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Hypernatremia Research Paper

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Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia is a type of electrolyte disorder that occurs when there is increased serum sodium of 145meq/L or higher due to sodium retention. Oversecretion of aldosterone, adrenocorticotropic, contributes to the hypernatremia, the increased sodium concentration affects the respiratory system, the kidney, and the gastrointestinal system (Huether, & McCance, 2013). The thirst receptors in the hypothalamus is stimulated due to the water imbalance, which is hard to correct in babies and older individuals. Consequently, other condition that could affect normal response to the thirst include, trauma, neoplasm, or vascular abnormalities resulting in hypernatremia. Furthermore, the antidiuretic (ADH) or vasopressin …show more content…
Another type is the hyponatremia with decreased extracellular volume, which consists of sodium and water deficits, seen more in chronic renal disease, osmotic diabetic diuresis, and mineralocorticoid to mention but a few. Subsequently, in non-renal conditions such as dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, endurance exercise and diaphoresis may be the cause. Excessive production of ADH increases the glomerular filtrate and sodium reabsorption decreases, resulting in higher urine osmolality than high serum level. Although, the renal, cardiac, hepatic, adrenal, and the thyroid function within normal range (Buttaro, et al, 2013)
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia include: headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucus membrane, elevated temperature, weight loss, reduced or concentrated urine due to water deficit. Fortunately, symptoms of hypovolemia associated with this condition include: tachycardia, weak pulse, and postural hypertension (Heuther, & McCance, 2013).
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include; cerebral edema with confusion and convulsion. Weakness nausea, muscle twitching, headache, weight gain due to water retention (Huether, & McCance, 2013). Causes of hypernatremia and

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