...Ontology A collation by paulquek Adapted from Barry Smith's draft @ http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontology_PIC.pdf Download PDF file http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontology_PIC.pdf ***** Adapted from Stanford Univ's KST Project @ http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html [KST : Knowledge Sharing Technology] What is an Ontology? By Tom Gruber ontology Page 1 Short answer: An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. The word "ontology" seems to generate a lot of controversy in discussions about AI. It has a long history in philosophy, in which it refers to the subject of existence. It is also often confused with epistemology, which is about knowledge and knowing. In the context of knowledge sharing, I use the term ontology to mean a specification of a conceptualization. That is, an ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents. This definition is consistent with the usage of ontology as setof-concept-definitions, but more general. And it is certainly a different sense of the word than its use in philosophy. What is important is what an ontology is for. My colleagues and I have been designing ontologies for the purpose of enabling knowledge sharing and reuse. In that context, an ontology is a specification used for making ontological commitments. The formal definition of ontological commitment...
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...Personal Philosophy of Nursing Student’ Name Institutional affiliation Personal Philosophy of Nursing Introduction Nursing is defined by the American Nurses Association as an act of safeguarding and upholding health and capabilities, preventing disease and harm, easing distress by offering diagnosis and treatment of any diseases that threaten the existence of the human race, and advocate for better care for individuals and communities in general (American Nurses Association, 2004, p. 7). Having a personal philosophy in this field is important. Philosophy refers to beliefs, and values of an individual that help reveal underlying values and belief about a field (Watson, 2008, p.259). Seedhouse (2000) defined nursing philosophy as a term that encompasses foundational and universal assumptions regarding the nursing profession.It further stipulates the beliefs and values that touch on the nature of knowledge and truth of the entities in the nursing profession and human wellbeing processes as indicated by the meta-paradigm (p.493). My personal philosophy of nursing is founded on the building blocks of philosophy that are, attitudes, beliefs, and values. There is a need for me as a professional nurse to believe and show the significance of nursing (ANA, 2002, P.15). This can be done by clearly articulating my personal philosophy of nursing. The philosophy will help me define how I can find my unique truth. My personal philosophy building began by trying to answer questions about...
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...making an effort to rightfully convict the minister (Perhaps a sting operation? They could’ve sought access to the minister via Siddharth’s father), the movie would’ve made its mark much better. An analysis of the events transpiring before the assassination makes a rather strong case for Aamir Khan and his friends’ antipathy towards the minister. Amongst their best friend (an Indian Air Force officer) lays down his life in an aircraft crash to protect a town in Northern India, but rather than winning praises for his heroism, is subjected to humiliation and derogatory remarks from the minister. Also, on a parallel note, they had been casted in a movie documenting the lives of and sacrifices made by Bhagat Singh and his friends in the name of freedom from colonial rule. Hence, their inclination towards patriotism at the time is also understandable. However, the movie overlooks some major points; Bhagat...
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...like reasoning and analysis and teaching needs to serve discouragement for rote memorization. Education, as a planned endeavor, at a personal level on a small scale or institutional level on a large scale, aims at making children capable of becoming active, responsible, productive, and caring members of society. Hence for responsibility of the school and teachers became more important in formal form of education, with the changing needs of the time, we need to change the pattern of instructional strategies so that educational aim can be achieved. With continuous and comprehensive evaluation we must adopt modified entities of cognitive domains known as revised version of Bloom’s Taxonomy developed by Dr. Lorin Anderson, 1999, a former student of Bloom's, and his colleagues. The updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy with respect to cognitive domain under scholastic aspect in formal education system can be used for the purpose of 21st century formal classroom for teaching-learning as they are from simplest to most complex objectives: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Keywords: Lesson Planning, Content analysis, Learning Objectives, Student Learning Outcomes, Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) 1. INTRODUCTION: With development of different educational theories and approaches like Behaviorism[John B.Watson; Skinner; Ivan Pavlov and others], Cognitivism [ jerome bruner ;Vygotsky; Jean Piaget and others], Constructivist [Vygotsky;...
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...like reasoning and analysis and teaching needs to serve discouragement for rote memorization. Education, as a planned endeavor, at a personal level on a small scale or institutional level on a large scale, aims at making children capable of becoming active, responsible, productive, and caring members of society. Hence for responsibility of the school and teachers became more important in formal form of education, with the changing needs of the time, we need to change the pattern of instructional strategies so that educational aim can be achieved. With continuous and comprehensive evaluation we must adopt modified entities of cognitive domains known as revised version of Bloom’s Taxonomy developed by Dr. Lorin Anderson, 1999, a former student of Bloom's, and his colleagues. The updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy with respect to cognitive domain under scholastic aspect in formal education system can be used for the purpose of 21st century formal classroom for teaching-learning as they are from simplest to most complex objectives: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Keywords: Lesson Planning, Content analysis, Learning Objectives, Student Learning Outcomes, Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) 1. INTRODUCTION: With development of different educational theories and approaches like Behaviorism[John B.Watson; Skinner; Ivan Pavlov and others], Cognitivism [ jerome bruner ;Vygotsky; Jean Piaget and others], Constructivist [Vygotsky; Jean...
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...Network Security In Business Process Outsourcing Information Technology Essay The issue of information security and data privacy is assuming tremendous importance among global organizations, particularly in an environment marked by computer virus and terrorist attacks, hackings and destruction of vital data owing to natural disasters. The worldwide trend towards offshore outsourcing of processes and IT services to remote destinations, leading to the placing of valuable data and information infrastructure in the hands of the service providers, is also creating the need for information security solutions that will protect customers' information assets. As crucial information of a financial, insurance, medical and personal nature begins to get handled by remotely located offshore outsourcing service providers, there is a growing concern about the manner in which it is being collected, stored and utilized. Components of security The concept of information security is centered around the following components: · Integrity: gathering and maintaining accurate information and avoiding malicious modification · Availability: providing access to the information when and where desired · Confidentiality: avoiding disclosure to unauthorized or unwanted persons. Indian IT and ITES-BPO service providers today have the responsibility of not just protecting their own internal information, but also that of their customers, who trust them with crucial organizational data. A service providers own...
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...Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-180360-1 MHID: 0-07-180360-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-180359-5, MHID: 0-07180359-9. E-book conversion by Codemantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Trademarks: McGraw-Hill Education, the McGraw-Hill Education logo, 5 Steps to a 5 and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of McGraw-Hill Education and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property...
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... | |Student Number |32065721 | |Surname |McDonald | |Given name |Suzanne | |Email |s_mac146@live.com | | | | |Unit Code |SSK12 | |Unit name |Introduction to University Learning | |Date |22 September 2012 | |Assignment name |Learning Log A | |Tutor |Greg Brotherson | |Student’s Declaration: ...
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...multiculturalism is to unite all citizens regardless of their origin, race, religion. Multiculturalism in Belgium „ Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and France, with a short coastline on the North Sea.“ „ Belgium became independent in 1830. Between 1970 and 1993, the country evolved into a more efficient federal structure. The power to make decisions is no longer the exclusive preserve of the federal government and the federal parliament. The leadership of the country is now in the hands of various partners, who independently exercise their authority within their domains. The Federal State nevertheless retains important powers, for example in the area of foreign affairs, national defence, justice, finance, social security, important parts of national health and domestic affairs...“ Full name is the kingdom of Belgium. The number of inhabitants in Belgium is 10.8 million and the capital city of Brussels. Belgium today, has three communities: the Flemish Community, the French Community and the German-speaking Community. The official languages are French, Dutch and German. In the capital city used two official languages - French and Dutch.Belgium also has a small colonial legacy in Africa: in Rwanda,...
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...1. Importance Of External Factors Affecting An Organization External factors have an immediate effect on an organizations planning. Marketing a product takes thorough planning. Managers organize ideas on where to market a product that provides benefits to other countries. Leading globalization can be difficult because other countries may not want to use a product they are unfamiliar with. Therefore, a thorough explanation of why a product would be beneficial in another country is very important (Moon, 2010). The cell phone for instance has brought forth much controversy. Rates, service areas for Internet, communication, contractual agreements, and a wide range of other issues have been broad topics for subscribers of cell phones. To control globalization, cell phone providers must have management teams that extend enough information about products to other countries to determine if the product is marketable around the globe (Moon, 2010). Information is organized through technology; via Internet so customers are better informed regarding price, and other vital information before purchasing. 1.2.the needs and Expectations of stakeholders in orchid The board of Piramal Healthcare has approved the spin-off of the New Chemical Entity (NCE) from Piramal Life Sciences, reports CNBC-TV18. The unit will then be merged with parent. According to the company filing with BSE, shareholders will be issued one fully paid up equity share of Rs 2 of parent Piramal Healthcare for every four...
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...EFFECT OF HEALTH PROMOTION IN TACKLING THE HEALTH OF BRITAIN AND THE RELATED ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS. Health promotion is a socially embodied "value field"; its mission is to promote a Sanitary culture, one that locates health at the top of a hierarchy of cultural values and social goals. It is concerned with the whole person, the relationships between individuals and their environments and the wider forces that shape health. However, this essay is going to focus health promotion on coronary heart disease .In this context, the role of health promotion is in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease. Heart disease comes in many different forms. The most common type of heart disease in Britain and in other Western countries is coronary heart disease (CHD). Coronary heart disease (CHD) also known as ischaemic heart disease, is the UK's biggest killer, causing around 82,000 deaths each year. About one in five men and one in eight women die from the disease. There are an estimated number of 2.7million people living with the condition and 2million people affected by angina, the most common symptom of coronary heart disease. In 1989, 92,480 men and 76,421 women died from coronary heart disease, an average of 460 people (the coronary prevention group, 1991). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). The fatty deposits, called atheroma, are...
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...Charles Spearman - General Intelligence: British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863-1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence, or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to to examine a number of mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities: Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities." The abilities that he described were: * Verbal comprehension * Reasoning * Perceptual speed * Numerical ability * Word fluency * Associative memory * Spatial visualization Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences: One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence are not a full and accurate depiction of people's abilities. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued...
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...international and a domestic business concern commercial practices, the scope of managerial decisions, disparities in legal systems, as well as restraints put in place by governments, limitations connected w ith different currencies, not to mention cultural differences. Different business cultures in different countries lead to distinct commercial practices. Therefore, executives operating internationally encounter difficulties that people managing enterprises on a local scale do not have to face. Cultural differences are of fundamental importance for running an international business . The aim of this essay is to indicate the impact of cultural differences on the business strategy formulated for various countries and to show the significance of knowledge about the culture, behaviours, customs and traditions of the partner country in international business. This article is composed of three parts. The two first parts comprise a theoretic essay, in which native cultures are described in the context of international management, and a description of cultural factors that influence the formation of a business strategy. The third part describes the experiences of Young Digital Planet in negotiations and relations with countries...
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...book was written in 2003. The purpose of this text is to teach people that people can be taught to use academic methods and thoughts for items in the domain of “street smarts” Graff tries to tell readers about different intelligence and how they could be reached. Often they are deemed street smart and told and treated as if it is incompatible with academics. To overcome this he tells about his experiences bridging both and how others can do this. In “Hidden Intellectualism”graff uses a unique style of writing to show how we can write about subjects usually considered non-intellectual in an academic way. he does this by mixing a professional style of writing with a simple and easy to understand style of writing using reminders of childhood and modern language. The book that the essay is from was released short after the passing of “No Child Left Behind”. This legislation was an attempt to...
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...STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. MARK O AFOLABI RESEARCH PAPER WEEK 10 8/28/13 Explain computer ethics Computers are special technology and they raise some special ethical issues. In this essay I will discuss what makes computers different from other technology and how this difference makes a difference in ethical considerations. In particular, I want to characterize computer ethics and show why this emerging field is both intellectually interesting and enormously important. On my view, computer ethics is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use of such technology. I use the phrase "computer technology" because I take the subject matter of the field broadly to include computers and associated technology. For instance, I include concerns about software as well as hardware and concerns about networks connecting computers as well as computers themselves. A typical problem in computer ethics arises because there is a policy vacuum about how computer technology should be used. Computers provide us with new capabilities and these in turn give us new choices for action. Often, either no policies for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate. A central task of computer ethics is to determine what we should do in such cases, i.e., to formulate policies to guide our actions. Of course, some ethical situations confront us as individuals and...
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