glue • Kidney beans • Cafeteria Straws • Scissors • Spaghetti (uncooked) • Red Yarn • Brown paper bags • Blue yarn Engage: Open with a class discussion on what the kids know about the Excretory System. What do they know about the Excretory System already? Explore: Working in small groups, provide each group with a brown bag full of materials that they will need to create their model. Write what each student needs to grab out of the bag. You can also provide this list on the whiteboard or overhead. Each student needs: • 3 kidney beans (kidneys) • 3 spaghetti pieces (urethra) • 2 marshmallows (bladder) • 2 straw pieces (urethra) • 2 pieces of yarn (veins) One of each item will be used for the key at the top of the tag board. It is helpful to have a model already assembled as a guide for the students. Explain: To assemble: • Glue the online of the human body onto tag board or heavy construction paper. • Glue the kidney beans in the appropriate place on the human body. Use a diagram of the excretory system to help with this. • The yarn will be approximately 3 inches long. The students will have to separate the...
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...University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other symptoms that might occur with acute kidney failure can include nausea, fatigue,...
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...Foster and her partner have done an awesome job in coming up with a great product it is however important to get advice and guidance from a professionals in that field in the case we find Sarah and her partner virtually stumbled upon the idea from testing and when they found out that the product could do more in the sense that the baskets could hold the kidney stones rather than just ease urine passage. The importance of involving experts in the project will give them a specialized point of view; provide wealth of experience from past tests and in a sense cut out errors that can cause broader complications in humans testing and ensure that it’s fit for use in the market. Another benefit proper endorsement which will enable Sarah foster can have a product that is endorsed by the national association of urologists or general doctors thereby enabling the product gets greater publicity or increased acceptance. In products testing and problem resolution Sarah and her partner only conducted tests on pigs believing that the pig’s excretory system will function like the excretory system of a human being and without proper advice from professionals that conclusion cannot be drawn plus with professional guidance on this front Also on patents and licensing Sarah Foster and her team could have sought professional advice to quicken the process of gaining funds and acceptance too in the case we...
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...The purpose of this essay is to critically explore and discuss the holistic care and management of a chosen patient from a recent clinical placement. The patient which has been chosen has had an exacerbation of a chronic problem. Management options which are or have been available to the designated nurse will be critically discussed alongside the justification of the plan of care which will or has been implemented. The role of the registered nurse in relation to safe and effective decision making will be explored. A discussion of the decision making process which has been chosen for the patient will be noted and this will be related to known theoretical models of clinical decision making. It will also critically examine the importance of managing risk in health care to enhance the patient care and outcomes and this will be related to the chosen patient and clinical scenario. Finally it will also critically appraise the evidence base that supports the discussion. The chosen patient is a 42 year old male who has been admitted to the current clinical placement, which is the local spinal injuries centre, after numerous complaints of recurrent urinary tract infections. All patient identifiable information has been changed to protect the patients’ identity in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC) guidelines regarding confidentiality (NMC, 2004). Mr Scott had previously been an inpatient to the Spinal Unit following a road traffic accident in September 2004, the outcome...
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...Introduction According to several studies conducted in the United States, drinking adequate amounts of water does more for children than just ward off dehydration. The studies were done to determine the hydration status of healthy children in the United States and the connection between water and cognitive function. The studies set out to prove whether or not mild dehydration has a negative impact on a child’s ability to function at school. Could there possibly be a connection between the two? Discussion of Objectives A recent study was conducted on a group of 9-11 year olds in Manhattan and LA on their way to school. The group was given 50 dollars to pee in a cup. The urine from nearly 2/3 of the children was considered too concentrated, an indicator that they were dehydrated. Why? Because they weren’t drinking enough water. Three quarters of the children did not drink water between the time when they woke up and when they went off to school (Greger, 2013). But most ate breakfast so they must have been drinking something. The problem is that other beverages are not as hydrating. The levels of sodium, sugars and amino acids in milk and juice can shrink cells and trigger the release of the hormone that signals dehydration (Greger, 2013). So, is there any actual negative impact of mild dehydration on their ability to function at school? Historically, most of the studies on hydration and mental...
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...An organism's excretory system is responsible for getting rid of waste and toxins that build up in the organism. The primary organs of excretion in the human body are the lungs, kidneys and skin. The lungs get rid of carbon dioxide, while the skin excretes waste in the form of sweat. The urinary system gets rid of waste in the form of urine. There are a variety of science projects that can demonstrate these principles and allow students to show an understanding of the systems. Excretory System Model * In this project, students make a model of the excretory system that includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra, as well as the arteries and veins that bring blood to the kidneys for cleaning. The model can be three-dimensional, or it can be drawn and pasted onto a cardboard sheet. Let the students come up with innovative ways to represent the different organs. Give them a few tips and award extra points for students who can make their models out of recyclable materials. For example, a balloon can be used to represent the bladder and kidneys can be modeled from a basic dough that is colored with food dyes. Filter System Project * This science project shows how the kidneys work together as a filtration system. It is a simple science project for younger students that demonstrates the concept of a filter and how it works. You will need either cheesecloth or filter paper, food coloring, a pound of fine-grained sand, a gallon of water and a tall, thin glass jar. Students...
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...Renal System Kidneys: Our bodies create sweat, carbon dioxide, stool and urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys and contains the hyproducts of metabolism. These includes salts, toxins and water which then end up in the blood. The kidneys filter and get rid of these waste substances from our blood. Without the kidneys, waste products would build up in the blood to levels which are dangerous. The kidneys regulate the important functions. An example of this is that the kidneys monitors and maintains the bodies balance and makes sure that our tissues receive enough water to function properly. The kidneys work together to perform the important functions. Besides filtering the blood, producing urine and making sure that body tissues receive enough water. The kidneys regulate the blood pressure and level the important salts. By doing this this can produce and enzyme called renin. The kidneys ensure that the blood pressure is regulated. The kidneys also secrete hormones which stimulate the blood cell production. The kidneys also help regulate the pH of the blood and the body fluids (Kidshealth, no date) A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue is formed in the renal capsule. This provides a stiff outter shell which maintains the shape of the tissue. The cortex is the outer smooth layer of the kidney. The process of the ultra filtration of the blood is transferred in the renal cortex which is known as ultra filtration. The filtration processes can only be completed when the blood...
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...resistance. This commodity approaches her analysis through authoritative assorted points. She begins by defining a urinary amplitude infection so that her admirers understands the article’s topic. “Lower UTI is about authentic as ‘evidence of urinary amplitude infection with affection evocative of cystitis” (Pg. 407). She explains that urinary amplitude infections ability be articular as either simple or complex. A lot of UTIs action if accustomed bacterial flora citizen in the bowel, vagina, or perineum arise the urethra and drift into the bladder” (Pg. 407). Afterwards accouterment a abrupt overview of the topic, Nazarko again moves on to explain the analytic failures which are generally associated with the condition. Sometimes earlier humans can be misdiagnosed as...
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