...“Feminist interpretations of intellectual property” in Chapter 9. Please respond to the following: •Explain why, according to Halbert, quilting and knitting are traditionally outside the realm of copyright protection. There have been changes in the world of knitting. The long history of sharing patterns among knitters was done in easy to share formats with minimal concerns for copyright issues. But today a dominance of ownership has been privatized to maximize in profits. Both quality and knitting were primary ways of creating and have existed outside copyright law perhaps because the romantic author and the desire for profit were not central to the process of creation. The knitting patterns were sold to make money and not to further the culture of knitting. •Discuss how and why this is changing. The change in the traditional way of quilting and knitting versus the copyright protection is the dominance of ownership. Everything now is being privatized while maximizing on the profits. A personal signature, individualizing the patterns, allows a financial gain for anyone wanting to ‘copy’ a pattern. •Explain why crafts like these do not fit inside the copyright paradigm. These crafts were known for completion amongst women enjoying the company of each other. The crafts don’t fit into copyright paradigm because it attempts to solidify connections between people and not divide people by property boundaries. •Discuss what values underlie authorship in the traditional literary context...
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...A former functionalist Merton, attempted to explain why deviance arises in the first place. He believes that the society survives because al the members of society have shared norms and values which he calls the collective conscience. Parson calls this the central value system (CVS). merton's theory of crime attempts to explain why some groups in society are forced to abandon their shared norms and values and replace them with deviant ones. He says in order to achieve the American dream (CVS) they must accept the cultural goals which is the accepted success goals of society. E.g. jobs, house, car. Merton believes that you have to accept the institutionalised means which is of legal ways of achieving that accepted success. Merton's theory is the strain theory. He believes that while some people are able to follow this patch to success, others are blocked because of their position in the social structure. Some groups have lower educational achievement so there is a tension between an individual's needs and the needs of the society. Some people are socialised into goals but enable to achieve them. Merton argues that people either show the conformity displayed by most people or adopt one of the four forms of deviance which is innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Innovation - poor education and unemployment means that some people accept the shared goals (they want the money) yet reject the means of achieving them so they turn to crime as an alternative. In ritualism, they...
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...society today’ (21 marks – January 2011 examination) The theories of subcultural sociologists are based on the idea of subcultures, which are made up of a group of people who share the same norms and values as one another. These norms and values are of contrast to those of mainstream society. The individuals within these groups have rejected these mainstream views due to a variety of problems such as material deprivation, which many blame on the main society for not fulfilling their needs. Cohen believed that crime was a result of status frustration; this was the result of an extensive study on lower working class boys, who he noted blamed wider society for their lack of success in attaining the same successes as those in mainstream society. This meant that they deviated into collective crime as a means of attaining higher status within a subculture. Cohen’s ideas are very similar to that of Merton’s however he suggested that rather than taking part in individual crime they rather turn to the values of a delinquent subculture. By joining these subcultures he also noted that they tend to turn to crime, this is due to the high subcultural value placed upon acts such as vandalism and stealing. Cohen’s theory is positive due to the explanation of non-utilitarian crimes, which other theories have failed to explain; Cohen views crime as an attempt to gain respect or status. There are however problems with his theory as it is criticized massively by Marxist sociologists as it seems...
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...Will identify each theory and also describe them in this paper. Also with each theory will explain how drug use and abuse. Talk about how each theory may have a support a strong relationship between drug use and crime. Will talk about two different articles that an individual was charged with a crime while under the influence of illicit substances. Psychological Theory Psychological theory focus primarily on the nature of individual experiences which might make one more susceptible to drug use and/or addiction. Based on the notion that addiction is a manifestation of a unique type of personality. More commonly, psychologists have pointed to an addictive personality. Recently, psychologists identify “personality characteristics” that tend to be associated with drug addiction. Jerome Jaffe suggested 3 personality features characteristic of marijuana users: Non-conventionality, open to new experiences, and lower rates of conventional achievement value. Basically, the psychological theory explains that drug use and abuse begins because of the unconscious motivations within all of us. We are not aware of these motivations, not even when they manifest themselves. So, there are unconscious conflicts and motivations that reside within us as well as our reactions to early events in our lives that move a person toward drug use and abuse. The motivations for drug use are within us, and we are not aware of them, nor are we aware that those are the reasons we have chosen to turn to drugs...
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...Examine the role of access to opportunity structures in causing crime and deviance (21 marks) Deviance is an act that goes against the norms and values of social construction. There are many different factors to be considered when examining opportunity structures in causing crime and deviance. Functionalists, especially Durkheim sees society as a stable system based on value consensus-shared norms, values, beliefs and goals. This produces social solidarity, binding individuals together into one harmonious unit. To achieve this, society must participate in socialisation and social control. These functionalist concepts easily link to the functionalist explanation of crime where crime is portrayed as inevitable and functional for society. Whilst crime disrupts social stability, functionalists see it as inevitable and universal. Durkheim sees crime as healthy for social as society needs some individuals who are inadequately socialised and prone to deviate. Also in highly modern societies, there is a specialized division of labour and a diversity of subcultures. Individuals and groups become increasingly different from one another, and the shared rules of behaviour become less clear. This is what is known as anomie. An example of where anomie occurs is in suicide, where rapid social change in modern society, leaves individuals unsure as to where they fit in. For Durkheim, crime fulfils two important positive functions, the first of which is boundary maintenance. Crime produces...
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...if with every news broadcast comes another suspension; some athlete, old or young, loses half of his or her season after failing a drug test. In professional sports, where job performance is the primary factor in an athlete’s salary and is practically the only aspect of the athlete that sports fans and owners care about, many professional athletes turn to performance enhancing drugs to gain a competitive edge. One sport in particular that has been overwhelmed with the use of performance enhancing drugs, commonly referred to as PEDs, is Major League Baseball, or the MLB. The issue of PEDs in the MLB has been a long-lasting one, and several of the most famous names in baseball, such as Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire,...
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...Young attempt to give an explanation to street crime, committed by young people in urban areas. These sociologists took a victim survey which suggested that working-class and black people, especially elderly women, have a fear of street crime, as they are often victims of crime. Their explanation of why crime is committed by revolves around three key concepts. Firstly, relative deprivation, which explains how one person feel sin relation to another, this leads into crime very easily as people can feel as if others are unfairly better off than they are, and this resentment can lead to crime. Lea and Young suggests that although in today’s society people are more affluent they are still aware of their relative deprivation because of the media and advertising, which increase everyone’s expectation on standards of living. This is linked to the idea of individualism, because this undermines the family and community values of mutual support, cooperation and selflessness, which results in anti-social behaviour. The second concept of why crime is committed is marginalisation. Left realists argue that people feel that they have no, or very little, power to change their situation. However the negative treatment that they get from the police and authorities could result in them feeling more resentment towards the mainstream society, which could lead to confrontation with authorities. The last concept as to why people commit crimes is subcultures. Relative deprivation and marginalisation...
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...Is the formation of gangs linked to the strains set out by Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin? Might other explanations explain this phenomenon better? Discuss Theorists have been and for a long time interested in trying to explain why people commit crimes and violence and whether people have the choice and choose to commit crime (Classical theory) or it is in their genes (positivists theory). In 1897 Durkheim in concentrated his efforts to understand society and was investigating social facts. In his book Suicide (1897) Durkheim explained the anomie concept where he outlined the causes of suicide and described a condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values and an associated feeling of alienation and purposelessness. According to Thompson 1984, Durkheim felt that his empirical study of suicide had discovered the structural forces that caused anomie and egoism, and these forces were natural results of the decline of mechanical solidarity and the slow rise of organic solidarity due to the division of labour and industrialism. Also of importance was Durkheim's discovery that these forces affected all social classes. A major figure in the development of Criminal theories is Robert K. Merton. He introduced his social theory of deviance first in 1938 and extended and revised it in 1957. Merton argued that individuals in different social class positions in the social structure do not possess the same opportunity of realizing the shared...
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...The PsychSim5 Activities PsychSim 5: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE Name: Abdul Hasssan Section: 6 Date: This activity will take you on a tour through the history of psychology. You will learn how psychology grew out of philosophy and medical physiology, and will become acquainted with some of the pioneers of psychology as a scientific discipline. Famous Psychologists Can you think of any famous psychologists from psychology’s history? The Early History: Philosophers and Scientists Match each of the philosophers and scientists with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their contribution. ______ Aristotle (______) 320 b.c. A. British philosopher, empiricist ______ Darwin (______) 360 b.c. B. Greek philosopher, nativist ______ Descartes (______) 1600 C. British biologist ______ Helmholz (______) 1700 D. German physiologist ______ Locke (______) 1830 E. French philosopher, nativist, and dualist ______ Plato (______) 1860 F. Greek philosopher, empiricist Pioneers of Psychology Match each of the pioneers of psychology with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their main contribution. ______ Calkins (______) 1879 A. Studied memory ______ Ebbinghaus (______) 1882 B. First psychotherapy ______ Freud (______) 1885 C. First lab in USA ______ Hall (______) 1888 D. Used introspection ______ James (______) 1890 E. First comprehensive textbook ...
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...A drug is a substance that alters the mind, body or both. Drug use is the increasing problem among teenagers in colleges today. Most drug use begins in the preteen and teenage years, these years most crucial in the maturation process. Today children are subjected to all sorts of situations both good and bad. School systems are much more difficult to deal with nowadays. Most people from older generations still think that school is simple you go to class, go to lunch, bring home your homework and that’s it. This however is not the case anymore. Drugs are making their presence in schools more and more and it is becoming a very big problem. There are more steps that can be taken to help stop present juvenile drug abusers as well as prevent other children from even beginning. For example, programs should be set up for the students, something that will actually interest more students. There should also be support groups for parents who feel lost as to what they should do to guide their children. In 2007 according to the U.S. Census Bureau there were approximately 41,738 children between the ages of 10 and 19 living in the United States. In the same year according to the same source there were 160,410 drug related arrests in the United States involving children between the ages of 10 and 19. This includes possession charges and dealing charges. Keeping in mind that there are far fewer children than criminal arrests, this means that there are some children who get repeated offenses...
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...consensus, which provides solidarity and binds individuals together by directing them what to strive for and how to conduct themselves. In order for solidarity to be achieved, society must have two main mechanisms; socialisation which instils the shared into its members and social control mechanisms which include positive sanctions for conformity and negative sanctions for deviance. Functionalists view crime and deviance as a positive feature of society which is inevitable and universal. They argue that every known society has some form of crime and deviance, a crime free society would be a contradiction according to Durkheim ‘crime is normal… an integral part of all healthy societies’. Functionalists maintain that there are two main reasons why crime is found in all societies. Firstly not everyone is equally effectively socialised into the shared norms and values thus some individuals are prone to deviate. In addition to this, in complex modern societies there is a diversity of lifestyle because different groups develop their own cultural norms and values what each subculture see as normal, mainstream culture may see as deviant. For example; in parts of Africa polygamy is allowed where as in mainstream western culture it is illegal. Durkheim’s develops this further and maintains that in modern societies there is a tendency towards anomie this is due to the rules governing behaviour have become weaker and less clear-cut because of the specialised division of labour modern societies...
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...Throughout history and today, people are drawn to others that they find interesting. Pop culture is not made up of people who do ordinary things, but of individuals who fascinate and intrigue the rest of the world. Although there are many reasons why we are drawn to these people, it has become clear to me during my research that the most legendary people of all time have been portrayed as unique. Mysterious or eccentric character traits tend to attract large audiences. As we discover what makes an artist or writer special, it gives us more to talk about. The more we talk about these artists the more famous they become. In this paper I will be focusing on artists, over the years, that people were drawn to because...
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...this saying to and the following are my opinions that I have regarding them. The Drugs at a Friend’s House scenario is a constant issue to most officers. Many officers want to go out with the same people or friends that they have had prior to the force. However, a lot has changed in the officer. Some will turn a blind eye and the others will do what they need to this is the moral issue that the officer has in front of him/her. I would say that policy dictates, different departments have different policies concerning the authority of off-duty officers, but in many places an off-duty police officer does have the legal right to detain an offender until an on-duty officer arrives to finish the process. The key factor in such an action is proper identification, however. An off-duty police officer who commits an illegal act has no more rights or legal protections than any other regular citizen. When placed in this kind of predicament, I would first tell talk to my friend and see if he has knowledge of the drug use. If he does, I would give him a chance to fix it and get rid of the users. If it is shown that my friend is unconcerned or do not know the users I would call the department and have officers come by the location. When the officers arrive, for safety purposes, I would approach the users and identify myself. Place a statement and have them arrested. I would explain my reasons to my friend and if he does not understand then they are truly not a friend. It is...
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...Putting a Crack in Society Health Science 460 Section 1 Drug Use and Abuse Brother Yearsley Name: Date: Outline Thesis Statement: Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that has gratifying yet dangerous short term effects, and devastating long term effects. The problems related to cocaine abuse have an effect world wide; therefore it is a problem that society cannot ignore. I. From High Class to Skid Row II. History of Cocaine III. Why so Much Abuse IV. Short Term Effects A. Physical B. Psychological V. Long Term Effects A. Physical B. Psychological C. Social VI. Abuse Statistics VII. History Relived VIII. Summary I. From High Class to Skid Row- INTRODUCTION Today Cocaine and Crack can be found in almost every city and is used by people of all walks of life. During the 1970’s and mid 1980’s cocaine use was at its peak. It was the drug of choice for the rich and famous and was part of what some called a glamorous life the “Champagne of Drugs”. Around 1985 came the arrival of a new form of cocaine, called crack. This new smoke able form became the drug of choice on the street. Crack has more intense and faster effects than the traditional forms of cocaine use, which are primarily snorting and injecting. Crack which is cheaper to produce became accessible to people of all socioeconomic statuses. Cocaine in the form of crack is now...
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...Dimensions of Business Prof. Tonja Jordon 1. State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interests you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? Submit a copy of the proposed regulation along with your responses to these five questions. The proposed regulation can be submitted as either a separate Word document (.doc) or Adobe file (.pdf). This means you will submit two attachments to the Week 2 Dropbox: (1) a Word doc with the questions and your answers and (2) a copy of the proposed regulation you used for this assignment. (10 points) Food and Drug Administration – I love going to the beach to enjoy the sun, but burn easily and rely on sunscreen to protect me. This interests me because I burn very easily and this regulation will make going to the beach expensive. This will affect me directly as it will force me to see a doctor to obtain sufficient sunscreen protection at the beach instead of my local drug store. 2. Describe the proposal/change. (10 points) The proposal limits the maximum labeled SPF value for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products to 50 SPF. 3. Write the public comment which you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. (10 points) I am writing in regard to the fact...
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