...What a surprise catch! This ice fishing adventure will surely be fondly remembered. This catch is something these fishermen can talk about and share with friends, and family for years to come. In the state of Pennsylvania, once the bodies of water freeze over, any licensed individual who loves to fish can bundle up and head to the closest body of water offering fishing privileges. Getting Started Ice Thickness In order to safely ice fish, the ice must be at least 4 inches thick. Pennsylvania offers an informative chart outlining ice thickness requirements for various activities. Staying Warm Shanties Consider creating, purchasing or renting a small shelter (shanties) that you can use to stay warm while you go fishing. These shelters are usually made of plastic or wood and are available at most sporting goods stores. On average, shanties are 6 feet x 6 feet and have a bench inside; in addition, shanties are tall enough to stand in. Portable canvas shelters are also useful when ice...
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...Ice Fishing Tips Mapping your catch February and March offer productive ice fishing days. Because of fluctuating conditions, check the ice for safety. Large, shallower bodies of water are favorable for sunfish, northern pike, and yellow perch. Northern pike, walleye, and lake trout dwell in deepwater lakes. Brown trout, rainbow trout, and landlocked salmon migrate to deep lakes with cool summertime temperatures. Tackling the ice Avoid the ice until it's three or four inches thick. Ice can measure an inch thick in one part of the lake and a foot thick at another. Ice is often weak and hazardous at shorelines. A hand-powered ice auger cuts through up to 12 inches of ice. More extreme conditions require a gas-powered auger. Anglers fishing for sunfish and yellow perch...
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...The Emperor Penguin and its Endangered Enviroment The emperor penguin is one of the most interesting species of penguin. This flightless animal lives on the Antarctic ice and in the frigid surrounding waters. This bird has a life span of 15-20 years and lives in colonies. Its diet is mainly that of a carnivore. The majority comes from fish. With all the beauty and intriguing life style of this penguin, not all is good. This penguin is in danger. What is causing this danger? It is not any predator in its wild habitat, it’s the effect of human ignorance. Climate change is slowly destroying the ice the penguin lives on. The emperor is on a downward spiral in which extinction is possible at the end of this century. With climate change at a dangerous level, warming may melt sea ice at rates which will decrease its habitat to nothing. With all these dangers there is still more, over fishing by humans is depleting the food source. In this paper I will outline and describe the problems these penguins face. I will also give a brief background on this flightless bird. Emperor is the largest of all penguins—an average bird stands some 45 inches (115 centimeters) tall. Penguins withstand physiological adaptations and cooperative behaviors in order to deal with an incredibly harsh environment, where wind chills can reach -76°F (-60°C)(Van Woert, Michael). They huddle together to escape the wind and reserve the warmth. Individuals take turns moving to the group's protected and relatively...
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...Ahmed, R.A. Valmonte-Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Aliño, P. Munro, V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceeding 67, 1 120 p. Abstract This paper reviews the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh emphasizing the coastal environment, capture fisheries and management issues relative to the sector. Bangladesh’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 166 000 km2. This area has abundant natural resources such as fish, shrimps, crabs and other marine products. Shrimp and fish trawling is the most important economic activity in this area. The fishery sector makes a significant contribution to the national economy in terms of foreign exchange, income generation and employment. It is very important in nutrition, especially in providing animal protein. In 1997 - 99, the marine fisheries sector contributed 22% of the total fishery production of 1 373 000 t. However, the resources are being destroyed in many ways. The fisheries resources have declined and fishers are getting poorer. The decline is partly due to estuarine set bag net, push net, and beach seine fishing, which result in recruitment over-fishing. A multiplicity of factors adversely affect the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh. Various laws, ordinances and acts have been formulated to manage the fisheries resources and to protect the coastal zone environment. Most of the laws have been amended...
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...DEFINITION FROM WIKI (understand and write it yourself) In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbanceby resisting damage and recovering quickly. Such perturbations and disturbances can include stochastic events such as fires, flooding, windstorms, insect population explosions, and human activities such as deforestation and the introduction of exotic plant or animal species. Disturbances of sufficient magnitudeor duration can profoundly affect an ecosystem and may force an ecosystem to reach a threshold beyond which a different regime of processes and structures predominates.Human activities that adversely affect ecosystem resilience such as reduction of biodiversity, exploitation of natural resources,pollution, land-use, and anthropogenic climate change are increasingly causing regime shifts in ecosystems, often to less desirable and degraded conditions. Interdisciplinary discourse on resilience now includes consideration of the interactions of humans and ecosystems via socio-ecological systems, and the need for shift from the maximum sustainable yield paradigm to environmental management which aims to build ecological resilience through "resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance". The concept of resilience in ecological systems was first introduced by the Canadian ecologist C.S. Holling in order to describe the persistence of natural systems in the face of changes in ecosystem variables...
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...Executive Summary Travelling is some sort of way that people do to enjoy, relax and forget about all their problems for a while. It is some kind of serenity. To become a tourist, a person must have the time and money in order to travel and touristic leisure is often more expensive as compared to other type of leisure. Besides that, travellers travel to different places and countries in order to satisfy their socio-psychological motivations. Based on Richardson & Fluker (2008), other than perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes, motivations is also one of the most critical psychological variables in deciding the travelling destination as it is the influential force for all the behavior. There is also the push and pull factors and form of tourism that affects the likeliness of a person to travel. Push factor can be of socio-psychological in nature and the motivations that are linked to the socio-psychological state are escape, relaxation, play, strengthening family bonds, prestige, social interaction, romance, educational opportunity, self-fulfillment and wish-fulfillment. Japan is chosen as the travelling destination. There are many ways to satisfy the ten socio-psychological motivations stated when visiting Japan such as by relaxing at their famous hot springs, enjoy their cultural and historical places and attractions, visit the infamous Mount Fuji and many more. 1- Introduction Japan, with an area of 377873 square kilometers is one of the big forces in Asia...
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...developmental aspects. Science, Technology and Innovation Discussion Paper No. 13. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Center for International Development. Ahmed, M. 1997. Fish for the poor under a rising global demand and changing fishery regime. Naga—The ICLARM Quarterly (supplement). July–December: 4–7. Ahmed, M., and M. H. Lorica. 2002. Improving developing country food security through aquaculture development—lessons from Asia. Food Policy 27: 125–141. Ahmed, M., C. L. Delgado, S. Sverdrup-Jensen, and R. A. V. Santos, ed. 1999. Fisheries policy research in developing countries: Issues, priorities and needs. Manila: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management and International Food Policy Research Institute. Allan, G. 1998. Potential for pulses. International Aquafeeds 2: 17–20. Alston, J. M., G. W. Norton, and P. G. Pardey. 1995. Science Under Scarcity: Principles and practice for agricultural research evaluation and priority setting. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.: Cornell University Press. Anderson, J. L. 1985. Private aquaculture and commercial fisheries: Bioeconomics of salmon ranching. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 12 (4): 353–370. '(/*$'2 (7 $/ Anderson, J. L., and Q. S. W. Fong. 1997. Aquaculture and international trade. Aquaculture Economics & Management 1: 29–44. Asche, F., and S. Tveteras. 2000. On the relationship between aquaculture and reduction fisheries. Paper...
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...believe that global warming is a normality of the earth’s atmosphere. This paper will answer the questions: who, what, why, when, and how global warming will or will not have a negative impact on human health. The research must start by describing global warming and why some scientist and researchers believe that it will have a negative impact on human health. In direct quotation of Bloice and Hallinan, 2005: The temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is influenced by the balance between the high energy ultraviolet radiation absorbed from the sun and the amount of heat radiated back into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, water, methane, and other “greenhouse gases” are the key elements that regulate the earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases are similar to the glass in a greenhouse- they allow light to enter and warm the interior but trap radiation, which heats the inside. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a buildup of heat that raises the temperature on the earth’s surface, a process called the greenhouse effect. Why do people believe that global warming will have a negative impact on human health? 1) Disease 2) Heat related deaths 3) Increases storm strengths 4) Storm surges Due to the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas-the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution. The Nation Research Council in 2006 reported that the earth’s average temperature had risen 0.6...
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.......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Legal Policy and Institutional Framework ....................................................................... 6 2. CAPTURE FISHERIES ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3. Fisheries Resources Base in Uganda ................................................................................ 7 The Water Bodies Unit ..................................................................................................... 8 Fisheries Co-Management ................................................................................................ 9 Fishing...
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...Geography Research Response Paper What will be the environmental, sociopolitical, and economic impacts of 21st century climate change? * Environmental * A springtime “ozone hole” has developed in the last 30 years over Antarctica (Mann 30) * Without an ozone layer, unhealthy levels of UV radiation would reach Earth’s surface, making the planet largely uninhabitable (Mann 30) * Basic theoretical considerations as well as detailed climate-model simulations indicate a likely increase in the average intensity of tropical cyclones and hurricanes in all major formation basins (Mann 56) * We know that mountain glaciers over the world are disappearing, and that this disappearance is generally related to increased melting due to warmer atmospheric temperatures (Mann 58) * The combination of decreased summer precipitation and increased evaporation due to warming surface temperatures is predicted to lead to a greater tendency for drought in many regions (Mann 90) * Other likely impacts of climate change over the next century include increases in extreme weather phenomena, and rising sea levels due to melting ice and warming of the oceans (Mann 90) * Sea level is predicted to rise because water expands as it warms, and melting ice is also likely to have a major impact on the sea level (Mann 98) * Coastal regions will be subject to increased exposure to flood and storm damage, more intense coastal surges, and altered patterns...
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...ECONOMICS WORLD TRADE AND ENVIORNMENT ISSUES AND POLICIES SEPTEMBER 2015 BY VIDUR KANODIA HR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS MCOM – I DIVISION – M ROLL NUMBER – 28 Objective This paper provides an overview of trade, environmental, and related public issues and policies. It discusses the pollution problem, the recent global warming trend, the attempts of world’s various levels of institutions such as the UN, the WTO, regional, national, and other organizations to solve the global trade and environmental issues. It also discusses a number of basic theoretical issues and empirical findings such as the free-rider problem, tragedy of the commons, theory of second best, relative efficacy of price and quantity control, carbon leakage, border carbon adjustments, cap-and-trade system, pollution haven hypothesis, optimal social discount rate and the environmental Kuznets curve. Some computable general equilibrium models are reviewed and several notable WTO environmental and health-related trade dispute cases are analyzed, including the tuna-dolphin, shrimp-turtle, eco-labeling, beef- hormone, and GMOs cases. Introduction Trade liberalization can have substantial ramifications for the global environmental policy regime. Lowering trade barriers and opening new markets can boost economic growth and development, which may help or harm the environment. On the one hand, growth and development tend to increase resource and energy demands, degrade natural resources, and bring forth...
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...N I N E In Cold Blood: The Tale of the Icefish In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous. -Aristotle It was a long way just to go fishing. The us-foot converted wooden sealing boat Norveg/a put to sea out of Sandcford Harbor, Norway on September 14,1927. Its primary destination was perhaps the most remote piece of land on the planet. Tiny Bouvet Island, a speck in the vast Southern Ocean, lay more than six thousand miles from Norway, sixteen hundred miles from the tip of Africa, and more than three thousand miles from South America. In the mid-1920S, commercial invention whaling was booming. The Norwegian of factory ships allowed greater numbers of animals to be taken without relying on shore facilities. Finding new stocks of whales was a priorHCllRE 9.1 The Non'egia a/ Bouvet Island. Photo (rom F;1I1gstOg Forskning r Sydish,lVct by Bjame Aagaard, Volume "N)le Tider." Published bv Cyldelldai Norsk Foriag, Oslo. 1930. ity for the entrepreneurs 2, who went to sea, and establishing tory and w.llers was a priorit) for the countries government claims to terri- involved. The Norwegian wanted to stake a claim to this icc-covered volcanic rock with 167 168 PART IV EVOLUTION IN ACT CHAPTER ON FIGURE 9.2 DitlefRlIstad 011 the Norvegia foredeck. Photo from Fangst Og Forskning I Sydishavet h)' 13,Clme i\C1gclClrd,volume "Nye Tider." Published by Cyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1930. 9 ...
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...Mackerel Date: 02/18/2012 Physical Description and Habitat - In the Atlantic Ocean there are three fish groups of Mackerel. The (Scomberomorus maculatus) or more commonly referred to as the Spanish mackerel are “mid-level pelagic carnivores” (noaa.gov) that have closely related cousins. The other types of mackerel that are related to the Spanish are the larger but less spotted King mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) - and the (Scomberomorus regalis) known as the Cero mackerel. All types of mackerel are migratory pelagic fish. They inhabit, feed and spawn in areas of the Atlantic spanning from the Gulf of Mexico to Northern parts of the eastern United States. Although there are subtle differences between the three types, this paper will focus mainly on the Spanish mackerel. The male and female Spanish mackerels vary in size. The male usually averages out to a length of about nineteen inches while the larger sized female mackerel can grow as long as thirty three inches (Wikipedia). The Spanish mackerel’s are a stunningly colored fish. They are mainly silver from its head to tail, however the upper back almost glows green, while its sides have layered yellow spots, standing out further due to its mainly black shaded dorsal fin and tail. Mainly looking for prey the mackerel tends to stay in shallower water, sometimes noticed snorkelers and or scuba diving alike close to the shore. Although mackerels growth rate is extremely up to four years of age and then hold...
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...Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a suite of commonsense requirements that together will help combat climate change, reduce air pollution that harms public health, and provide greater certainty about Clean Air Act permitting requirements for the oil and natural gas industry. The proposals are part of the agency’s broad-based strategy under the President’s Climate Action Plan to reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane and smog-forming volatile organic compounds from this rapidly growing industry. The proposal will complement rules the agency issued in 2012 to reduce pollution from the oil and natural gas industry while helping ensure that development of these energy resources is safe and responsible. The World Health Organization defines air pollution as “the presence of material in the air in such concentration which are harmful to man and his environment.” In fact air pollution is the occurrence or addition of foreign particles, gases, and other pollutants into the air which have an adverse effect on human beings, animals, and vegetation. The various causes of air pollution are: combustion of natural gas, coal and wood in industries, automobiles, aircraft, railways, thermal plants, agricultural burning, kitchens, metallurgical processing (mineral dust, fumes containing fluorides, sulphides and metallic pollutants like lead, chromium, nickel, beryllium, arsenic vanadium, cadmium, zinc, mercury), processing industries like cotton textiles...
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...November 2010 [pic] Contents Executive summary 5 1. Introduction 8 2. Value chain analysis 9 2.1. The general value chain concept 9 2.2. The value chain concept applied to fisheries and aquaculture 11 2.3. Conclusions about using the value chain analysis 14 3. The international seafood industry and Africa’s place in it 16 3.1. African seafood exports and imports 18 3.2. Main destinations 20 3.3. Imports 21 3.4. Value addition in Africa 21 4. Studies where value chain analysis has been used 22 4.1. Revenue distribution through the seafood value chain 23 4.2. Lake Victoria Nile perch fishery, Tanzania 25 4.3. Pelagic fishery in Morocco 32 4.4. Value addition opportunities in the Namibian seafood industry 38 4.5. Ugandan Nile perch quality management and certification 41 4.6. The Kenya capture fisheries value chain 45 4.7. Nigerian domestic catfish production 50 4.8. Gender analysis of aquaculture value chain in Nigeria and Vietnam 54 4.9. Private sector applications of value chain analysis 60 5. On-going value chain analysis studies 68 5.1. Value chain analysis of international fish trade and food security 68 5.2. Ghana: Value Chain and Cost Earnings Analysis 69 6. Example from Asia: Analysis of the fishery sector in Sri Lanka 70 6.1. Value chain summary 71 6.2. Production 71 6.3. Ownership and collective...
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