...Europeans colonial period indirect rule and direct rule, it has led to growth of capitalism which changes the face of South East Asia. This urbanization, the western economic activities such as cash crop production in South East Asia has attracted more people to migrate because of the opportunities for improving their standard of living, Job employment for example in Burma which was suitable for agriculture, the Burmese migrated to Burma Delta to work in the padi plantation, In Vietnam, the southern Vietnamese migrated to Mekong Delta which was suitable for agriculture. These migrations had led to plural society in within a country due to large number of immigrants coming to Southeast Asia countries, Burma for example Indians migrated to Burma to improve their standard of living as because of their home country (India) had suffered from British direct rule and over population by working in Burma delta basin to work in rice plantation,1852-1937 2.6 million Indians migrated to Burma. The Urbanization also made improvement in the communication in which railways were built, In 1904 Malaya there were 4.8 million travelled by train and in 1916, 14.7 million travelled by train. Another example in Burma 1896, 8.4 million people travelled by train and 1928, 27 million people travelled by train. Furthermore on the impact which caused by urbanization was the development of education under colonial government. In 19th century Education was given to South East Asians to make them as sole producer...
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...The Health, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Urbanization in the Philippines Introduction As described by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2007), “The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth.” More than half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas. This global phenomenon is happening across different regions and development levels in the world. Richer countries in Europe and the Americas already large percentage of their population live in towns and cities, while developing countries in Africa and Asia, still a large percentage of their population lives in rural areas, however urbanizing faster than developed countries. The landscape of human settlement is changing due to these global trends, with significant effects on health, living conditions, the environment, and development across the world. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the health, economic and environmental impacts of urbanization in the Philippines. What is Urbanization? Urbanization is defined as “the process by which an increasing proportion of the population comes to live in urban areas” (Yassi et al, 2011, p. 293). Many theories of development view urbanization and industrialization as interdependent processes of modern economics. However, according to Gollin et al (2013, p. 2), these two concepts are not synonymous, and they argue that there is not a strong association between urbanization and industrialization specifically among developing countries...
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...education and a better standard of living. In my article reviews I will reveal some of the reasons for migration. Since migration occurs all over the world I decided to go beyond the beautiful tranquil waters of The Bahamas into the regions of South Africa and China. I selected two out four articles which are related Africa and the other two on China these are all based on some form of migration. My first article is entitle Migration and Elderly Africans in the United States and this speaks distinctively on Immigration migration. The second article entitle The socio-economic impact of African immigration on urban development in South Africa: the case of Empangeni this speaks distinctively on African immigration in South Africa. My third article entitle Rural-urban migration and urbanization in Gansu Province, China: Evidence of time-series Analysis speaks distinctively on Rural Urban migration and urbanization. Lastly, the article entile Critical Evaluation of the New Rural-Urban Labour Mobility in China: Reasons and Effect of Rural-Urban Labour Migration on Urban and Rural Labour Market speak distinctively on rural urban labour migration. Two things...
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...Urbanization Processes – Environmental and Health effects in Africa Panel Contribution to the PERN Cyberseminar on Urban Spatial Expansion by Kwasi Nsiah-Gyabaah, PERN Steering Committee member and Principal, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, BA, Ghana, E-mail: spolytec @yahoo.com Introduction Urbanization is increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries. Available statistics show that more than half of the world’s 6.6 billion people live in urban areas, crowded into 3 percent of the earth’s land area (Angotti, 1993; UNFPA, 1993). The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas, which was less than 5 percent in 1800 increased to 47 percent in 2000 and is expected to reach 65 percent in 2030 (United Nations, 1990; 1991). However, more than 90 percent of future population growth will be concentrated in cities in developing countries and a large percentage of this population will be poor. In Africa and Asia where urbanization is still considerably lower (40 percent), both are expected to be 54 percent urban by 2025 (UN 1995; 2002). Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally...
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...Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. London & New York: Verso, 2007. Print. In Planet of Slums, Mike Davis evaluates the rapid increase in slums in third world countries around the world. Increasing urbanization has triggered inequality and disparity between people as slums expanded outward their urban roots. Urbanization usually encroach the suburbs, leading to breakdown in rural traditions; suburban residents are forced towards non-traditional employment and way of living. Simultaneously, rapid urbanization did not lead to parallel industrialization development. The author does not believe that these issues of slums and perpetual poverty can be ameliorated through traditional financial aid by NGOs such as IMF or the World Bank; this crisis is unavoidable in the contemporary social, economic and political framework. Even though Davis makes compelling arguments using statistics and cases in many countries, his assertion is over-pessimistic on capitalism and is often too narrow-minded. In the first few chapters, the author begins with various statistics such as graphs and population comparisons in historical context from reliable sources around the world that assert the significant impact of urban migration. The author categorizes people living in slums into Metro Core and Periphery; the population influx from the core into the periphery leads to pollution, illegal activities and other negative influences. By chapter three, Davis started to assess the root origin of the...
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...Group Presentation Report On topic: How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Student: Yen Hoang Keuka College How and Why Industrialization, Population and Urbanization are related: Social Relations, Social Control and Law? Industrialization, Population Growth and Urbanization are in dynamic relationship with each other that also has been contributing to change various aspects of Social Relations, Social Control and Law. America is taken as the typical example illustrating this topic because this country is one of the pioneers starting up those processes and witnessing their pros and cons in spectacular aspects. First of all, industrialization is the transformation from an agricultural an industrial society, in which the new technology as well as mechanization of industry is dominant. It first took place in Britain from the middle of the 18th to the early 19th century and presented a prototype for industrial revolution spreading throughout Western Europe and North America afterwards. The greatest significance of this process is that it replaced manual labor by machinery as well as mechanical production took the place of manual production. Furthermore, the industrialization was made possible by the great, incredible and numerous inventions, such as steam engine technology, electric power, cotton gin, elevators, telegraph code, telephone, railroads, steel mills, refrigerator, washing machines...
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...phenomenon of urbanization in expanded scale and in prominent pervasiveness, Nigeria is generally perceived as a newly-emerged modern state, which is characterized by rapid industrialization and extensive urbanization (Jiboye,2011).In particular, the term “State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between crime rate and urbanization. In the final...
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...Cities without Slums Slum Formation Introduction When we talk about slums the focus is often how to bring people living in them into better living conditions. UN-Habitat claims that the number of slum dwellers worldwide is nearing a billion people but this number could triple by 2050 if not addressed. It is important to consider how we can prevent the creation of new slum populations as well as addressing the conditions that already exist. This report aims to investigate the push and pull factors that facilitate slum formation as well as worsen the problem where there are existing slum populations. The driving factors will be examined in relation to case studies relating to urbanization as well as conflicts and climate events that force displacement. By looking at these examples it will be assessed the manner in which these situations contribute the issue of slums across the world. Furthermore, the observations will be used to suggest what may be done to prevent or minimize the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that...
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...Urbanization and Sub-urbanization Urbanization is defined the process of the migration of people from rural to urban areas and the social, cultural, and behavioral impacts, for example Mumbai, Delhi, and Rio de Janeiro. On the other hand, suburbanization is the migration of people from the city to the suburb areas or rural regions to the suburbs. It entails the surrounding the cities using single developing housing for instance Phoenix and Los Angeles. Suburbanization has been facilitated by the expansion of transport networks and the increased ownership of cars which have allows people to commute to and from work. Furthermore, the population of a particular area increases proportionally with factors that affect urbanization. There is a push and pull relationship between the two elements. There are numerous factors which affect the levels of urbanization: education, unemployment rates, access to health, availability of resources, and recreational development. Finally, the consequences of urbanization include increased crime rate, loss of identity, traffic congestion, pollution, poverty, rapid spread of disease, loss of biodiversity, and urban sprawl. Reasons for Sub-urbanization in the United States After the World War Two there was a vast movement of people into the new suburbs. The rapid expansion of the suburbs was necessitated by various historical forces, such as the mass demilitarization after the War, subsequently the “baby boom”, social bequest of the Depression, increased...
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...The three most negative effects of the Industrial Revolution are air pollution, water pollution, and over urbanization. Ranking them from absolute worst being number one too better but still bad being number three. Number one would be air pollution two being water pollution and three being over urbanization. Air pollution is the worst because everyone needs to breath air and do not have a choice whether they breath clean air or polluted air. The second bad impact due to industrial revolution is the water pollution. The last negative impact on my list is number three over urbanization is a general category and the sub categories include but are not limited to housing and overpopulation. What happened to the society is what made these impacts the worst. Number one, the air pollution, is the worst for many reasons. Tuberculosis can be spread by a person breathing in the air. With that being said tuberculosis (TB) killed one third of the people that died in Britain between 1800 and 1850. The way TB gets into the air is when someone who is infected exhales in close proximity to someone who is not but now soon will be infected. Many people use to believe that disease was spread by bad smells and invisible poisonous clouds known as miasmas. Industrial cities had the most deaths and were certainly plagued by poor smells from sewage and other industrial pollutants however a connection was never found between any disease and smell. The water pollution was named number two. The reason...
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...of Science and Technology December 2014 Contents Introduction 1. Impacts of deforestation 2.1. Deforestation contributes to global warming 2.2. Deforestation loses biodiversity 2.3. Deforestation impacts soil negatively 2. Causes of deforestation 1.1. Population growth is an indirect reason of deforestation 1.2. Deforestation is rooted by urbanization and industrialization 1.3. Agriculture leads to deforestation 3. Solutions Conclusion References | 111233345567 | Deforestation: A threat against our planet Introduction Forests play an important role in our lives. Not only do they maintain biodiversity, for example providing food and shelters for animals and plants, but they also provide important sources such as food, woods, and herb medicines for human beings. They, moreover, help control climate and prevent soil from erosion. Forests, however, are under threat by deforestation – an act of clearing trees to exploit resources like woods, minerals, medicines and to create land for agricultural activities or space for building facilities, for instance houses, roads, etc. Deforestation is a pressing problem, and it is killing our planet because of many reasons. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of deforestation on our planet, the causes of deforestation, and some necessary solutions to reduce deforestation. 1. Impacts of deforestation 2.1. Deforestation contributes to global warming ...
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...Impacts of Tourism on Freshwater Resources in Mediterranean Chintan Patel Student Id: 090303630 MI201: A. Beggar November 19th, 2010 Mediterranean is considered to be one of the most desirable destinations for vacation due to its mild climate, beautiful costal sceneries and rich biodiversity. Each year millions of tourists visit Mediterranean, by 2025 tourist population in Mediterranean is predicted to reach up to 355 million per year. On average, 1/3 of the worlds overall tourism income is received by Mediterranean countries. Unfortunately, when the tourism activity peaks in summer, nature’s ability to produce freshwater is at its lowest. Currently, Mediterranean countries use dams and extract ground water to meet the ever increasing demands due to increasing tourists. Water ecosystems are suffering through significant devastation as river flows are being disturbed due to increasing numbers of dams and groundwater level are decreasing due to intense pumping. Furthermore, decreasing groundwater level have an adverse impact on human communities, as the groundwater level decreases, it becomes more saltier and thus forces us to abandonment or limit the use of groundwater for drinking and irrigation. In addition, as the tourism industry expands, urban boundaries are likely to move inwards destroying precious lagoons and coastal wetlands. Appropriate measures must be taken by the government, tourism industry and an individual tourism in order to reduce the consumption of...
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...The benefits of urbanization outweigh the costs. Discuss. “Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). Globally, urbanization is increasing. For example, in 1950, the percentage of urbanization was 30%, now, it is around 55%, and by 2030, it may rise to 60%. (WHO, 2010). In addition, this phenomenon usually happens in developing countries. At present, urbanization is mostly happening in countries such as China and India (Learn on the Internet, 2008). For instance, in 1980, there were 501 million urban residents in low income countries, but in1995, this increased to 912 million. People move from the countryside to cities for several reasons. One reason may due to “population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas” (Learn on the Internet, 2008). A more positive reason may for this move be better opportunities which include higher salaries and health care. In spite of these benefits, there are also some costs. In this essay, the benefits and costs of urbanization will be discussed. It will first focus on three benefits then two costs. Urbanization has several benefits. Benefit number one is efficiency. Efficiency here means using less time to do more things. One example of efficiency is that recycling programmes can be carried out because of the concentrated population. People usually live in apartment complexes and there may be hundreds of people living in one block. Compared with individual...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 02 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................ 02 3. GLOBALIZATION OF FOOD SYSTEMS IN CONTEXT................................ 03 a. Urbanization.................................................................................................. 03 b. Economics, health and education................................................................. 04 c. Employment................................................................................................... 05 d. Technology and facilitating mechanisms..................................................... 06 4. CHANGES IN DIETARY PATTERNS ............................................................... 07 a. Dietary convergence ..................................................................................... 07 b. Dietary adaptation ....................................................................................... 08 i. Lifestyle changes and adaptation of meal patterns........................... 08 ii. Street foods......................................................................................... 09 iii. Supermarkets .............................................................................
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...confines and submerges surrounding areas. A flood is an unusual high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land. Floods are not only be caused by natural factors, high precipitation intensity but also human activities. Hence, this essay seeks to explain how the risk of flooding in a drainage basin is increased by human activities. //Firstly, urbanization can increase the risk of flooding in a drainage basin. Urbanization is defined as the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Urbanization drastically alters the drainage traits of natural catchments, or drainage areas, by increasing the volume and rate of surface runoff. While the impact of on river system may be minimal, the carrying capacity of small streams may be quickly exceeded, causing flooding and erosion issues. Often, the runoff from intense rainfall exceeds the carrying capacity of the sewer system, creating a backup in the system and hence the flooding of basements and roads are aggravated. Hence, this highlights the human activities such as urbanization increases the risk of flooding in a drainage basin. //Secondly, the risk of flooding in a drainage basin can be increased by human activities such as dam failure. Flooding can result from dam failure or other hydraulic structures, when a veritable of water can go hurtling down the river channel. As might be expected, the suddenness and magnitude of such an event, which is due to human failure...
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