...COMMUNAL JUSTICE IN IGBO LAND: AN APPRAISAL INTRODUCTION There is in every society or community a conscious effort to maintain peace, and preserve mutual respect of individual’s goods, rights, and properties through gradual inculcation of rationally derived principles, ethical norms and trends. In the main, these principles seem to be borne out of the day-to-day experiences arising from human encounter and interactions. Often they are formulated in succinct formulas to instill discipline, and promote mutual relationship among the individuals in the society. In other words, both the ethical norms and principles are the fruits of man’s daily reflections concerning what is conducive for human welfare. They are veritable instruments at the service of the society as a whole. Since man is at the centre of every community, traditional or modern, he is ipso facto, an undeniable formulator of moral principles and norms. He uses his welfare, and a sense of common good as a moral standard of justice. In other words, whatever promotes the common good, and individuals’ welfare is considered “good” and “just”, and whatever does not, is seen as evil. It is from this perspective that this paper seeks to demonstrate, articulate and appraise the Igbo concept of justice (Ofo), which is more or less a communal justice. The interest of this write-up is limited on the idea of justice practice in the Igbo land and it efficacy before the advent of colonialism, which will be introduced with a definition...
Words: 3920 - Pages: 16
...told me, ‘Always aim to be the best, because then you will be the best’. This analogy was all I thought about while trying new things and keeping me motivated to keep doing it. Malcolm X’s motivation came from his desire to to learn. In “Homemade Education”, Malcolm X addresses his educational development through his “prison studies” (68). By simply getting a hold of a dictionary, he accomplished his goals of improving his penmanship, vocabulary and his education overall. He values education as he states before he not only “wasn't articulate” but also not “functional” (68). Malcolm X’s strategy to learn consisted of a dictionary; which he described it as a “miniature encyclopedia” (68). Malcolm X viewed education as a cure to humans, like “intellectual vitamins”(68). Education is a set of skills that one may learn through different resources, but the most important thing is having the motivation to learn and improve your own self. Malcolm X is the epitome of a motivational leader that used his limitations to his benefit of expanding his knowledge while in prison, with limited resources like a simple dictionary. Malcolm X had the motivation within himself and took those experiences and accomplishments to making a change and taking action upon things he cared about, which is something we must all think about in our life time, making a change. “I’ve never been one for inaction” (67) these are the first words Malcolm X uses to begin his Homemade Education Essay, he describes his...
Words: 1027 - Pages: 5
...2011 Cultural Diversity Issues in Criminal Justice CJA/344 Discrimination and Disparity Discrimination exists in today’s society whether it is acknowledged or not; it is becoming more common and more accepted every day. It is happening everywhere, schools, churches, government, and even within the criminal justice system. Often times, disparity is a product of discrimination or vice versa. The following essay will discuss discrimination and disparities that exist within the criminal justice system as well as a contrast and comparison of the two terms. The definition of disparity is the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference (free dictionary, 2009). Disparities can also exist in gender, income, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity. When relating to the criminal justice system, disparities exist in police departments, correctional facilities and in court procedures. In law enforcement, disparities are everywhere from hiring practices, promotional opportunities, and police response. For example, a 2009 article about racial bias in law enforcement stated that Blacks and whites engage in drug offenses at about the same rate. The article continued to say: “Since there are six-and-a-half times as many whites in this country, you would think there would be then proportionally six-and-a-half times as many whites being arrested on drug charges. But that’s not the case, because...
Words: 801 - Pages: 4
...home and his wife, Minnie Wright is the suspected murderer. The following morning, the County Attorney, the Sheriff Peters and his wife, and The Wright’s neighbor, Lewis Hale and his wife visit the house to look for evidence. The men tell the women to stay in the kitchen to keep out of the way. Little to the men know the answer to their questions is in the kitchen and Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale discover the clues and solve the crime. However, the two women decide not to tell the men in order to protect Minnie. The question that comes to mind is: “Was the decision made by Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale right? Was it just?” The answer to the question is that it was not right, nor was it just. Is there a difference? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the word “just” as acting or being in conformity with what is morally upright and good. They also define the word “right” as being in accordance with what is just, good, or proper. The two definitions coincide with each other perfectly. Especially considering the fact that one of the two words is in the other’s definition. Therefore, there is no difference between the two words. They have the same meanings. What Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale decide to do at the end of the play is morally wrong. Before the three men leave the kitchen for the upstairs bedroom, the County Attorney says to Mrs. Peters, “…and keep an eye out for anything that might be of use to us.” She responds, “Yes, Mr. Henderson.” When you consider the fact...
Words: 845 - Pages: 4
...IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETING AND SAVING Importance of Budgeting and Saving Andrea N. Kirkwood GEN/200 22 March 2010 Mr. Otis Langford IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETING AND SAVING Importance of Budgeting and Saving Do you find yourself living from paycheck to paycheck, unable to pay your bills, struggling financially? If so, you are amongst the millions of people who suffer from these same issues everyday. One of the best ways for you to get on financial track is to establish a budget. What is a budget you ask? As defined by Merriam-Webster, a budget is “a plan for the coordination of resources and expenditures” or “the amount of money that is available for, required for, or assigned to a particular purpose” (Merriam-Webster). A budget will help you realize your true income, assess your debt, see how your money is really being spent, and should help you save on some of your unnecessary spending. Budgeting is one of the most important factors when it comes to financial stability. A budget is a precise way to help you live within your means and get your finances under control. Making an individual or a family budget will assist you in your planning when it comes to saving for the education expenses of you or your children, maintaining an emergency fund, planning vacations, buying a home and numerous other unexpected events that life may throw your way. IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETING AND SAVING Creating a budget should be a very simple process. You...
Words: 880 - Pages: 4
...find the meanings of the words as they are used in each sentence. Type the dictionary meanings in the appropriate spaces provided. 1. When he heard the sound of the gun, George winced. Hazel could tell the noise bothered him. Based on context clues, record your best guess of the meaning of the word wince: In this sentence wince could mean George became frightened or tensed towards the noise. 2. importunities – Insistent solicitation and entreaty. Now, record the dictionary meaning of the word wince as it is used in the above sentence: Wince means to draw back or tense body as from pain. 2. When Harrison ripped the doors from the hinges, screams and barking cries of consternation could be heard everywhere. People ran around in confusion and fear. Based on context clues, record your best guess of the meaning of the word consternation: In this sentence consternation could be he was in shock. Now, record the dictionary meaning of the word consternation as it is used in the above sentence: Consternation means a sudden alarming amazement that results in utter confusion. 3. The owners seemed to be full of avarice, but the poor workers needed generosity. Based on context clues, record your best guess of the meaning of the word avarice: In this sentence the word avarice could mean the full of needing something bad. Now, record the dictionary meaning of the word avarice as it is used in the above sentence: Avarice means...
Words: 886 - Pages: 4
...Briefly describe what is meant by two of the following: • Rules of Language • External aids • Internal aids [10] Rules of language are also known as subsidiary rules and there are 3 rules. The first rule is the ejusdem generis rule literally means of the same kind. So general words that follow specific words in a list are limited to the same type as the specific ones. An example of this is if an Act uses the phrase 'Cats, Dogs and other animals' the 'other animals' would include other domestic animals but not wild animals. Examples in cases: RE Stockport Ragged, Industrial and Reformatory Schools (1898), the phrase 'cathedral, collegiate, chapter and other schools' , court decided that 'other schools' had to be limited to schools of the same kind in those list, which were all church schools. Powell v Kempton Park Racecourse (1899) The Betting Act 1853 made it an offence to keep a house, office, room or other place for the purposes of betting, however 'other place' could not include open-air betting becuse the places specified in the list were all indoors. Gregory v Fearn, it was found that no tradesman, artificer, workman, labourer or other person whatsoever shall work on a Sunday, did not apply to estate agents. The second rule is expresio unius est exclusio alterius, this literally means the mention of one thing excludes the...
Words: 600 - Pages: 3
...d A family business is any kind of business which is entirely owned by the members of a single family. A family business is passed on from generations to generations without any requirements among the family members which create unity among the family. Regarding the first question asked, “Should Charlie be chosen as the next president of Adams Funeral Homes? Why or why not? And if the meeting should be scheduled for the following Thursday”, the next paragraph will answered and elaborated more based on the case given. Charlie is Robert’s son who apparently is the equal owner together with Rick of the family business known as Adams Funeral Home. He is also Rick’s nephew and a potential fourth generation successor. In my opinion I would suggest that Charlie should be chosen as the next president of Adams funeral Home. The reasons why I say this are as follows; Charlie is experienced and educated. Having an experienced working can be a help businesses attain their goals. At the age of seven years old, he started working alongside his grandfather in the family business and when he was at the age of eleven or twelve years old he had been regularly helping his father running the family business. Charlie is also educated, the fourth generation member attended Georgia State University and graduated in the year 1999, later on he joined a mortuary school for a year and after completion he joined the family business. Furthermore, Charlie is very excited to join his family business and...
Words: 614 - Pages: 3
...YEAR | | | | | DATE | | Raw Score | Percentage | Rate | For numbers 1-49, read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTERS of your answers on the spaces provided in your answer sheet. For numbers 1-49, read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTERS of your answers on the spaces provided in your answer sheet. GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Write all your answers on the ANSWER SHEET provided. GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully. Write all your answers on the ANSWER SHEET provided. 1-14 knowledge 1. learning style 2. scheduling 3. managing time 4. DDCS, LCCS 5. DDCS, LCCS 6. using the dictionary 7. using library resources 8. using library resources 9. taking notes 10. using library resources 11. using library resources 12. using library resources 13. using library resources 14. using library resources 15-49 comprehension 15. organizing and planning 16. organizing and planning 17. organizing and planning 18. learning style 19. scheduling 20. scheduling 21. scheduling 22. 10 Ps/5 Qs 23. 10 Ps/5...
Words: 326 - Pages: 2
...Term Paper The novel ‘joys of motherhood’ has brought different questions to light, with its clever plot of flash back on flash back and the clear illustration of themes and morals in the novel. The novel is said to be the best of the author, Buchi Emecheta’s collection. Nnu ego, the main character of the novel shows us the unfamiliar side where the relationship of females to motherhood, and how our cultural norms provide basics for judgement by humans. The novel rejects the feminist codes normally associated with motherhood. In the world we live in, we come across different societal cultures and norms, in this very essay we discuss the negative aspects of women adhering to societal norms and how women all round the world are likely to end up like Nnu Ego. Nigeria is a larger country with different cultures where some believe the first born child must be a girl, while others also believe in sending off their female children as soon as their ready for marriage. Such actives have been responsible for many societal problems faced in Nigeria. The novel by Buchi Emecheta shows us the violence that our culture causes makes people to develop some kind of violence against people who do not follow cultural norms, a good example was when it was time for Agunwa to be buried, Nwokocha Agbadis eldest wife who is said to have died due to the unpleasant scene of her husband and Ona. It’s a culture in their land that the personal slaves of Agunwa be buried with her as she will need them...
Words: 2021 - Pages: 9
...Neeraj Periwal Mrs. Grube AM June 7, 2004 Frindle Have you ever thought of inventing your own word and have it emerge as an absolute sensation? In Frindle, a magnificent book by renowned author Andrew Clements, a young boy named Nicholas Allen is faced with a language-arts teacher who practically worships the dictionary. But it doesn’t stop there. From making students learn a new word out of the dictionary every day to making you do an oral report on the origin of English, Mrs. Granger tries hard to apply the dictionary into the lives of all the children she teaches. Mrs. Granger’s love of this everyday language fascinates Nick and he proceeds to make up his own word: frindle. Who says you can’t make up a word? Sure, a pen is named after the Latin pinna, but where did pinna come from, anyway? Nick was a curious boy with an extravagant idea. “Frindle” spreads quickly. Almost immediately after the new word infects the school, Mrs. Granger, infuriated with the spread of the word, keeps students who say “frindle” after school and causes uproar throughout the community. Now, “frindle” spreads even more, and even Nick is surprised as the new word dominates the whole country. From San Fran to Times Square, Nick’s new word is being put in everyone’s vocabulary. Nick just watches (and enjoys) as money piles up into his bank account from wild sales of T-Shirts, hats, frindles, and who-knows-what all based on Nick’s word. Nick is on TV, in magazines, and...
Words: 349 - Pages: 2
...Lack of self-discipline Geronimo Moreno CSS101, Psychology of Motivation Mr. Allred 11/12/2012 Lack of self-discipline A lack of self-discipline can be problematic to one’s education and career. However, most people don’t understand the true meaning of self-discipline. Therefore I will write this essay to paint a clear picture of what self-discipline is, and what measures one can take in having a lot more self-discipline. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines self-discipline as; correction or regulation of oneself for the sake of improvement. Self-discipline is basically taking control of one’s conduct, usually for personal improvement. The reason a lack of self-discipline can be problematic to one’s education is because, instead of completing a required task you would rather be doing something else that is more enjoyable. For example, studying for exams or playing video games, finishing up a particular report or meeting with your friends, and exercising at the gym or watching television at home. Self-discipline is also similar to ‘self-control’ because you are basically controlling yourself to do something you don’t want to do. To become self-disciplined one must learn how to become the ‘disciple’ of themselves. To become a ‘disciple’ of your-self means to become responsible for your thoughts, actions, and maintaining self-control in doing so. A lack of self-discipline can be problematic to one’s career because, with absent leadership or bad perceptions...
Words: 509 - Pages: 3
...Running Header: Organization Behavior Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Tina Gregory University of Phoenix Victoria James, SPHR Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Everyday we are faced with several obstacles within our working environments. Some of those obstacles include the culture of the organization, behavior or the organization, the diversity within the organization (or lack of), and the communication on receives within their organization. We are continually looking for ways to improve these areas and be able to co-exist with one another when faced with different opinion on what each area should represent in ones organization. I will be explaining the meaning of each of the different obstacles that I have outlined above and how they relate to one another or within the organization that I work for. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is recently a new concept. Asim Khan defined organizational culture as being a set of operating principles that determine how people behave within the context of the company.1 Some say that an organizations culture is what is going to make a true organization. Many organizations have their own cultures and no two organizational cultures are the same. Organizational culture includes two survival issues for an organization; external adaptation and internal integration. External adaptation deals with people that are not within the organization and reaching the set goals the organization has....
Words: 1100 - Pages: 5
...Propaganda by Edward Bernays Book Review “We are governed, our minds molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society” stated Bernays (p.37). Whether I believe this statement of organized propaganda to be true or not, I do accept that our society today is influenced on a daily basis through all facets of media and leadership through manipulation (both ethical and unethical). The main point Edward Bernays effectively brings to our attention is that fact that propaganda is an evolving code of ethics and practice and invisible leaders control the public mind and how it is influenced by the leaders “who seek to create public acceptance for a particular idea or commodity” (p. 44-45). Edward Bernays provides the reader with many subject topics, in particular business and political leadership, to support his arguments. He makes clear points and provides countless examples how businesses understand the valuable uses of propaganda to promote ideas and products while politicians have a hard time recognizing what the public wants and the valuable use of “dramatic” propaganda in order to connect to the audience. The politician, according to Bernays, should determine his objectives, clearly promote his objectives to the public, follow a strict budget...
Words: 686 - Pages: 3
...Honor and Courage Persevere The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by John Gardner, is set in the Middle Ages. This was a time in history when people focused on the values and ideals of the Code of Chivalry, a code of honor intended to govern knightly behavior. As Arthur and his knights get together to feast and celebrate Christmas and the new year their festivities were interrupted by a man of green who wandered about searching for adventure so that he can disprove his chivalry. The two values that are most clearly stated in the poem are courage and honor. It will become clear by the actions of the characters that courage and honor is shown in several different areas of the poem. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, courage is defined as “mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty.” Courage can be shown in a variety of ways. In this particular instance the Green Knight challenged King Arthur or any of the knights of the roundtable to take his ax and hit his bare neck. He said to them, “And I will stand still for your stroke, steady on the floor, / provided you honor my right, when my inning comes, / to repay” (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 213). Clearly, the Green Knight shows a tremendous amount of courage, knowing the danger that it is going to befall him if one of the knights takes up the ax to his neck. Sir Gawain is another instance where courage was lost and then found. After a year, Gawain met...
Words: 763 - Pages: 4
