...identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes. Their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a stronger geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world could be classified in a more planned top-down manner, as they didn't have as much established aviation legacy. Thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for only one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe and Lxxx for southern Europe. The second letter drilled down: EGxx was the United Kingdom (G for Great Britain), EDxx was West Germany (D for Deutschland), ETxx was East Germany (the ETxx code was reassigned to military fields after the reunification), LExx was Spain (E for España), LAxx was Albania, and so on. France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. (originally OFxx, as the more rigid geographical structure evolved over time; in the beginning, countries usually had "blocks" of codes; for example, Finland still has the country identifier OH- in its aircraft registrations). Structure Map of world regions classified according to the first letter of the ICAO airport code. Map of countries...
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...IATA - The International Air Transport Association - Introduction IATA - The International Air Transport Association - was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945. It is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services - for the benefit of the world's consumers. The international scheduled air transport industry is now more than 100 times larger than it was in 1945. Few industries can match the dynamism of that growth, which would have been much less spectacular without the standards, practices and procedures developed within IATA. At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has some 230 members from 126 nations in every part of the globe. The modern IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association founded in the Hague in 1919 - the year of the world's first international scheduled services. Early Days The old IATA was able to start small and grow gradually. It was also limited to a European dimension until 1939 when Pan American joined. The post-1945 IATA immediately had to handle worldwide responsibilities with a more systematic organisation and a larger infrastructure. This was reflected in the 1945 Articles of Association and a much more precise definition of IATA's aims than had existed before 1939. To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce...
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...PAL Express Based in Pasay City Manila, PAL Express (formerly Airphil Express) operates a fleet that includes Airbus and Bombardier aircraft, flying to an extensive network of domestic destinations. The carrier forms part of the PAL Group, along with Philippine Airlines. IATA Code 2P ICAO Code GAP Corporate Address PNB Financial Center Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Avenue CCP Complex, Pasay City Website http://www.philippineairlines.com/ Main hub Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport Country Philippines Business model Full Service Carrier Airline Group Part of PAL Group Codeshare Partners Philippine Airlines IATA Code PR ICAO Code PAL Corporate Address PNB Financial Center Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Avenue CCP Complex, Pasay City Website http://www.philippineairlines.com Main hub Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport Country Philippines Business model Full Service Carrier Network Domestic | International Airline Group Part of PAL Group Association Membership AAPA IATA Codeshare Partners Air Macau All Nippon Airways Cathay Pacific China Airlines Etihad Airways Garuda Indonesia Gulf Air Malaysia Airlines PAL Express Turkish Airlines Vietnam Airlines WestJet Philippine Airlines Based in Manila, Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national carrier of the Philippines. With hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Mactan–Cebu International Airport, PAL uses a fleet of narrow and wide-body Airbus, Boeing and Bombardier aircraft...
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...4.3 1.0 -4.1 -1.0 2006 465 12.6 365 53 5.4 2124 3.9 39.8 4.0 7.4 6.9 450 10.1 107 24 65.1 343 40.1 3.9 61.3 63.3 15.0 3.2 3.6 0.8 2007 510 9.6 398 59 5.7 2281 4.0 41.8 3.8 3.0 5.9 490 8.8 134 27 73.0 356 39.6 -1.4 60.8 63.3 19.9 3.9 12.9 2.5 2008 564 10.5 439 64 0.4 2271 -1.2 40.5 1.7 9.9 10.2 573 16.9 189 33 99.0 384 42.4 7.2 63.8 62.8 -8.9 -1.6 -16.0 -2.8 2009E 483 -14.3 369 49 -2.1 2228 -9.8 36.9 -2.2 -14.0 -14.2 484 -15.4 113 23 62.0 371 43.1 1.6 63.4 63.2 -1.2 -0.3 -9.9 -2.1 2010F 560 15.9 427 64 7.7 2395 19.8 44.2 3.2 7.3 7.9 539 11.4 137 25 79.0 402 43.7 1.4 63.2 65.6 20.6 3.7 8.9 1.6 2011F 591 5.5 448 67 4.9 2508 5.3 46.4 2.6 0.0 0.0 575 6.6 145 25 79.0 430 44.0 0.8 63.3 65.0 15.4 2.6 5.3 0.9 Notes: 2001-2008 data sourced from ICAO, OEF and Platts. 2006 net profit figure...
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...Tony Tyler Director General & CEO International Air Transport Association Annual Report 2012 68th Annual General Meeting Beijing, June 2012 Contents IATA Membership Board of Governors Director General’s message The state of the industry Safety Feature: What is the benefit of global connectivity? 2 4 6 10 18 22 26 30 36 42 48 52 Feature: How safe can we be? Security Feature: Do I need to take my shoes off? Taxation & regulatory policy Environment Feature: What is right for the passenger? Feature: Can aviation biofuels work? Simplifying the Business Feature: What’s on offer? Cost efficiency Feature: Why does economic regulation matter? Industry settlement systems Aviation solutions Note: Unless specified otherwise, all dollar ($) figures refer to US dollars (US$). This review uses only 100% recycled paper (Cyclus Print) and vegetable inks. # IATA Membership as of 1 May 2012 ABSA Cargo Airline Adria Airways Aegean Airlines Aer Lingus Aero República Aeroflot Aerolineas Argentinas Aeromexico Aerosvit Airlines Afriqiyah Airways Aigle Azur Air Algérie Air Astana Air Austral Air Baltic Air Berlin Air Canada Air China Air Corsica Air Europa Air France Air India Air Koryo Air Macau Air Madagascar Air Malawi Air Malta Air Mauritius Air Moldova Air Namibia Air New Zealand Air Nigeria Air Niugini Air Nostrum Air One Air Pacific Air Seychelles Air Tahiti Air Tahiti Nui Air Transat Air Vanuatu Air Zimbabwe Aircalin Airlink Alaska Airlines...
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...their airport slots like different time or different way. If operator complies with its slots, the slot cannot be confiscated. Slots can be exchanged or transferred between airlines. Slot allocation is independent from bilateral air service agreements. Most countries use IATA Worldwide Slot Guidelines (WSG) as standard. Because of the physical capacity of airports airport slot system is needed for sure, but it’s affecting the air transportation market in a bad way, some operators adopt practices that decrease the efficiency of this process. Because slots are so valuable, some companies overbid, return the slots late or under-utilize just enough to keep the slot so that it can be sold for a higher price. The studies about increasing the efficiency of slot allocation is not enough to conclude a solution. There is a need for the international aviation community to standardize the slot allocation procedures and work together for better policies. ATC slots are different than airport slots and they are not predefined, they should also comply with airport slots, so that scheduled times can be met. Some studies has had conclusions to solve the issues of the airport slot allocation system. A detailed study was made by ICAO in 1999 and results are published in 2001. In Air Traffic Conference 5 it is concluded that “any slot allocation system should be fair, non-discriminatory and transparent, and should take into account the interests of all stakeholders. It should also be globally compatible...
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...today. The rebels used a Buk missile to shoot the plane down mistaken it for another type of aircraft. The type of missile used does not hit the plane yet it detonates before sending shrapnel, which ultimately blew the plane out of the sky sending it into pieces and bodies to the ground. The area where the jet crashed later was known to have a no fly zone in place, that was up to 32,000 ft. yet the plane was flying at 33,000 ft., which makes it acceptable. Certain areas of the world are under a no fly zone due to wars, conflicts, and the possibility of what has happened. ICAO and IATA provide the aviation authorities and the FAA with areas that are safe to fly and to continue to fly. ICAO is the International Civil Aviation Organization while IATA is the International Air Transport Association. The ICAO is a UN specialized agency, created in 1944 to develop international standards and recommended practices. The IATA is the trade association, which is in place to support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues. In a CNN interview by the Richard Quest to the Malaysia’s Commercial Director Hugh Dunleavy, Mr. Dunleavy states that ‘Airlines are commercial ways of travel and not intelligent services.’ He goes on to explain that with these organizations in place the governments should be the ones who help regulate...
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...Managing and Regulating Global Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Facilities to Elevate Standards Equal to Domestic Facilities Name Institution Managing and Regulating Global Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Facilities to Elevate Standards Equal to Domestic Facilities Introduction Airline companies and private aircrafts in developed countries are increasingly outsourcing airplane maintenance, overhaul, and repair services abroad, especially in developing economies. There are as many speculations as to the cause of this trend with recent report by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) showing that these companies intend to cut costs. In other words, mechanics and other repair and maintenance professionals in countries such as the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, and France are costly. Furthermore, Fielding, Lo, and Yang (2010) attribute the same to an increase in aeronautical fuel. As such, aircrafts need to balance between making profits and losses related to repair and maintenance overhead costs. However, the main conundrum that every stakeholder asks is whether or not it is safe to have airplanes maintained by mechanics in foreign countries? Following the many maintenance-related incidents, airlines are becoming more skeptical of these abroad service providing companies and personnel. Such accidents results from negligence, incompetent, lack of coordination and documentation of maintenance records. Given that most incidents are also associated...
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...John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is a major airport in the borough of Queens in New York City, owned by the City of New York and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey under a long-term operating lease. It is about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Lower Manhattan. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway in the United States, handling more international traffic than any other airport in North America.[3] It is also the third-leading freight gateway to the country by value of shipments.[4] In 2014, the airport handled 53,254,362 passengers,[5] making it the 18th-busiest airport in the world and sixth-busiest in the United States by passenger traffic. Together, JFK International, LaGuardia, and Newark Liberty airports, all operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, are the largest airport system in the United States, second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and first in the world by total flight operations. Dedicated as New York International Airport in 1948,[6] the airport was more commonly known as Idlewild Airport until 1963, when it was renamed in memory of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States.[7] Over 90 airlines operate out of JFK.[8] It is the base of operations for JetBlue Airways and is a major international gateway hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. In the past, it has been a hub for Eastern Air Lines, Gemini Air Cargo,[9] National Airlines...
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...Final Project Part One: Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Air Transport in the U.S Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University MBAA 522 – Business Research Methods For: Dr. Barry Bauer March 15, 2015 Introduction This research paper examines the origins of the 2008/2009 world financial crisis and the impact that the crisis had on air transport in the United States of America. Although the crisis originated in the economies of North America and Europe, its effects were global with particular serious implications for economies of the developing countries including my country, Zambia. The maximum blame of the crisis is pointed at the money lenders who created such problems as it is believed that it was the lenders in the developed nations who lent funds to people with poor credit and a high risk of default. Therefore, in an effort to address the crisis, the American Federal Reserve flooded the markets with increasing capital liquidity in order not only to lower interest rates but to also broadly depress risk premiums as investors sought riskier opportunities to bolster their investment returns (Craig, 2013). As we all know that aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy as it provides millions of jobs globally and contributes heavily in the global gross domestic products of a number of countries. To this effect, the aviation sector which is one of the fastest growing industries had to face negative growth rate while some aviation companies were...
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...FOM Fachhochschule für Oekonomie & Management Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Master of Business Administration First Semester Module: Economics Assignment Two: Economics of Alliance Airlines Prof. Dr. Andreas Löhr Author: Boris Olarte Arque Student id: 252547 Frankfurt am Main, 16th July 2010 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations III List of Figures IV 1 Introduction 1 2 Capital Investment 2 2.1. The Airline Market 4 2.2 High Cash Flow 9 3 Liberalization 10 4 Conclusion 11 List of references 14 Internet Sources 14 Further Literature 14 Appendix 15 List of Abbreviations ASM: Available Seat Mile OAG: Official Airline Guide IATA International Air Transportation Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization List of Figures Figure 1: Demand Curve….………....…..................................................................3 Figure 2: Supply Curve……………………….………….........................................4 Figure 3: One World airline members ……………………......................................5 Figure 4: SkyTeam airline members ……………………........................................6 Figure 5: Star Alliance Statistics…………………………………………….……..7 Figure 6: Market Share of the Alliances…................................................................8 1 Introduction The airline industry is classified in the third economic sector the same as services because that is what is about. Airlines perform...
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...Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DAF/COMP(2014)14 06-Jun-2014 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE DAF/COMP(2014)14 Unclassified AIRLINE COMPETITION -- Background Paper by the Secretariat -18-19 June 2014 This document was prepared by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for Item IX at the 121st meeting of OECD Competition Committee on 18-19 June 2014. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. More documents related to this discussion can be found at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/airlinecompetition.htm. English - Or. English JT03358883 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DAF/COMP(2014)14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Features of the airline industry .............................
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...FISCAL IMPACT OF GROUND OPERATION INCIDENT INVOLVING AIRCRAFT Tan Poh Tiong, Sherman AE6200 – Individual Project (Aircraft IEng) 27 April 2014 SUMMARY For the year 2010 to 2012, ground operation incident involving aircraft has cost the United Kingdom (UK) aviation industry an estimate of US$ 20 Million. It is estimated that each incident involving traditional aircraft (mainly metallic structure) would cost the Aircraft Operation (AO) close to US$ 1 Million in expenditure and if the aircraft is assumed to be of high composite ratio, the cost of each incident increase by 50% to US$ 1.5 Million. Do note that this cost does not include damage to the facilities, equipment, or vehicles. Which mean the overall cost could be higher than the estimate. If damage were assumed in all ground operation incident report, the estimated cost would increase 3.5 times. And with high composite ratio aircraft becoming the norm, the cost could spiral upward in excess of more than 5 times. Thus, it is important these ground operation incidents are reduced. Ground operation incident, occurs primarily due to human errors. Possible common reasons include insufficient training, complacency and environmental factors. There are also no detailed legislations in place to regulate the industry, unlike Maintenance Repair Overhaul (MRO) organisations, which is governed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of UK. Since human errors aren’t a new problem, many researches have been...
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...Introduction Queen Mathilah intention (Vision) of raising the Putnam international airport’s quality of services and customer service can be envisaged as the first step in the right direction. From the historical data and surveys gathered it is evident that the airport is missing the targets set by industrial benchmarking of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and passenger survey results further fortify the above issue. The good thing is that Putnam airport authorities have access to objective numerical data on performance, benchmarked against industry averages, so in other words it means what can be measured can be improved as we can gather the insight on where we stand and where we want to reach. In the capacity of director of operations, operational efficiency improvement and raising the customer satisfaction index (CSI) would have been my primary and most important KPI. For some reason the direction from Director General comes as an expected call, the challenges around the Putnam airport seems to be systemic in nature. Following the deming cycle of Plan Do Check Act, the following steps would be taken to improve the overall efficiency of the airport. In the planning phase, the attention will be focused on forming teams with clear accountability, regular updates plan and agreed plan of action. The tasks will be distributed as per the skill, capability and interest of the management staff, this also keeps them motivated towards achieving the desired goals. Some of...
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...EAC CU 007 FREIGHT CLEARING AND FORWARDING PROCEDURES Course Description Explains and introduces trainees to: • Freight Forwarding services • Documents and documentation of import and export • Key legal rights, duties and responsibilities of a forwarder • Internal and external organisational environment • Forwarder relations to other parties • Warehousing, packaging and packing • Handling of dangerous goods • Cargo clearance procedures at the front office • Documentation and carriage of goods under the various transport modes • Computation of freight rates Course Objectives At the end of the course the trainees must be able to: • Identify the scope of clearing and forwarding, the field environment including rights, duties and responsibilities of a freight forwarder • Outline usage of import, export documents and associated terms in relation to C&F operations aspects of international trade • Appreciate the legal context /implication of various documents used in import-export and their sources • Demonstrate ability to perform consolidations and plan intermodal journeys for containerised and conventional cargo • Demonstrate general knowledge on the handling and classification of dangerous cargo under various transport modes • Appreciate outcomes of international conventions and their application • Identify procedures relating to clearance an forwarding cargo in international trade • Appreciate the essence of warehousing ,packaging and packing of goods • Apply...
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