...“pros” and “cons” of the current model and the “pros” and “cons” of the IAASB’s proposed model. You may feel free (if you wish) to elaborate on what you think the IAASB should have done, if you believe that the current model should be improved but have a different idea about how this should be accomplished. 2. Consider the different parties involved in the auditor’s report, such as client managers, auditors, investors, and audit committee members. Put yourself in their shoes. How do you think these parties might differ in their views regarding if the IAASB’s model should be adopted or if the current model should stay “as is”? In your answer, please be specific and identify which perspective you think each party would adopt and why they would have this point of view. In the exposure draft of “Reporting on Audited Financial Statements: Proposed New and Revised International Standards on Auditing”, IAASB proposed several revised and new standards. Some of the significant changes proposed in the draft included a new standard, titled “Communicating Key Audit Matters”, which require auditors of the financial statement of listed entities to communicate in the report significant key audit matters selected from the communication with the managements and those charged with governance during the audit. In addition, IAASB also proposed requirements for auditors to include specific statements about the going concern of the audited entity, to make an explicit statement about the auditor’s...
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...Chapter 2 The CPA Profession ← Review Questions 2-1 The four major services that CPAs provide are: 1. Audit and assurance services Assurance services are independent professional services that improve the quality of information for decision makers. Assurance services include attestation services, which are any services in which the CPA firm issues a report that expresses a conclusion about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. The four categories of attestation services are audits of historical financial statements, attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of historical financial statements, and other attestation services. 2. Accounting and bookkeeping services Accounting services involve preparing the client's financial statements from the client's records. Bookkeeping services include the preparation of the client's journals and ledgers as well as financial statements. 3. Tax services Tax services include preparation of corporate, individual, and estate returns as well as tax planning assistance. 4. Management consulting services These services range from suggestions to improve the client's accounting system to computer installations. 2-2 The major characteristics of CPA firms that permit them to fulfill their social function competently and independently are: 1. Organizational form A CPA firm exists as a separate entity to avoid...
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...SEMINAR A TERM PAPER PRESENTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI JANUARY – APRIL 2012 Contents SUMMARY OF TERMS 3 ABSTRACT 4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 a. Introduction 6 b. The Need for an Audit 7 c. Risk of fraud 8 d. The Auditor-Investor ''Expectation Gap'' 9 e. Auditing Profession and Challenges 9 f. Public opinion 10 g. Family or Personal Relationship 10 h. Integrity 11 i. Inherent limitations of an audit. 11 j. Responsibility of Auditors to Third Parties – Case Law 12 k. International, Assurance Auditing, Standards Board (IAASB) 14 CORPORATE FRAUD CASES 16 CASE STUDY: 21 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………24 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………..….25 SUMMARY OF TERMS ISA: International standards of Audit KPC: Kenya Pipeline Company IAASB: International Assurance Audit Board IFAC: International Federation of Accounting USD: United States Dollar KCB: Kenya Commercial Bank BCCI: Bank of Credit International SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission ABSTRACT The way in which auditors perform their duties and the auditing profession in general raises questions and puts the auditors on the spotlight from clients who rely on their reports. Questions on whether the public trust the way auditors perform their secondary duty of detecting errors and frauds, the reliability, completeness and accuracy of their auditing reports have been raised. The research focuses...
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...Chapter 2 The CPA Profession Review Questions The four major services that CPAs provide are: 1. Audit and assurance services Assurance services are independent professional services that improve the quality of information for decision makers. Assurance services include attestation services, which are any services in which the CPA firm issues a report that expresses a conclusion about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. The four categories of attestation services are audits of historical financial statements, attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of historical financial statements, and other attestation services. Accounting and bookkeeping services Accounting services involve preparing the client's financial statements from the client's records. Bookkeeping services include the preparation of the client's journals and ledgers as well as financial statements. Tax services Tax services include preparation of corporate, individual, and estate returns as well as tax planning assistance. Management consulting services These services range from suggestions to improve the client's accounting system to computer installations. 2-1 2. 3. 4. 2-2 The major characteristics of CPA firms that permit them to fulfill their social function competently and independently are: 1. Organizational form A CPA firm exists as a separate entity to avoid an employer-employee relationship with its clients...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction to Audit & Assurance Engagements Difference between ACCOUNTING and AUDITING • Accounting – preparing financial statements • Auditing – examining financial statements Financial Statements Consist of: • A statement of financial position • A statement of profit or loss • A cash flow statements • Notes to the financial statements • Statement of movement in reserves Together with the documents above, companies also produce director’s reports, chairman’s statements, graphs, forecasts and public relations material and combine the whole lot into their annual report. The annual report will also include the auditors’ report. For large companies this is often a glossy booklet designed to impress shareholders and potential investors. However, the audit report covers only the financial statements, not the other documents that might be included, but the auditor need to examine some of the other documents as well. Assurance Engagements An assurance engagement is when a professional examines information for which another party is preparing. 1. Audit engagement • Means external audit • It is a form of assurance engagement 2. Assurance engagement • Includes audit engagement • Generally means a professional being engaged to examine information prepared by others • Assurance Engagements will cover many engagements other than audit such as Risk assessment reports, Review of internal...
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...Summary The purpose of this international consultation is to find possible ways to improve the quality, relevance and value of auditor reporting by concerning the need of key users and other parties. There are two main issues affecting the usefulness of auditor reporting which are “expectations gap” and the “information gap”. Thus, possible options for change are necessary to diminish the “information gap” and improve the communicative value of the auditor’s report. Besides key users and other parties, IAASB is considering possible options to make audited financial statements of smaller entities useful and welcomes any additional suggestions of other options for not being addressed issues. Additional and relevant information about entities...
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...Payal Mehta ACC416 October 1, 2013 Auditing Research Paper The profession of auditing plays a very important role in our economy especially after Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act its role in the economy was greatly solidified. Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent person. “The auditing profession offers a wide range of employment opportunities for new accountants. Most accounting firms offer client services in three areas: auditing, tax, and consulting. A new accountant might be hired to work in any of these areas. In the audit area, the accountant may work for a variety of clients including private or public companies, clients in banking, insurance, manufacturing, technology, retail, health care, or government. Individuals working in the audit area may also spend most of their time providing internal audit services to clients rather than working as an external auditor. Working in any of the areas in an accounting firm may be one of the most demanding jobs, but it is also one of the most interesting, exciting experiences and a great way to prepare to work in the corporate business world.” “What is Auditing?” Web. 29 September 2013 Accounting is the recording, classifying, and summarizing of economic events in a logical manner...
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...assessment. Identifying and assessing audit risk is a key part of the audit process, and ISA 315, Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment, gives extensive guidance to auditors about audit risk assessment. The purpose of this article is to give summary guidance to CAT Paper 8, Paper F8 and P7 students about the concept of audit risk. All subsequent references in this article to the standard will be stated simply as ISA 315, although ISA 315 is a ‘redrafted’ standard, in accordance with the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) Clarity Project. For further details on the IAASB Clarity Project, read the article by Lisa Weaver, examiner for Paper P7, in the August 2009 issue of Student Accountant. WHAT IS AUDIT RISK? According to the IAASB Glossary of Terms1, audit risk is defined as follows: ‘The risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated. Audit risk is a function of material misstatement and detection risk.’ WHY IS AUDIT RISK SO IMPORTANT TO AUDITORS? Audit risk is fundamental to the audit process because auditors cannot and do not attempt to check all transactions. Students should refer to any published accounts of large companies and think about the vast number of transactions in a statement of comprehensive income and a statement of financial...
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...Review kuliah umum Pengauditan 2 oleh bapak Theodorus M Tuanakotta : Ada 3 topik yang dibahas pada kuliah umum yaitu IAASB (Internatioanl Auditing and Assurance Standard Board), ABR (Audit Berbasis Resiko), ISA (International Standar Auditing). Serta ada beberapa istilah lain yaitu IESBA, ISQC, ISAE. 1. IAASB Ada bagan yang menggambarkan tahap-tahap yang dilakukan auditor dalam melakukan auditing : * Kode etik : yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap auditor untuk menjalankan profesinya sebagai akuntan. * Engagement (penugasan) : yang di cover oleh IAASB * ISQC (International Standard Quality Assurance) : berhubungan dengan standar mutu atau kualitas yang harus dimiliki seorang auditor. * Assurance Engagement . terbagi 2 yaitu pertama audit and reviews berupa berupa historical,angka atau data di masa lalu, yang mana pada audit and reviews terdapat ISA dan kedua other assurance engagement Tugas seorang auditor adalah memeriksa laporan keuangan dan memberikan opini yang dibutuhkan klien. Laporan keuangan itu bisa diandaikan seperti sebuah kursi dengan 3 kaki penyangga, pertama ada entitas yang bertugas menyusun laporan keungan, kedua ada Auditor merupakan pihak independen yang bertugas untuk melakukan pemeriksaan laporan keuangna dan memberikan opini yang tepat jika ada permasalahan pada perusahaan. Ketiga adalah pengguna laporan keuangan,pengguna membutuhkan bukti laporan keuangan salah satunya untuk menentukan mana perusahaan yang layak sebagai...
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...To change or not? By Karim Jamal + Shyam Sunder Illustration: Susanna Denti Has the time come to change the auditor’s report to develop a different grading system and increase the value of auditing to society? Regulatory attempts to improve the functioning of capital markets often try to make corporate activities more transparent. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) invited comments on its proposals contained in “Improving the Auditors Report,” with an exposure draft expected to be issued by June. These proposals are intended to make the audit report more useful, and to better communicate the role of auditors. Auditors’ boilerplate, essentially pass/fail, reports reveal little of the fine-grained understanding they gain about the inner workings of their clients, including internal controls, accounting policies, disclosure and governance. The IAASB proposes to replace the current three-paragraph standard by a new four-page report that will add two new elements: an opinion about management’s use of the going concern assumption and an auditor commentary. The rationale for this five- or six-fold expansion under the proposal is that the commentary should help users better understand the audited financial statements and the audit. A sample report in the proposal includes comments on litigation, goodwill, financial instruments, and audit strategy for verifying revenue, receivables and cash receipts, the entity’s internal control over these...
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...The Securities Act of 1933 The Securities Act of 1933 is also referred to as the “truth in securities” law. The Act has two objectives, one is requiring that investors receive financial and other significant information concerning securities being offered for public sale; and prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities (The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry , 2012). The Securities Act of 1934 The Securities Act of 1934 Congress created the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Act empowers the SEC with authority over all aspects of the securities industry. The Act also allows the SEC to require periodic reporting of information by companies with publicly traded securities. As well, the Act identifies and prohibits certain types of conduct in the markets and provides the commission with disciplinary powers over regulated entities and persons associated with them (The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry , 2012). Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP) 1938 The Institute Committee on Accounting Procedures became the first accounting standard-setting body for the private sector. It was the predecessor to the Accounting Principles Board, created by the American Institute of Accountants (Moussalli, 2005). Accounting Principles Board 1959 The Accounting Principles Board replaced the CAP as the authoritative financial accounting body. The Accounting Principles Board was replaced in 1973 by the Financial Accounting...
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...Name ACCT525 Week 6 Assignment 1. What efforts is the Auditing Standards Board making to clarify auditing standards? There are efforts on the United States side to clarify the auditing standards. The Auditing Standard Boards [of the United States], which sets auditing standards for nonpublicly traded entities, has launched the Clarity Project in an effort to make U.S. Generally Accepted Audited Standards (GAAS) easier to read, understand, and apply. The Clarity Project includes the goal of working toward convergence of U.S. auditing standards with International Standards on Auditing (ISA). This convergence project is attempting to make auditing standards coordinated or comparable throughout the world. Additionally, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) adopted a suite of eight auditing standards related to the auditor’s assessment of, and response to, risk in an audit. The eight new risk assessment standards address the audit procedures from the initial planning stages through the final evaluation of audit procedures and results. As a result, the PCAOB auditing standards and ISAs have more similarities than ever before. 2. Describe the five key differences between ISA’s and US Auditing Standards. Even so, there are still some differences between ISA’s and U.S. Auditing Standards. The five key differences between ISA’s and US Auditing Standards are: documentation of audit procedures; going-concern considerations; assessing and reporting on internal...
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...Introduction The purpose of auditing is increasing the confidence of people who want to do investment. In order to check the financial statement of listed companies, auditing become more and more important in the society. The people cannot know more the situation about listed companies, so they use auditors’ report to think their investment. However, with more and more scandals about auditing, many people think whether external auditors’ reports provide information to investor that serves the public interest under the current regulatory environment. The public interest First, it is important to know what the public interest is. In order to know the public interest better, we can understand it separately. The public represents social that is abstract concept. It conflicts the private that is specific and certainly. Social is universality and uncertainty. Its function is adjective interest. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) defines the public interest as ” The net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decision or policy.” It means that everyone in the society may obtain the interest from all society in relation to any action, decision or policy. The auditing profession is relation to the benefit to the society. The public interest from auditing profession is like the responsibility of this profession. This interest is not direct interest, but the auditors will use their behavior to show their...
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...SUMMARY ACCOUNTING THEORY APPLYING THEORY TO ACCOUNTING REGULATION Chapter 3 Karunia Muliani – 1306395224 Silvia M. E. Nabut – 1306408630 Claudia Jusuf – 1306408681 Yovanka G. L. Sianipar - 1306453193 APPLYING THEORY TO ACCOUNTING REGULATION LO 1. THE THEORIES OF REGULATION THAT ARE RELEVANT TO ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING Ada beberapa teori yang relevan terhadap pemahaman lapoan keuangan. A. Teori Pasar Efisien Dalam teori pasar efisien, penganut pasar bebas menyatakan bahwa pasar akan berfungsi paling efisien ketika pasar bergerak atas mekanisme permintaan dan penawaran tanpa campur tangan dari pemerintah. Dalam akuntansi, dapat dikatakan informasi akuntansi adalah sebuah industri memproduksi informasi. Para pendukung teori ini mengatakan bahwa seperi halnya pada pasar bebas, pasar informasi akuntansi juga memiliki permintaan dan penawaranya sehingga terbetuk harga keseimbangan pasar untuk informasi akuntansi. Misalnya, ada sebuah informasi akuntansi dengan pemintaan tertentu dari pengguna dan ada pemasok yang bersedia menyediakan informasi akuntansi tersebut. Maka, ketika pemasok mendapat keuntungan dari memberikan informasi akuntansi tersebut dan pembeli merasa biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk mendapat informasi itu setimpal atau lebih murah, maka dapat terbentuk sebuah keseimbangan pasar. Jika hal tersebut tidak terpenuhi maka informasi akuntansi tidak disediakan. Namun, ada pula kelompok yang tidak mendukung teori ini karena dianggap tidak realistis. Hal ini disebabkan karena...
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...Trident University International ACC501 Case Assignment #1 Core Faculty: Dr. Timothy Brown Introduction The purpose of the following paper is to address common terms used in accounting, to include Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), double entry accounting, historical cost, accrual basis vs. cash basis accounting and current assets and liabilities vs. non-current items. I will also describe the general organization of the following three companies; Apple, Inc., Swatch Group, and Nikon. In doing so, I will attempt to determine and demonstrate what is more useful – net income or cash from operating activities. Part I The field of accounting can be understood as the art of analyzing and interpreting data. Every organization uses a form of accounting in its day-to-day operations. While some may use it knowingly or unknowingly, nonetheless, accounting is an indispensable method in understanding any business/endeavor in today's global marketplace. It is the means of providing the financial information of any given organization. It summarizes all the company’s transactions and provides a clear image of the business. Accounting keeps the record of all financial reports which is very important for all the managers and stakeholders, such as shareholders, creditors or owners. Among the terms that are necessary to be familiar with and understand are the following: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) – Accountants use Generally...
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