Criticism

20th Century schools of literary criticism:

*1* Formalism: الشكلية
It is a school of literary criticism and literary theory. It has only to do with the structural purposes of a text. These features include not only grammar and syntax but also literary device such as meter.
The formalistic approach reduces the importance of a text’s historical biographical and cultural context.
Formalism rose the literary attention in the early 20th century as a reaction to Romanist theory of literature, which centre on the artist and individual creative genius and instead placed the text itself back into the spotlight, to show how the text was indebted to forms and other works that had preceded it. Two schools of formalism developed. “Russian formalism and New criticism”.

*2* New Criticism: النقد الجديد

An approach to literature made popular between 1940 and 1960 that evolved out of formalism criticism. New critics suggested that detailed analysis of the language of a literary text can uncover important logics of meaning in that work. New criticism consciously down plays the historical influences, authorial intentions, and contexts that surround text in order to focus on explication extremity close textual and analysis critics such as John Crowe Ranson, I.A.Richard and Robert Penn are commonly associated with New Criticism

*3* structuralism: البنوية It is a critical theory that emphasizes the fact that all the elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger over alls system or structures that under lie all the things that humans do think perceive and feel. Structuralism believes that all the elements of human life are interred related. These relations constitute a structure.

*4* Post structuralism;

Post structuralism is a response to structuralism, which argues that human culture may