...Sensitive parenting is the most important factor in a child’s psychological development – discuss This essay will explore the concept of sensitive parenting and will look at how the dynamic interactions between parent and child inform Attachment Theory a model which measures child development. This model, pioneered by Bowlby is posited within the principles of a psychoanalytic and biological perspective (Bee, H.L., 2000). Child attachment can be classified into two main types, secure and insecure, by using a standard laboratory assessment known as the “Strange Situation” developed by Ainsworth, insecure attachment was divided further into sub groups, ambivalent and avoidant (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005). Whilst discussing attachment theory which utilises the concept of an internal working model other approaches in terms of understanding how parenting affects child development will be explored. Theoretical positions such as social learning theory which lies heavily on behaviourist principles will be looked at, parenting styles where patterns of parenting will be discussed and inter-generational transmission which serves to perpetuate society’s inequalities and disadvantages with negative connotations for a child’s psychological development (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005). “Disturbed” and “Disturbing Behaviour” will also be explored. The medical model and social model perspectives challenge the understanding in terms of attributing cause of problem behaviour to either...
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...From the moment we are born we are reliant on others for our survival. The attachment patterns established in infancy affect how we as humans perceive ourselves, interact with those around us and live in our world. Infants who experience confusing, frightening or broken emotional communications during infancy often grow into adolescents and later, adults who have trouble understanding their own emotions and those of others and have difficulty building and maintaining relationships and leading successful lives. Infant Attachment as defined in our textbook, is the close emotional bond between an infant and its primary caregiver. According to John Bowlby (1969,1989 as cited in King), in his theory of attachment, the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment, he believed that infants are biologically pre programmed to form these attachments, that an infant’s attachment behaviors are instinctive and will be activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such a separation, insecurity and fear. The way Bowlby saw it; infants are born with an instinct to survive. They signal their needs to their caregiver by crying, clinging, searching. The responsiveness of the caregiver determines whether the infant feels loved, secure, and confidant. The way in which the caregiver reacts, also determines what type of attachment the infant will develop. Bowlby thought that our early relationships with our caregivers serve as our schemas for...
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...Richard Russo’s memoir, Elsewhere, provides a son’s narration of a lifetime of adventures and tribulations with his mother, Jean. The piece also provides an ideal case study of development, experiences, challenges, and transitions across the adult phases of the human lifespan, thereby allowing for an application and analysis of adult psychology theories and concepts that are commonly presented in more objective and less narrative works. First, attention will be paid to the roles and relationships that Richard and Jean Russo establish throughout their lives. Then, cognitive aging and decline will be discussed in relation to Jean’s physical and mental health and her dementia. Richard’s role as Jean’s primary caregiver will be studied through...
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...where a parent or caregiver is either unable or unwilling to provide the care, love and attention required for healthy child development. Neglect as a child affects the development of an individual in various ways. It decreases levels of academic performance, increases the likelihood of drug and alcohol abuse and influences forms of anti-social behaviour. Harm Comes in Many Forms Most human brain growth occurs during the first six years of a person’s life. Extending through early childhood, there are many factors which are relevant to brain development. High levels of nutrition, appropriate stimulation and attention, and emotional support all contribute to healthy brain growth, maximize its productivity and prepare the mind for future learning capability (Loughan, 2012). However, many aspects of a child’s environment can affect maximum brain functioning. A significant and negative environmental factor is neglect. As children enter and progress through school, the ones living in poor families tend to academically perform worse (Loughan, 2012). It is found that children with a history of neglect demonstrate lower cognitive and language scores, behavioural deficits and neurodevelopmental problems (Brady, 2012). Child neglect has been associated with a failure of the brain to form properly, which can lead to impaired physical, mental, and emotional development. The brain of a child who has been maltreated may develop in such a way that it is adaptive for the child's negative...
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...Two Case Studies from “The Life Span – Human Development for Helping Professionals” by Patricia C. Broderick and Pamela Blewitt July 12th, 2009 by David Kronemyer · No Comments The following two case studies are based on the book The Life Span – Human Development for Helping Professionals (2006, 2nd ed.) by Patriia C. Broderick and Pamela Blewitt. There also are occasional references to The Six Stages of Parenthood by Ellen Galinsky. Case Study # 1 – Chapter 4 – p. 142 Synopsis of the Case Study The case study illustrates the travails of teen pregnancy and its impact on family dynamics. It is eerily prescient of the recent contretemps involving Sarah Palin, the (former) governor of Alaska; her daughter Bristol; Bristol’s child, Tripp; and Tripp’s father, Levi Johnston. Teen pregnancy is a serious problem. A recent study shows that after improvement in the 1990s and early 2000s positive sexual behavioral change related to teen pregnancy has stalled or even reversed. Recent behavioral trends portend stagnant or even rising teen birth and pregnancy rates through 2008, Santelli, J., Lindberg, L., Dias, D. & Orr, M. (2009), “Changing Behavior Risk for Teen Pregnancy in the United States, 1991 – 2007.” J. Adolescent Health, 44(2), S44 – S49. Simultaneously Federal, state and local governments spend hundreds of millions of dollars on abstinence programs that require highly specific characteristics in order to contribute to the reduction of its incidence, Kirby, D. & Laris...
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...Parental Substance Misuse: An Exploration of the Impact of Substance Abuse on Children 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background and Problem Definition It is beyond debаte thаt the use or misuse of substаnce hаs severe impаct on the well being of children. The term substаnce refers to both the illicit аnd non illicit forms of drugs. The use of substаnce by а pаrent becomes misuse when the pаrent in question uses it to the level where the usаge becomes hаzаrdous for both the behаviour аnd heаlth of the pаrent аs well аs the life of the children involved. The hаrmful behаviour in the pаrent hinders the pаrent’s аbility to tаke good cаre of their children which is the children’s fundаmentаl right (Forrester 2011, p. 4). The pаrentаl substаnce misuse hаs physicаl, behаviourаl, sociаl аnd emotionаl or mentаl consequences for the children. Parental substance Misuse is a major issue that has captured the attention of social worker and professional as well as policy makers with regard to wellbeing and needs of a child (Murphy & Harbin, 2003, p.354). The National Treatment Agency (2012, p.3) notes that over 50% of the total adults undergoing drug treatment in 2012 were parents of which a third (66,193) were living with children under the age of 18. Out of these, those who live with their children are 40,852 while those who live with children who are not theirs are 25,341. While not all parents with substance misuse problems harm their children, past research evidence has indicated...
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...CYPOP1: 3.1. The system of a key worker in the setting is based on the principles of the attachment theory. The key person responds sensitively to the child’s demands and regularly engages in playful interactions. The child will become fond of their key person, and will prefer to be with them other than other practitioners, and will often refuse to go with any other practitioners. The key person has a big impact on all areas of a child’s wellbeing, learning and development. For babies and young people to feel happy, settled and secure, they need to make an emotional attachment with other adults to care for them when their parents aren’t there, such as practitioners. When adults spend extended periods of time with children, by interacting with...
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...A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY YEARS PROVISION ON YOUNG CHILDREN, WITH EMPHASIS GIVEN TO CHILDREN FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS Edward C. Melhuish Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues Birkbeck, University of London Prepared for the National Audit Office The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the National Audit Office. Address of author Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues 7 Bedford Square London WC1B 3RA Email: e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 1.1. The context of childcare research 1.2 Types of childcare and pre-school provision 1.3 Evidence on developmental effects 1.4 Structure of report 7 7 8 10 10 2. Childcare as intervention 2.1 Research methodology 2.2 Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) 2.2.1 Ypsilanti/High Scope/Perry Pre-school Study 2.2.2 Abecedarian Project 2.2.3 Project CARE 2.2.4 Milwaukee Project 2.2.5 Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) 2.2.6 Early Head Start (EHS) 2.2.7 Hackney study Table 1: Summary of Randomised Control Trials of Interventions 2.3 Quasi-experimental Studies 2.3.1 Head Start 2.3.2 Chicago Child – Parent Center Program 2.3.3 Syracuse Study 2.3.4 Brookline Early Education Project 2.3.5 Diverse State-based programmes in the US 2.3.6 Meta-analyses and reviews Table 2: Summary of Quasi-experimental Evaluations of Interventions 2.3.7 Summary...
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...Attachment, in dictionary terms, means affection, fondness, or sympathy for someone or something. In psychotherapy, attachment theory refers to how those attachments impact human interpersonal relations. Attachment theory was first conceptualised by John Bowlby, a psychoanalyst who dedicated his time to studying the affectional bonds which form between a child and his primary caregiver. In Segal and Jaffe (2013), the affectional bond is simply but realistically defined as one's first love relationship. Bowlby referred to attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. This bond is initially formed by the first attachment figure a person comes across in life. This is in most cases is the mother. In other situations, it may be a father, or where a child is orphaned or put in foster care, it could vary. It refers to anyone who remains in a central role in a child's life for at least the first three to five years. This period is crucial because it is when a child's brain rapidly develops. Bowlby (1984) says that attachment behaviour is most active and overt before the age of three but the need for attachment figures remains throughout life. Bretherton (1985) found that after three, it is less frequent and noticeable as the child gains increased abilities to protect itself and coping skills. Attachment behaviour is however more noticeable during times of exceptional stress. According to Segal and Jaffe (2013), an attachment bond shapes an infant's brain...
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...components influence the overall development of children. It is not simply the society in which each child is born and lives but certain and identifiable parts of the society. Although every aspect of child development involves genetics, environmental factors contribute significantly in the personality development of children. Subcultures of race/ethnicity, economic status, faiths/religion, and locality/region, in addition to particular groups such as friends and family distinctly affect each child. Throughout the lifespan, people constantly confront new or varying situations—both individual and societal—and need to understand how to adjust to these conditions. The most significant time of acculturation occurs during infancy and childhood, which establishes the foundation of every child’s future personality. However, whether one becomes an extrovert or introvert, a genius or average, enthusiastic or passive is contingent upon many unique effects and is not easy to foresee when a child is first born. Familial, associative, academic, and communal influence impacts one’s worldview—how one reasons, socializes and develops a sense of self. This research examines environmental influences—such as parenting styles and attachment; social economic status and parent stability; sibling positions and relations; neighborhood and peer groups, including school and mass media—on the personality development of children. The Role of the Environment in Personality Development of Children Personality...
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...Direct Contact and its impact on challenges facing adopted children: A Literature Review. Table of content: 1) Abstract …………………………………………..3 2) Introduction and research question ………... 3 3) Methodology and Method……………………... 8 4) Key Findings……………………………………... 16 5) Analysis and Discussion………………………. 25 6) Limitations………………………………………... 28 7) Conclusion and recommendation…………….. 29 8) Bibliography………………………………………. 30 1) Abstract This literature review explores the concept of direct contact, and what impact it has on the challenges that face adopted children. It begins by discussing adoption, contact and the meaning of these concepts. The key findings are then analysed and discussed in correlation to social work practice. From the literature analysed it would seem that direct contact has a positive impact on the challenges facing adopted children. These include, identity development,attachment development and reduced feelings of loss. Recommendation for future practice and research; although there is much to be learnt from research that has been carried out to date, simple formulas and rules cannot be applied; decisions made around contact require case by case assessment of the risks and benefits. Furthermore, long...
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...Lifespan Development Name Institution Course Date Lifespan Development Lifespan development is a wide field in the field of psychology. It all began with Darwin, who, in his quest to understand evolution, began to study the topic. In simple terms, lifespan development refers to a process, usually beginning from conception and ending when an organism dies. The process occurs methodologically and is as a result of the change that occurs with increasing age. Although the lifespan development may look simple, it is quite complex and involves different developmental stages. According to Baltes, (1996), the entire life cycle has four eras. These eras, he says, take an approximate time of 20-25 years. Levinson goes further to identify the developmental periods as childhood and adolescence, early childhood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. At this point in time, it is formal to simplify various terminologies that relation to human development. This is because they will feature constantly in the preceding sections. First and foremost is development. This is simply a change characterized by movement from one state to another. Usually, development leads to transitions. Development, as will be used in this paper, will refer to growth, and progression through certain stages, commonly termed as “maturity.” Another term of significance is stage. This refers to sections that differentiate the various phases of growth. The phases involve...
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...A REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT AT CORPORATIVE INSURANCE COMPANY UNIVERSITY OF ELDORET SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANGEMENT SCIENCE PRESENTED BY KENNEDY OCHIENG` OBIERO REG. NO: BBU/008/2011 September, 2014 CIC Insurance Group Acknowledgement This attachment was possible thanks to the cooperation and support of a number of people, who have enabled me gain much more than what the scholastic or industrial aspects of the program could have given. I am grateful to them all, and would like to express my appreciation to the following people: Mr. Joel Ochieng`, my Industrial Attachment supervisor in CIC, for sharing enthusiastically with me his experiences in insurance. I am sincerely indebted to him for supporting and assisting me thus contributing to the success of this industrial attachment. ................., the school supervisor from the University of Eldoret, who has helped in coordinating with the administration stuffs and provide valuable assistance in my logbook and report writing. I wish to thank the Almighty God for seeing me through all circumstances during the course of my study. Let his holy name be glorified. More thanks go to my group mates for their constructive criticism that enriched my way of thinking. Table of content Summary of the report Life insurance is an important aspect of the social-economic development of the society. It helps to safeguard the future while also ensure some savings that can be used in a later date. Despite...
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...Impacts of Domestic Violence on Children. Lillian Tejada SUNY Oswego Rhonda Mandel October 1, 2015 Interrogating the Impacts of Domestic Violence on Children. Most of the social, economic, emotional, and psychological problems people face stem from their childhood. These problems are fruits of domestic violence. But what is domestic violence? Primarily, Domestic violence is any act that amounts to violence in a family setting. A child can be exposed to domestic violence through witnessing parents' fights, being subjected to such violence or being neglected to face the world and fight serious life problems single handedly. Domestic violence has recently become an epidemic. A report from the South Carolina Coalition Against Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault (SCCADVASA) showed that in the United States of America, about ten percent of children have experienced domestic violence. Another study from the same organization showed that one in every four women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime. It seems men are the key perpetrators of domestic violence. This act of inhumanity sometimes reaches escalated levels. A renowned researcher found that one thousand and six hundred women die each year in South Carolina from wounds incurred from injuries during altercations with their partners. This is evidence that domestic violence has developed in modern families and is spreading rapidly (Banks, Hazen, Coben, Wang, & Griffith, 2009). Disputes and violence...
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...------------------------------------------------- Course Syllabus AAGI0MZ6M0 Child Development Course Start Date: 12/04/2012 Course End Date: 02/24/2013 Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright ©2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix© is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft©, Windows©, and Windows NT© are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix© editorial standards and practices. Facilitator Information Stephanie Jacobs Holder swjacobs@email.phoenix.edu (University of Phoenix) Bailiquinc@aol.com (Personal) 602-738-2059 (MST) Facilitator Availability I am available from 9 a.m.-9 p.m. Central Time on most days, but I attempt to reserve Sunday for my family. During the week, I am online most of the time during that 9 a.m.-9 p.m. time frame. On Saturdays, I tend to be...
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