...How to Train Your Dragon, Shrek, and of course, Madagascar. The...
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...What is Food Security? Food Security refers to a household's physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that fulfills the dietary needs and food preferences of that household for living an active and healthy life. As per the combined interpretations of The World Health Organisation and The Food and Agriculture Organisation, Food security is defined by the following 4 paradigms: Ensuring Availability Ensuring Access Ensuring Utilization Ensuring Stability Availability is having available sufficient quantities of food on a consistent basis. Food access is having sufficient resources, both economic and physical, to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Food use is the appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation. The Food and Agriculture Organisation adds a fourth facet: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time. Food Security Act: Food Security is achieved not only by augmenting food supply but also by implementing institutional reforms, social policies, and programmes to improve economic and social access to food and provision of basic services for nutritional absorption. There is considerble diversity in country performance and experiences in terms of the timing, pace and degree of economic and institutional reforms, and multiplicity of approaches and instruments used to increase economic access to food and nutritional...
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...independent country, The Union of the Comoros and are named in their Comorian Language. These are: * Ngazidja (Grande Comore): the youngest and largest of the islands, has a massive, active volcano and recent lava flows * Mwali (Mohéli): smallest, mountainous, no recent lava activity * Nzwani (Anjouan): mountainous, no recent lava activity The fourth island is a department of France and its name is in French: * Maore (Mayotte): ancient volcanic island with highly eroded mountains and slow, meandering streams The capital and largest city, Moroni, is located on Ngazidja. The Comoros Archipelago is situated in the Indian Ocean, in the Mozambique Channel, between the African coast (nearest to Mozambique and Tanzania) and Madagascar, with no land borders. At 2,235 km2, it is one of the smallest countries in the world. The Comoros also has claim to 320 km2 of territorial seas. The interiors of the islands vary from steep mountains to low hills. The climate is generally tropical and mild, and the two major seasons are distinguishable by their relative raininess. ECONOMY * Comoros is one of the world's poorest countries. * Economic growth and poverty reduction are major priorities for the government. * Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the leading sector of the economy, and 38.4% of the working population is employed in the primary sector. * In 2004 Comoros' real GDP growth was a low 1.9% and real GDP per capita continued...
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...Crime, Transitory Poverty, and Isolation: Evidence from Madagascar Marcel Fafchamps University of Oxford y Bart Minten Cornell Universityz June 2005 Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between poverty and crime. Following a disputed presidential election, fuel supply to the highlands of Madagascar was severely curtailed in early 2002, resulting in a massive increase in poverty and transport costs. Using original survey data collected in June 2002 at the height of the crisis, we …nd that crop theft increases with transitory poverty. Theft thus appears to be used by some of the rural poor as a risk coping strategy. Increased transport costs led to a rise in cattle and crop theft, con…rming earlier …ndings that, in Madagascar, geographical isolation is associated with certain forms of crime. We also …nd that an increase in law enforcement personnel locally reduces cattle theft which, in Madagascar, is a form of organized crime. JEL classi…cation code: K14, I39 We thank Eliane Ralison and Lalaina Randrianarison for their assistance in collecting and cleaning the data. Funding for this project was provided by USAID and Cornell University. y Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ. Email: . Fax: +44(0)1865-281447. Tel: +44(0)1865-281446. z Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University, Ithaca NY. Email: 1. Introduction There has long been a suspicion that poverty favors criminal activity, but hard evidence...
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...Trisha Myers Professor --------- English 1302 December 2, 2014 The Genetically Modified Boogeyman There is an acronym tossed around today that is so infamous and so widespread, it is able to stir up deep-seeded feelings of distrust in many people in several parts of the world: the GMO, or, the genetically modified organism. There is hardly a product on American grocery shelves today that does not contain some form of a genetically modified (or GM) crop, and many people find this fact disturbing. The average consumer does not fully comprehend the GMO, but fears and rejects it based on a superficial knowledge of the term. The possible dangers – or the possible lack there-of – of GMOs are largely debated among consumers, organizations, corporations, and even politicians. And yet, the overlooked consensus of the scientific community is that, so far, GM ingredients in food products cause no more harm to the consumer than non-GMO products. However, there is no proof that long-term risks do not exist, and many point to the several countries that have banned or severely restricted the production and trade of GMOs. But mankind has been altering the genes of food through domestication for thousands of years using selective breeding; many say that biotechnology is simply the newest innovation in agriculture. There are, without a doubt, problems surrounding GMO production and regulation that need resolving, but the process itself is not inherently bad. As long as the practice is well-regulated...
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...Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges Economic Commission for Africa The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges August 2005 © 2005. Economic Commission for Africa Material from this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgment is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The views expressed are those of the original authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. Project coordinator: Adrian Gauci Editorial coordination: Cristina Müller Team: Abebe Shimeles, Workie Mitiku, Vanessa Steinmayer, Reto Thoenen This report was produced with guidance and input from Augustin Fosu, Director of the Economic and Social Policy Division of the ECA. It benefited greatly from the revisions of Bartholomew Armah and Kwabia Boateng. Special thanks to Lorna Davidson for the final editing, to Akwe Amosu for her valuable input, and to Seifu Dagnachew and Teshome Yohannes for creative and efficient lay-out and production. The report was designed by the ECA Communication Team and printed by the Documents Reproduction and Distribution Unit, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Photo credits (left to right): Front cover- R. Zurba/USAID, J. Dunlop/USAID, R. Zurba/USAID, M. Crozet/ILO. Back cover- J. Maillard/ILO, T. Brunette/USAID, I. Getachew/UNICEF. Table of Contents Acronyms .....................................................................
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP: THE COMORIANS OF THE GRAND COMOROS (NGAZIDJA) A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO DR. NEAL CREECY GLST 500 GLOBAL STUDIES SURVEY BY WESLEY J. HAROLD LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MARCH 7, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction...............................................................................................................3 II. Background Information...........................................................................................4 A. History, Language and Culture......................................................................4 B. Economy, Religion, and Family...................................................................7 C. Maps and Regional Information.................................................................10 III. Survey of Current Mission Work............................................................................11 A. The Invisible Church....................................................................................11 B. Can Someone Help.......................................................................................12 C. Difficulties in the Region.............................................................................13 IIII. Proposed Strategy.....................................................................................................15 A. The C-Spectrum............................................................................
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...Hunger Data The world hunger problem: Facts, figures and statistics • In the Asian, African and Latin American countries, well over 500 million people are living in what the World Bank has called "absolute poverty" • Every year 15 million children die of hunger • For the price of one missile, a school full of hungry children could eat lunch every day for 5 years • Throughout the 1990's more than 100 million children will die from illness and starvation. Those 100 million deaths could be prevented for the price of ten Stealth bombers, or what the world spends on its military in two days! • The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed one-third is starving- Since you've entered this site at least 200 people have died of starvation. Over 4 million will die this year. • One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished, including 160 million children under the age of 5. United Nations Food and Agriculture • The Indian subcontinent has nearly half the world's hungry people. Africa and the rest of Asia together have approximately 40%, and the remaining hungry people are found in Latin America and other parts of the world. Hunger in Global Economy • Nearly one in four people, 1.3 billion - a majority of humanity - live on less than $1 per day, while the world's 358 billionaires have assets exceeding the combined annual incomes of countries with 45 percent of the world's people. UNICEF ...
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...from two districts of Madagascar Frédéric Aubery∗ October 2012 Abstract The numerous school feeding programs around the world rest on the assumption that better nutrition leads to better results at school but the relationship between nutrition and school achievement is complex and difficult to estimate. Unobservable school, parents and child’s characteristics could have an impact on both nutrition and educational outcomes, resulting in a severe endogeneity problem. Based on a large data set from Madagascar (with nearly 6000 pupils), this paper tries to estimate the causal relationship between nutrition and school achievement with the help of an instrumental variable method. Variation in the total amount of rainfall from a year to an other during the five first years of a child’s life is used as an exogenous instrument to predict the long term nutritional status. Once instrumented the effect of nutrition over test scores appears to be larger, meaning that OLS estimates of this relationship were underestimated. Keywords : Nutrition, education, school feeding program. JEL codes : I25 , O12. PhD Candidate - Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Développement International (CERDI) fred.aubery@gmail.com ∗ 1 1 Introduction Despite their high intervention costs, school feeding programs are widespread accross the world. According to Galloway et al. [2009], the mean cost of a school feeding program (SFP) is of US$40 per child per year. In Madagascar, for the school year...
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...The Black Plague “The Renaissance Death of England” Jayne Ritzinger GS102 – Introduction of Life Science September 2, 2009 The Black Plague in a Medieval Perspective “The Renaissance Death of England” The Sixteenth Century and Bubonic Plague The year is 1350 and death has travelled Western Asia and Europe for a decade. The death rate has exceeded 10 million due to the Black Plague, which is the curse of Europe (Bollinger, 1983). Travelling by boat and carriage, the Black Death has infected the known world from Constantinople to London. “The first attack, known since the late sixteenth century as the Black Death but to contemporaries as “the great mortality”, occurred in southern England in 1348; by the end of 1349 it had spread to Central Scotland” (Morgan, 1984). Rats and the lice that traveled on them were the common cause, but the Sixteenth Century had no such mechanism to identify the causation of the plague “Plague is characterized by periodic disease outbreaks in rodent populations, some of which have a high death rate. During these outbreaks, hungry infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood, thus escalating the increased risk to humans and other animals frequenting the area” (Plague, 2009). As defined by the Center for Disease Control, the Black Plague is defined as follows: Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Pestis. Epidemics of plague in humans usually involve house rats...
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...Rising Food Prices, Poverty, and the Doha Round Sandra Polaski Senior Associate and Director, Trade, Equity and Development Program MAY 2008 Summary This paper examines the issues at stake in the Doha Round in light of rising food prices and their impact on global poverty. It first reviews the causes of high food prices, emphasizing those that are susceptible to action by governments. The author then presents recent evidence on how food prices affect the poor and concludes that, although many poor households will require urgent assistance, more are likely to gain from rising prices than lose. She argues that the Doha Round must allow developing countries adequate policy flexibility so that they can build up their own agricultural sectors, increase food supply in the medium and long term, and shield the poor from market failures that can affect their very survival. An agreement should: • • • Sharply restrict domestic and export subsidies provided to wealthy country farmers, which drive farmers in developing countries off the land or into poverty. In-kind food aid should also be restricted in favor of cash assistance. Allow developing countries to shield at least twenty percent of tariff lines from reductions as “special products” to foster greater domestic production and shield poor households until they become more productive or find other livelihoods. Create a robust “special safeguard mechanism” that would permit developing countries to address short term volatility in...
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...Thematic Paper on MDG 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER 2000 2010 2005 FOREWORD I am extremely pleased to introduce this set of analytical papers on the Millennium Development Goals1. The papers were produced by the member agencies of the UN Development Group Task Force on the MDGs, working in clusters. Each paper had one or more lead agencies and a set of member agencies in support. The Task Force was also able to draw on the ideas, experience and advice of a considerable range of other agencies and experts, including from Non-Governmental, academic and other sectors. A peer review process was held to move towards the final versions, which incorporated detailed and rich discussions on the ideas generated by the papers. In this effort, the central intention of the Task Force was to try to identify promising or successful experiences in country efforts to move towards the various Goals, and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to this progress. The focus of the papers is therefore on the national and local level; on country-led (rather than UN) efforts; and on a range of immediate and underlying factors that appear to be important or essential in enabling progress under differing conditions and country circumstances. The papers do not present or represent formal, official UN policy positions. Rather, they reflect the collective analytical efforts of the MDG Task Force, as endorsed by the UN Development Group, in an effort to bring ideas and suggestions...
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...Raven Kennedy Professor Borton World Lit. II 11/11/15 Claude Simon Claude Simon was a profound French author; his works touched and influenced many author of today. He was born to middle –classed parents he was the son of Louis and Suzanne in Tananarive, Madagascar on October 10th 1913. He was the only child to his parents he grew up in Perpignan in the middle of the wine district of Roussillon. Simon’s father died in First World War August 27, 1914 in the line of duty when Claude was less than a year old. He was a Captain in the regiment of colonial infantry. His mother was from a respected catholic family who was established in a town south-west of France and raised him with a catholic upbringing. Soon after his mother died of an agonizing illness while he was still a young boy. He lived with his mother’s family until he was orphaned by the age of eleven, he was later sent a boarding school in Paris but often spent has breaks with family. Simon had a happy and content childhood growing up even though he had to live in orphanage. He had the love of his cousins and uncles and other close family members that showed him love throughout his childhood which made it easier for him to cope with the loss of his parents at his young age. (Duncan, 102) Simon attended Stanislas College, which is actually a grammar school in Paris. His mother was very pious and had wanted him to obtain a religious education. With him going to this institution eventually Simon becomes an atheist...
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...David Graeber likes to say that he had three goals for the year: promote his book, learn to drive, and launch a worldwide revolution. The first is going well, the second has proven challenging, and the third is looking up. Graeber is a 50-year-old anthropologist—among the brightest, some argue, of his generation—who made his name with innovative theories on exchange and value, exploring phenomena such as Iroquois wampum and the Kwakiutl potlatch. An American, he teaches at Goldsmiths, University of London. He’s also an anarchist and radical organizer, a veteran of many of the major left-wing demonstrations of the past decade: Quebec City and Genoa, the Republican National Convention protests in Philadelphia and New York, the World Economic Forum in New York in 2002, the London tuition protests earlier this year. This summer, Graeber was a key member of a small band of activists who quietly planned, then noisily carried out, the occupation of Lower Manhattan’s Zuccotti Park, providing the focal point for what has grown into an amorphous global movement known as Occupy Wall Street. It would be wrong to call Graeber a leader of the protesters, since their insistently nonhierarchical philosophy makes such a concept heretical. Nor is he a spokesman, since they have refused thus far to outline specific demands. Even in Zuccotti Park, his name isn’t widely known. But he has been one of the group’s most articulate voices, able to frame the movement’s welter of hopes and grievances...
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...AS GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 WORLD AT RISK WORLD AT RISK GLOBAL HAZARDS Hazard – Potential threat to human life or property Natural Hazards – Caused by natural processes e.g. lava flow from volcanic eruption Hydro-meteorological Hazards – Caused by climatic processes (droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and storms Geophysical Hazards – Caused by land processes (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) Disaster – When a hazard seriously affects humans Risk – Likelihood that humans will be seriously affected by a hazard Vulnerability – How susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard. Disaster Risk Equation Risk (R) – Hazards (H) * Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to Cope (C) Risk increases if: * Frequency or severity of hazards increase * People vulnerability increase * Capacity to cope decreases (Capacity to cope is the ability to deal with the consequences of a hazard) e.g. people in remote areas are further from help in central areas, so have lower capacity to cope) * Global Warming – greatest global hazard * Recent increase in average global temp – climate change * Causes other types of climate change * Context hazard – global in scale (affects all parts of environment) – potential to trigger other hazards or make them worse * Chronic Hazard (Long term) * People who aren’t causing the problem are mostly affected * Difficult to find solutions * Hydro-meteorological hazards becoming more frequent ...
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