...Theory : The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. The 4017 is an integrated circuit which has been designed to count pulses. It has 16 pins and looks like any other 16 pin integrated circuit. They can be used in timing circuits and are often used to switch on and off LEDs or motors or other circuits. They are versatile and relatively simple to put together. Counters such as the 4017B are cheap and yet surprisingly useful. The 4017 is most useful when combined with a timer such as a 555 based circuit. The pulse from the 555 timer can be used to activate the 4017B circuit. A 555 a stable circuit is used to pulse the 4017B at regular intervals. The pulse from the 555 IC is generated from pin 3. In the circuit seen below, pin 3 of the 555 IC feeds into pin 14 of the 4017B (called ‘clock in’). When this occurs pin ‘A’ of the 4017B emits current, lighting its LED. The next pulse from the 555 IC results in pin ‘B’ of the 4018B IC emitting current and lighting its LED. Description of Design: In our project we aimed to display a simple design to clear the Idea of our circuit . We made a white and rectangular shape box, and put the LEDs with the push and switch at its flat. That will make it easy to turn On and off without seeing the...
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...The structure of the earth The earth has three major parts-the land part or lithosphere, the water part or hydrosphere and the air part or atmostpere. The lithosphere is the surface on which you live . It is also the earth solid sphere consisting mainly of massive rocks. The massive rocks form large land masses called continent and small island groups . Different land form such as mountains,hills,valleys,plateaus and plains make up the lithosphere. The hydrosphere include all water forms such as oceans,seas,rivers,lakes,and groundwater found beneath the earth. Geologists or scientists who specialize on the history and composition of earth study carefully these two major parts of the earth. They study the different layers of the earth and what each layer is made of. You see only the surface of the earth – the oceans, seas, rivers, rocks, and soil. They cover the earth just like the thick peeling of the pomelo or orange fruit. When you cut open the pomelo, you see layers of pulp inside it. If the earth were cut open, you will see that it is made of three layers. They are the crust, matle and the core. The topmost layer of the earth is the crust which is made of solid rock. It is thicker under the continents; approximately between 11 to 35 kilometres. But under the oceans, it can be 5 to 12 kilometres thick only. At the lower boundary...
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...How IC 555 timer works? Fundamentals of IC 555 timer & its basic applications VSagar • December 16, 2011 This article was first written on 16 Dec. 2011 and now it is rewritten in simple language with more practical approach, due to huge demand from visitors. Pin-wise functioning of IC555 timer Pin-1, GROUND: It is the GROUND PIN of the IC. The negative terminal of DC power supply or battery is connected to this pin. Here note that IC555 works always on single rail power supply and NEVER on dual power supply, unlike operational amplifiers. Also note that this pin should be connected directly to ground and NOT through any resistor or capacitor. If done so, the IC will not function properly and may heat up and get damaged. This happens because all the semiconductor blocks inside the IC will be raised by certain amount of stray voltage and will damage the IC. Refer the block diagram of the IC for more details. For more details read elaborate collection of FAQ on this IC. Pin-2, TRIGGER It is known as TRIGGER PIN. As the name suggests in triggers i.e. starts the timing cycle of the IC. It is connected to the inverting input terminal of trigger comparator inside the IC. As this pin is connected to inverting input terminal, it accepts negative voltage pulse to trigger the timing cycle. So it triggers when the voltage at this pin LESS THAN 1/3 of the supply voltage (Vcc). In number of applications, the IC must be triggered by a pulse. The amplitude and minimum pulse width...
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...Discussion of Trends Using Appropriate Pot 1 27 Trend 27 Matching the Frequencies of the Chosen Songs 29 Overall Results 30 Discussion 31 Conclusion 38 References 40 Appendix 43 Error Calculations 43 The extra resistor from the wires connecting the components in the circuit 43 The effect of temperature on the resistivity of the fixed resistors in the circuit 43 Calculations of best pot 44 Choice of Resistor and Pot 44 Calculation of Frequency Ranges 44 Introduction Shaping and generation of waves is done using electronic circuits known as multivibrators. These circuits produce outputs that can be characterized as either stable or unstable in state. This project will discuss how a 555 Timer IC chip is applied in an Astable multivibrator when it operates in its astable state. Astable Multivibrators According to Wayne Storr (2013), Astable multivibrators do not have any states that are stable. That means that their modes switch from one state to...
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...Discussion of Trends Using Appropriate Pot 1 27 Trend 27 Matching the Frequencies of the Chosen Songs 29 Overall Results 30 Discussion 31 Conclusion 38 References 40 Appendix 43 Error Calculations 43 The extra resistor from the wires connecting the components in the circuit 43 The effect of temperature on the resistivity of the fixed resistors in the circuit 43 Calculations of best pot 44 Choice of Resistor and Pot 44 Calculation of Frequency Ranges 44 Introduction Shaping and generation of waves is done using electronic circuits known as multivibrators. These circuits produce outputs that can be characterized as either stable or unstable in state. This project will discuss how a 555 Timer IC chip is applied in an Astable multivibrator when it operates in its astable state. Astable Multivibrators According to Wayne Storr (2013), Astable multivibrators do not have any states that are stable. That means that their modes switch from one state to...
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...UCC28C40, UCC28C41, UCC28C42, UCC28C43, UCC28C44, UCC28C45 UCC38C40, UCC38C41, UCC38C42, UCC38C43, UCC38C44, UCC38C45 SLUS458E -- AUGUST 2001 -- REVISED OCTOBER 2010 BiCMOS LOW-POWER CURRENT-MODE PWM CONTROLLER FEATURES DESCRIPTION D Enhanced Replacement for UC3842A Family D D D D D D D D D D UCC38C4x family is a high-performance currentmode PWM controller. It is an enhanced BiCMOS version with pin-for-pin compatibility to the industry standard UC384xA family and UC384x family of PWM controllers. In addition, lower startup voltage versions of 7 V are offered as UCC38C40 and UCC38C41. With Pin-to-Pin Compatibility 1-MHz Operation 50-μA Standby Current, 100-μA Maximum Low Operating Current of 2.3 mA at 52 kHz Fast 35-ns Cycle-by-Cycle Overcurrent Limiting ±1-A Peak Output Current Rail-to-Rail Output Swings with 25-ns Rise and 20-ns Fall Times ±1% Initial Trimmed 2.5-V Error Amplifier Reference Trimmed Oscillator Discharge Current New Under Voltage Lockout Versions MSOP-8 Package Minimizes Board Space Providing necessary features to control fixed frequency, peak current-mode power supplies, this family offers the following performance advantages. The device offers high-frequency operation up to 1 MHz with low start-up and operating currents, thus minimizing start-up loss and low operating power consumption for improved efficiency. The device also features a very fast current-sense-to-output delay time of 35 ns and a ±1 A...
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...Qualidade, uma questão de Gestão PSP - Personal Software Process. TSP - Team Software Process. CMMI - Capability Maturity Model Integration (SE/SW e AS-CMM). ITIL - Information Technology Infrastructure Library. Três Níveis CMM -> Capacitação Organizacional TSP -> Capacitação de Equipes PSP -> Capacitação de Indivíduos O CMM diz “o que” deve ser feito – Desenhado para ser amplo e duradouro – Não entra em detalhes de técnicas específicas O PSP e o TSP dizem também “como” – Sugerem técnicas e dão alternativas PSP – Personal Software Process Mensagem a reter – O PSP é um processo definido para ajudar o desenvolvedor a fazer melhor seu trabalho. – O PSP ensina e recomenda técnicas que podem ser utilizadas também no âmbito da equipe (TSP) e da organização (CMMI) Princípios do PSP A qualidade de um software é governada pela qualidade de seus piores componentes A qualidade de um componente de software é governada pelo indivíduo que o desenvolveu – Conhecimento – Disciplina – Comprometimento O profissional de software deve conhecer sua própria performance – Medir, acompanhar e analisar seu trabalho – Aprender das variações na performance – Incorporar estas lições em suas práticas pessoais A qualidade de um software é governada pela qualidade de seus piores componentes O Modelo PSP Um modelo desenvolvido pelo SEI para melhoria e otimização do processo individual de trabalho. Estruturado como um curso, onde os conceitos...
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...Notas em Teoria dos Jogos e Informaçãoy Guilherme Hamdan Departamento de Economia, PUC-Minas e EPGE/FGV Emanuel Ornelas Departament of Economics, University of Georgia, USA 13 de novembro de 2006 Sumário 1 Introdução 1.1 O Que é Um Jogo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Os Elementos Básicos de Um Jogo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 7 2 Jogos Estáticos de Informação Completa 11 2.1 Representação de Jogos Estáticos de Informação Completa: Forma Normal ou Estratégica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2 Resolução de Jogos Estáticos de Informação Completa . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.1 Estratégias Estritamente Dominantes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2 Estratégias Estritamente Dominadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2.3 Estratégias racionalizáveis (análise de "melhores respostas") . . . 27 2.3 Equilíbrio de Nash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.1 Estabilidade, existência e unicidade do equilíbrio de Nash . . . . 32 2.3.2 Equilíbrio de Nash e Eliminação de Estratégias . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.3 Equilíbrio de Nash com três jogadores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3.4 Discussão do conceito de equilíbrio de Nash . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4 Estratégias Mistas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5 Aplicações . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.5.1 Oligopólio de Cournot . . . . . . ...
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