...politics at the national level. Many prominent positions in government have been and continue to be held by military leaders. Throughout this course, we have noted that the developing world is diverse. Thus, the level of military involvement in the political arena of each nation is different. In many countries there is no clear dividing line between the armed forces and political activity. With the rise of democracy in many Third World countries in recent years, there has been a steady decline in military leadership at the government level. However, this is not to say that military leaders have completely stepped down from politics. In fact, countries such as Libya and Pakistan still have military rulers in the highest positions of government. In other countries the armed forces continue to exert considerable influence over civilian political leaders. Prior to the nineteen eighties military involvement in politics of the developing world was pervasive. It was considered by some to be a defining feature of political underdevelopment. And certainly it was a feature of extreme instability within nations. A study of fifty nine developing nations shows that between nineteen forty six and nineteen seventy, there were two hundred and seventy four attempted military coups. Some countries experienced four to five takeover attempts within that period. You may recall from our week one lesson that political scientists agree political stability is essential to development...
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...programs. Marketing, R&D, manufacturing, and other activities comprise a firm’s value chain; firms configure activities to create superior customer value on a global basis. Global companies also maintain strategic focus while pursuing competitive advantage. The marketing mix, value chain, competitive advantage, and focus are universal in their applicability, irrespective of whether a company does business only in the home country or has a presence in many markets around the world. However, in a global industry, companies that fail to pursue global opportunities risk being pushed aside by competitors. A firm’s global marketing strategy (GMS) can enhance its worldwide performance. The GMS addresses several issues. First is nature of the marketing program in terms of the balance between a standardization (extension) approach to the marketing mix and a localization (adaptation) approach that is responsive to country or regional differences. Second is the concentration of marketing activities in a few countries or the dispersal of such activities across many countries. Companies that engage in global marketing can also engage in coordination of marketing activities. Finally, a firm’s GMS will address the issue of global market participation. The importance of global marketing today can be seen in the company rankings compiled by the Wall Street Journal, Fortune magazine, Financial Times, and other publications. Whether ranked by revenues, market capitalization, or some other measure...
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...potential and opportunity. In today’s global economy, capital movements are the driving force, production is uncoupled from employment, and capitalism has vanquished communism. Based on patterns of resource allocation and ownership, the world's economies can be categorized as market capitalism, centrally-planned capitalism, centrally-planned socialism, and market socialism. The final years of the twentieth century were marked by transitions toward market capitalism in many countries that had been centrally controlled. However, great disparity still exists among the nations of the world in terms of economic freedom. B. Countries can be categorized in terms of their stage of economic development: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, and high income. Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI) are commonly used measures of economic development. The 50 poorest countries in the low-income category are sometimes referred to as least-developed countries (LDCs). Upper middle-income countries with high growth are often called newly industrializing economies (NIEs). Several of the world’s economies are notable for their fast growth; the BRIC nations include Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The Group of Seven (G7), Group of Eight (G-8), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) represent efforts by high-income nations to promote democratic ideals and free-market policies throughout the rest of the world. Most of the world's income is...
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...French enterprises have been significant foreign investors for McDonald’s; some 1,100 French multinationals account for around 8 percent of the global stock of foreign direct investment Common law system is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. Tradition refers to a country’s legal history, precedent to cases that have come before the courts in the past, and custom to the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations. It differs from a civil law system which is based on a detailed set of laws organized into codes. When law courts interpret civil law, they do so with regard to these codes. Factor endowments are the extent to which a country is endowed with such resources as land, labor, and capital. A simple example of a factor endowment with respect to land would be the presence of natural resources such as oil. Countries with abundant oil tend to export oil, focusing internal resources toward producing the factor they have in quantity. Angola is an extreme example of such specialization: oil accounts for 98% of its exports or for instance, as China's labor force has grown more skilled, wages have risen and China has begun specializing in more complex manufactured goods. Local content requirement is a requirement that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically. The requirement can be expressed either in physical terms (e.g., 75 percent of component parts for this product must be produced locally) or in value terms (e.g., 75 percent of the value of...
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...chapter 1 Marketing’s Role in the Global Economy When You Finish This Chapter, You Should 1. Know what marketing is and why you should learn about it. 2. Understand the difference between micro-marketing and macro-marketing. 3. Know why and how macromarketing systems develop. 4. Understand why marketing is crucial to economic development and our global economy. 5. Know why marketing special— ists—including middlemen and — facilitators—develop. 6. Know the marketing functions and who performs them. 7. Understand the important new terms (shown in red). www.mhhe. When it’s time to roll out of bed in the morning, does your General Electric alarm wake you with a buzzer—or by playing your favorite radio station? Is the station playing rock, classical, or country music—or perhaps a Red Cross ad asking you to contribute blood? Will you slip into your Levi’s jeans, your shirt from L. L. Bean, and your Reeboks, or does the day call for your Brooks Brothers interviewing suit? Will breakfast be Lender’s Bagels with cream cheese or Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes—made with grain from America’s heartland—or some extra large eggs and Oscar Mayer bacon cooked in a Panasonic microwave oven imported from Japan? Will you drink decaffeinated Maxwell House coffee—grown in Colombia—or some Tang instant juice? Will you eat at home or is this a day to meet a friend at the Marriott-run cafeteria—where you’ll pay someone else to serve your breakfast? After breakfast, will you head off to school...
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...reverting to supposed traditional values and practices. Religious organisations, including cults, sects, denominations, churches and New Age movements, and their relationship to religious and spiritual belief and practice * Typologies of religious organisations: churches, denominations, sects and cults, with examples of each New Religious Movements and typologies of NRMs eg world rejecting/accommodating/affirming; millenarian beliefs, with examples of each * New Age movements and spirituality, with examples * The relationship of these organisations to religious and spiritual belief and practice. The relationship between different social groups and religious/spiritual organisations and movements, beliefs and practices * Reasons why people join NRMs, NAMs and other organisations * Gender and religion: women: women’s greater participation, women in religious organisations including NRMs; men’s participation and organisational roles in religions; sexuality and religion; images of gender in religions * Ethnicity and religion: religion and ethnic identity; religion in migrant...
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...BBA 3350 Directed Study in Marketing BBA 66 Huntsville 12/5/2009 | CHAPTER 1 Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms and Society Questions and Problems: 1. List your activities for the first two hours after you woke up this morning. Briefly indicate how marketing affected your activities. The first thing in the morning after wakening up, I wash my face with Clean and Clear by Johnson & Johnson , take a shower with Caress, brush my teeth with Arm and Hammer toothpaste. Breakfast consist of a cup of Folgers coffee and bowl of Post Cereal. All of these items are marketed to address what is appealing to the potential consumer, with slogans, such as slickening body wash, facial scrub with bursting beads to wake you up and gently exfoliates skin, or advanced white clinically proven to whiten teeth, one hundred percent pure coffee, post cereal advertising deliciously sweet apple pieces and caramel baked oat clusters. The marketing and advertising persuaded me to try the products that I use daily. 2. If a producer creates a revolutionary new product and consumers can learn about it and purchase it at a website on the Internet, is any additional marketing effort really necessary? Explain your thinking. I would think the more marketing of a product the more people will learn about it and would want to buy it. Not everyone has a computer and connected to the internet. More people lessen to radio and look at TV than any other medium. It would be wise to expand...
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...traditional values and practices. Religious organisations, including cults, sects, denominations, churches and New Age movements, and their relationship to religious and spiritual belief and practice * Typologies of religious organisations: churches, denominations, sects and cults, with examples of each New Religious Movements and typologies of NRMs eg world rejecting/accommodating/affirming; millenarian beliefs, with examples of each * New Age movements and spirituality, with examples * The relationship of these organisations to religious and spiritual belief and practice. The relationship between different social groups and religious/spiritual organisations and movements, beliefs and practices * Reasons why people join NRMs, NAMs and other organisations * Gender and religion: women: women’s greater participation, women in religious organisations including NRMs; men’s participation and organisational roles in religions; sexuality and religion; images of gender in religions * Ethnicity and religion: religion and ethnic...
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...CHAPTER 2 RECOGNIZING OPPORTUNITIES AND GENERATING IDEAS LEARNING OBJECTIVES |1. |Explain why it’s important to start a new firm when its “window of opportunity” is open. | |2. |Explain the difference between an opportunity and an idea. | |3. |Describe the three general approaches entrepreneurs use to identify opportunities. | |4. |Identify the four environmental trends that are most instrumental in creating business opportunities. | |5. |List the personal characteristics that make some people better at recognizing business opportunities than others. | |6. |Identify the five steps in the creative process. | |7. |Describe the purpose of brainstorming and its use as an idea generator. | |8. |Describe how to use library and Internet searches to generate new business ideas. | |9. |Explain the purpose of maintaining an idea bank. | |10. |Describe three steps for protecting ideas from being lost or stolen. | CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter begins by describing the difference...
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...manufacturing, and other activities comprise a firm’s value chain; The value equation (V =B/P) expresses the relationship between values and the marketing mix. Global companies also maintain strategic focus while pursuing competitive advantage. The marketing mix, value chain, competitive advantage, and focus are universal in their applicability, irrespective of whether a company does business only in the home country or has a presence in many markets around the world. However, in a global industry, companies that fail to pursue global opportunities risk being pushed aside by stronger global competitors. A firm’s global marketing strategy (GMS) can enhance its worldwide performance. The GMS addresses several issues. First is nature of the marketing program in terms of the balance between a standardization (extension) approach to the marketing mix and a localization (adaptation) approach that is responsive to country or regional differences. Second is the concentration of marketing activities in a few countries or the dispersal of such activities across many countries. Companies that engage in global marketing can also engage in coordination of marketing activities. Finally, a firm’s GMS will address the issue of global market participation. The importance of global marketing today can be seen in the company...
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...Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority Contents 1 2 Introduction to the Scottish Qualifications Authority Introduction to the Unit 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 What is the Purpose of this Unit? What are the Outcomes of this Unit? What do I Need to be Able to do in Order to Achieve this Unit? Approximate Study Time for This Unit Equipment/Material Required for this Unit Symbols Used in this Unit 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 11 18 24 31 37 41 51 60 68 75 DE3H 35 Assessment Information for this Unit 3.1 What Do I Have to Do to Achieve This Unit? 4 5 Suggested Lesson Plan Learning Material 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Setting the Scene Outcome 1 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Outcome 2 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2004 Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 6 7 8 9 Section 5 Section 6 Outcome 3 - Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 85 92 99 104 108 112 115 119 121 135 135 Additional Reading Material Solutions to Self Assessed Questions and Activities Copyright References Acknowledgements © Scottish Qualifications Authority 2004 DE3H 35 Economics 2: The World Economy Unit Student Guide Scottish Qualifications Authority 1 Introduction to the Scottish Qualifications Authority This Unit DE3H 35 Economics...
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...PART 1 GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER ONE Globalization Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to 1. Describe the process of globalization and how it affects markets and production. 2. Identify the two forces causing globalization to increase. 3. Summarize the evidence for each main argument in the globalization debate. 4. Identify the types of companies that participate in international business. 5. Describe the global business environment and identify its four main elements. A LOOK AT THIS CHAPTER This chapter defines the scope of international business and introduces us to some of its most important topics. We begin by presenting globalization—describing its influence on markets and production and the forces behind its growth. Each main argument in the debate over globalization is also analyzed in detail. We then identify the key players in international business today. This chapter closes with a model that depicts international business as occurring within an integrated global business environment. A LOOK AHEAD Part 2, encompassing Chapters 2, 3, and 4, introduces us to different national business environments. Chapter 2 describes important cultural differences among nations. Chapter 3 examines different political and legal systems. And Chapter 4 presents the world’s various economic systems and issues surrounding economic development. 24 Emirates’ Global Impact DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The...
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...are historical people and unknown kings of Mayan cities or Easter Island villages. Jared Diamond tells the story of the Viking explorer Erik the Red, who discovered Greeland and Vinland (Terranova, in Canada). Another character is captain Olafsson, a norse sailor who wrote the last news about Greenland in 1410. Another main character is Christopher Columbus, who arrived at Hispaniola in 1492, but now this island is two countries, the Dominican Republic and the Haiti. Diamond studied the politics of two presidents. the dominican Rafael Trujillo, who protected the enviroment and the dictator François, Papa Doc, Duvalier, who decided on politics of deforestatation of his country, Haiti. The author considered the bad politics of another main character, king George II, who was interested in sending merinosheeps from Spain to Australia, an idea which was succesful from 1820 to 1950 but then the farmers understood their lands lost fertility. Another main character is Tokuwaga Jeayasu, a shogun of Japan in 1600, who prohibited Christianity in 1600 and protected his country againt deforestation. The book takes us to a lot of places around the globe: Mayan cities, Rwanda, Viking colonies of Vinland or Greenland, Haiti and Dominican Republic, Easter Island and Polynesian colonies in Pacific, and the Chaco villages in New Mexico (United States). The time period was from 800 AC, when collapsed Mayan cities to 2005. Other locations are the Viking ships, isolated churches in Greenland, ghostly stone...
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...Special articles Globalisation and the Management of Indian Cities Cities in Europe and North America have been through three decades of innovation in institutions and practices as they seek to accommodate the new environment of global economic integration. Many have learned to facilitate the creation of new economies that have institutionalised incremental change with a changing political consensus, liberating themselves in part from those rigidities that make for extreme vulnerability in conditions of crisis. The same is also true of cities in Latin America and in China. However, elsewhere – including possibly India – the sovereign state is often still struggling to retain its monopoly control. In doing so, the state stifles the full potential role of cities to advance the world, to reduce the burden of world poverty. Liberating the cities is thus a key part of the agenda for the new century and for the eradication of poverty. NIGEL HARRIS I Introduction his paper seeks to present a view of the era of globalisation through highlighting particular changes which mark the break with the preceding period, the heyday of the nationstate. The exercise is undertaken in order to assess the resulting radical changes in the conception of spatial planning and thus the emergence of a new agenda for the management of cities. Following the introduction, the second part seeks to clarify what might be meant by ‘globalisation’, and the third, the main features of the management of the...
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...UNIVERSITY OF LUSAKA MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WITH EDUCATION THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY SCHOOLS ON ACCESS TO AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN ZAMBIA: A CASE STUDY OF FIVE COMMUNITY SCHOOLS IN KABWE DISTRICT A Research Report Presented to the University of Lusaka in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Master in Business Administration with Education AUGUST, 2013 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this research report is my original work and has never been presented to any learning institution for academic purposes. All the information used from secondary sources has been fully acknowledged. Name: Abraham Chisanga Signature ...................... DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my wife Flavior and children: Brian, Mela, Abraham,Fredrick, Betty Paul and John for their support from the beginning of my research work through to the end. To my family members and all the important people in my life, especially those that had been there for me at all times, even though my difficult times and moments, for their steadfast guidance and the innumerable sacrifices made on my behalf. To all my friends, thank you so much for being the best, one could ever be. My parents, for making me into what I am today, although you are no more to see what you tirelessly laboured, for me to see the light of day.May your dear and ever cherished souls rest in eternal peace. ...
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