...Part 1 By looking at the psychosocial theory of identity and social identity theory we realize that there is many similarities and differences in how they conceptualise identity. Both theories agree that identity has personal and social aspects. The most noticeable difference is that the psychosocial theory looks at how we achieve our individual identities, whereas Tajfel focuses on how we develop group identities (as cited in Phoenix, 2007, p. 62). Looking at each of the theorists’ biographies shows us how each person’s past has influenced their interests. Erikson’s interest is on core identity and lifelong development whereas the Tajfel’s main interest was on how prejudice is produced through group identity. The two theories have different research methods where Tafel uses an experimental research method to gain objectivity in contrast with Erikson seeking a subjective or insider viewpoint. As a result both theories gather different types of data. We then look at how differently our identities is said to develop in each theory and whether the theories view our identities are fixed or allow for change. Our identity is what makes us unique, it is understood to be our own theory of ourselves and it includes the characteristics and relationships we have with other people (as cited in Phoenix, 2007, p. 47). Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a psychoanalyst and defined identity as ‘a conscious sense of individual uniqueness, an unconscious striving for continuity and having solidarity...
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...Analyzing Erik Erikson Erik Erikson brought to the field of psychology a great insight development of person through ones lifespan with his well-known concepts, the Stages of psychosocial development, as well as his Identity crisis at each stage. For Erikson, his theories were influenced by his childhood and his obsession over his identity. It led to the development of his theories. Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. He never saw his birth father or his mother's first husband. His young Jewish mother raised Erik by herself for a time before marrying a physician, Dr. Theodor Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not in fact his biological father was held from him for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, he was left with a feeling of confusion about who he really was. This early experience helped spark his interest in the formation of identity.(Erik Erikson) In his stages of Psychosocial development, at the stage of Identity vs. Role confusion, Erikson stressed that this stage is important for the adolescent as he is transitioning to adulthood. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in. It is during this stage that the adolescent will re-examine his identity and try to find out exactly who he or she is. During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within society ("I don’t know what I want to be when I grow up")...
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...Erik Erikson Author’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course Details: Date of Submission: Erik Erikson Introduction Erik Erikson was a rare psychologist who created an eight-step model outlining the different steps in development psychology in the growth of an ordinary human being from birth to old age. His specific insights concerning human mental processes would affect the way people reacted to children and foment a deep interest in studies in human psychology. Though other psychologists have improved on Erikson’s initial findings, original findings retain a lot of significance. There is need to research and study Erikson’s work with particular interest in his explanation of the ‘adolescent stage’ Erikson’s Contribution Freud’s views about the nature and construction of the human personality significantly influenced Erik Erikson’s understanding of humanity. There was a considerable difference between the two men: whereas Erikson was an ego psychologist, Freud was an ID psychologist. Erikson stressed on the functions of society and culture and the divergences that can occur within the ego itself while Freud highlighted the conflict between the superego and ID. At all psychosexual phases, Erikson observed that the person grows in three levels concurrently: social, biological, and psychological, which represent the person, his or her connection to society, and individualism. His work was a lifetime representation of human development...
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...GLOSSARY: actualizing tendency (Rogers) Tendency within all people to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials. adolescence (Erikson) An important psychosocial stage when ego identity should be formed. Adolescence is characterized by puberty and the crisis of identity versus identity confusion. adulthood (Erikson) The stage from about ages 31 to 60 that is characterized by the psychosexual mode of procreativity and the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. aesthetic needs (Maslow) Needs for art, music, beauty, and the like. Although they may be related to the basic conative needs, aesthetic needs are a separate dimension aggression (Adler) Safeguarding tendencies that may include depreciation or accusation of others as well as self-accusation, all designed to protect exaggerated feelings of personal superiority by striking out against other people. anxiety A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by the physical sensation of uneasiness anxiety (Rogers) Feelings of uneasiness or tension with an unknown cause. basic anxiety (Maslow) Anxiety arising from inability to satisfy physiological and safety needs. care (Erikson) A commitment to take care of the people and things that one has learned to care for. client-centered therapy Approach to psychotherapy originated by Rogers, which is based on respect for the person’s capacity to grow within a nurturing climate. cognitive needs (Maslow) Needs for knowledge and understanding; related...
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...Intra And Inter-Personal Competencies ukessays.com /essays/psychology/intra-and-inter-personal-competencies-psychology-essay.php I have a classmate, Sammy. She is decided of having several problems among Intra- and InterPersonal Competencies. I have done a number of researches on the problems and they will be discussed in detail by further studies. The three main problems that Sammy may be suffered are low self-concept, negative thoughts and poor family relationship. Those problems will be proved by studies at the following. Content Low self-concept Low self-esteem One of the critical parts of self-concept is self-esteem. It indicates a positive or negative orientation (Rosenberg, 1979, p.14). Level of self-esteem affects performance at many different tasks (Coopersmith, 1967, cited in Argyle, n.d.). Studies have found a significant proportion between self-esteem and grade-point-average (Baker, and beer, 1991, p.15). Besides academic achievement, intrinsic motivation may be also related to self-esteem (Skaalvik, 1997, cited in Hanna, et. Al., 2000, p.15). In this case, Sammy had an unfavorable result in the public examination and she is lack of motivation. Low self esteem may regularly let us have a negative compare of us and others (Elliott, n.d.). Sammy always compare herself with peers and just focus on the part which advantageous to her. Therefore, she may be low self-esteem. Dealing with low self-esteem She could design an independent self-respect to others. Recognizing...
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...in estrogen. Annie’s Transformation The largest and distinct developmental transition in Annie’s body will be growth spurts. Throughout the time, this girl can develop in any place from 8 inches and 12 inches in stature, and it is healthy for consuming habits to move from consuming small servings to eating bigger meals. While Annie starts to eat more substantial portions, causing her body to begin to change physically. Several parts of her body will grow; she might also launch a menstrual cycle at that time. The hormones produced by her body will adjust as puberty starts; like sprouting pubic hair, and she might be unsure about these situations and in what way others see her. Erickson (1963) argued that the girl’s early awareness of identity comes to some degree “unglued” because a mix...
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... Cognitive Psychology | | | | 2) Philosophers who believe that truth can emerge from the careful use of reason are known as | A. Rationalists | | B. Nativists | | C. Dualists | | D. Empiricists | | | | 3) The most commonly used statistic in Psychology is | A. mean | | B. criteria | | C. mode | | D. range | | | | 4) In a topographical representation of the motor cortex, the homunculus is the largest area devoted to | A. the face | | B. the hands | | C. arms and legs | | D. the tongue | | | | 5) What theorist presents a hierarchy of needs and motivations? | A. Carl Jung | | B. Sigmund Freud | | C. Abraham Maslow | | D. B.F. Skinner | | | | 6) Consider the biological theories of aging. Which of the following best represent components of that theory? | A. Attachment Theory | | B. The Nun Theory | | C. Cellular Dial Theory | | D. Hormonal Stress Theory | | | | 7) In operant conditioning, which of the following is accurate? | A. Any response that is followed by reward tends to become extinct. | | B. Any response that is followed by punishment is likely to not be repeated. | | C. Any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated. | | D. Any response that is preceded by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated. | | | | 8) The child begins to initiate, not imitate activities; to develop a conscience; and to experience a sexual identity. The ______stage...
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...The Developmental Psychology of Erik Erikson Erik Erikson was a follower of Sigmund Freud who broke with his teacher over the fundamental point of what motivates or drives human behavior. For Freud it was biology or more specifically the biological instincts of life and aggression. For Erikson, who was not trained in biology and/or the medical sciences (unlike Freud and many of his contemporaries), the most important force driving human behavior and the development of personality was social interaction. Erikson left his native Germany in the 1930's and immigrated to America where he studied Native American traditions of human development and continued his work as a psychoanalyst. His developmental theory of the "Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development. Erikson's view is that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of "crises" that must be resolved. The individual is provided with a "sensitive period" in which to successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented. The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution. |Erikson's Theory of Socioemotional Development | |Stage |Age |Expected Resolution ...
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...Erikson’s theory of development to Lawrence Kohlberg’s model of moral development and analyze how these theories have affected my development from birth to adulthood. Last I will evaluate hoe factors can be explained within the context of gender differences and environmental, cultural, and ethnic influences. We all have different personality traits many are inborn temperament traits and others were learned based on our environment and the support we receive in growing up. Erikson became a leading figure in the psychosocial study of human growth and development, formulating nine stages, with a “conflict” or “crisis” to be resolved at each stage for healthy development to occur (Crandell, Crandell, Zanden, p. 39, 2009). Each stage builds on the preceding stages and the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage. As employed by Erikson (1968a, p. 286), a crisis is not “a threat of catastrophe but a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential.” More importantly he said, “remember that conflict and tension are sources of growth, strength, and commitment” (Erikson & Erikson, 1997) (Crandell, Crandell, Zanden, p. 39, 2009). Erikson first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust the developmental period is from birth to year. The task is to develop trust without completely eliminating the capacity for mistrust. If mom and dad can give the newborn a degree of familiarity, consistency, and continuity, then the...
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...Emerging Crisis: A Lecture about the Psychosocial Perspective of Personality I. Introduction Coon and Mitterer (2013) stated from their book that every life is marked by a number of developmental milestones. Those milestones are notable events, markers, or turning points that affect the development of a certain individual. Some examples of these include graduating from school, reaching your dreams, getting married, getting a job, becoming a parent, retirement, and one’s own death. One of the important things that a person needs to develop is his personality. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, personality is the set of qualities and behaviors that makes a person different from other people. From the definition, lots of questions arise. Some examples are “What makes them different from the other?”, “Why are they behaving like that?”, and “Who am I?” In order to answer those questions, Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development will help to understand the complexity of human personality. Erikson’s ‘psychosocial’ term is derived from two words – ‘psychological’ means mind and ‘social’ means external relationships (Chapman, 2013). According to Ramkumar (2002), Erik Erikson did most of his works during the 1930s to the 1950s as a psychologist. He was fascinated in child analysis. He was the student of Sigmund Freud and he was inspired by his works. From the article of Chapman (2013), Erikson’s psychosocial theory was drawn and was extended from the ideas of...
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...The sound of music! Blouse, skirt and a much more conservative hairstyle. According to J.Campbell (personal communication, June 20th 2013.) I would not only change my style of dress my attitude would adjust in relation to whatever dress sense I choose. For example I would ouite often have an attitude of ignorance and staunchness to match my 'gangsta' look, whereas I tended to be a whole new person when dressed like Julie Andrews, behaving alit more conservative and polite. I simply asked my self regularly, " who am I?", "where do i fit in?" And "where will I end up?". This personal observation relates to Erik Eriksons concept of Identity crisis, in adolescence. A concept that relates to Erik Eriksons, fifth stage of psychosocial development. The stage of psychosocial development in which identity crisis may occur is called, Identity versus Role Confusion. This life stage takes place between the ages of eleven and eighteen. During adolescence, we are faced...
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...Social orientation is the recognition of human psychology and behavior. The emphasis on human thought, emotion, and behavior was to represent the thought, emotion, and behavior of members of a social group. Thomas Hobbes declared that the social groups are nothing more than a collection of individuals and that of social thought, emotion, and behavior, governed by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Greenwood, 2009). Cognitive psychology represents the distinction amongst the human mind and a computer that suggest that humans have the ability to process information from around the world just as computer. Cognitive psychology is not old but the newest part of psychology where the information we receive through our senses is then administered through the brain. Cognitive psychologists try to develop explanations of cognitive development, memory, attention, artificial intelligence, perception, and social cognition. The laboratory methods used to determine the outcome of a controlled circumstance are memory test and research studies. During the early 21st century, it appears that experimental psychology is healthy and growing; likewise the crisis in theories and progress is of discern. At this time there is not a crisis in psychology, nevertheless psychology can be described as an interregnum period, with much activity and no major leading directions or theoretical commitments (Mandler, 2011). The first crisis shown in psychology was seen in 1899. There was an argument of...
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...Crisis Issues Facing Transsexuals During Transitioning For the transsexual population, the period of transitioning from male-to-female or female-to-male and re-emerging as the gender you have always identified with vs. your biological gender presents as a major crisis. Transsexual people suffer from a lifelong conflict diagnosed as gender identity disorder (GID) or gender dysphoria, in that they do not feel that their sexual identity matches their assigned gender. Many transsexuals demonstrate traits and behaviours opposite of their biological sex. Society may view the transsexual individual as someone who is changing their sex, where the transsexual individual sees it as “correcting” their gender to match their identity. Transsexual men and women want to be able to blend in with other people of their new sex, but may not choose to reveal their past, in an effort to blend in as a male or female and avoid the stress and stigma of being identified as a transsexual. Within the transgender/transsexual community this practice of nondisclosure is known as stealth and is seen as an individual choice that the person must make, while outsiders of the transgender/transsexual community view this behavior as being dishonest because they feel that a person should be honest about his or her past. The fear of rejection and the loss of respect and trust are major factors. Deep stealth is sometimes used for those that have completely isolated themselves from their past, their birth families...
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...Social Networking: A Problem for Adolescents Dillon Hackworth Sociology 1010 P06 November 15, 2011 Abstract The impact of internet communication on adolescent social development is of considerable importance to health professionals, parents, and teachers. Online social networking and instant message applications, such as those found on Facebook, are very popular amongst an era of high-tech youth (Campbell 2011). These utilities facilitate communication for teenagers. Although these methods provide many different ways to communicate with each other, they also have real repercussions that spark questions about the social “improvement’s” validity. Acceptable social interaction is now popularly reflected online as a direct result of growing internet access, especially in the adolescent youth. Online Social Networks are regularly revamping the nature of relationships between peers. The internet has begun to take on a role of, not only an information tool, but as a place where teenage adolescents can offer and receive support. Likewise the internet can also be a completely anonymous place where someone could never know whom someone is having a conversation with. Keywords: Adolescent social development, online social networking, social interaction With the acceptance and use of any technology, there is an array of affairs that affect how social networking sites are used on a distinct adolescent level, as well as group tendencies that come into play. Adolescent’s...
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...The Meaning of Identity: A Brief History The term identity as the dictionary defines it today is almost as new as the sciences devoted to studying it. The definition of the word identity has undergone several transformations since it was first used by European philosophers emerging from the Dark Ages. It wouldn’t be until 1950 that the word would undergo its final stage, the one seen used in psychology textbooks across the world. Erik Erikson’s eight stages of the life cycle gave us its modern meaning. The way the term identity has been used by philosophers in the past has given it definite significance and seriousness. Despite this, its use in relation to the individuality of a person was very casual and lacked depth. Only recently has the term identity come to represent an analytical psychological concept (Gleason, 1983). Before modern social sciences evolved, the term identity was associated with philosophical thought and the ever-present questions about the mind-body connection and the nature of self. The root of the word identity is Latin in origin. The word is “idem” and it means “the same.” The word identity has been found in philosophical texts going back to 1690 with John Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (Gleason, 1983). The term seemed to be used only to describe “self” as the philosophers viewed it. The definition of identity that we have today did not come about until much later and when it did it gave much insight into issues that...
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