Premium Essay

Importance Of Fiber Optic Communication

Submitted By
Words 7807
Pages 32
INTRODUCTION

2.1 REPORT OUTLINE

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. …show more content…
The overall object of network synchronization is to minimize controlled slips and eliminate uncontrolled slips.
High synchronization quality is achieved by the application of
• Very accurate and stable oscillators (clocks) to control the time scales
• Buffers to control the inevitable slight differences in frequency and to minimize the effects of jitter and wander.
There is no such thing as a perfect clock or a set of network equipment clocks that all operate at exactly the same frequency and that have the same stability characteristics. Buffers temporarily overcome slight frequency differences (offset) and absorb jitter and wander. However, any sustained frequency offset between clocks or excessive jitter and wander amplitudes cause buffer overflow or underflow. Overflow leads to the deletion of a block of bits in the buffer and underflow leads to repetition of a block of bits in the buffer (data bits are deleted or repeated by changing the buffer read pointer address).
Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU) is an equipment, which minimizes the excess accumulated jitter and wander in the network due to cascading of SDH. It can accept no. of inputs and can select on priority.
Two types of SSU are there – Transit and Local - Transit confirming to ITU-T Rec. …show more content…
This synchronization system allows entire inter- country networks to operate synchronously, greatly reducing the amount of buffering required between elements in the network.

Both SONET and SDH can be used to encapsulate earlier digital transmission standards, such as the PDH standard, or they can be used to directly support either Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or so-called packet over SONET/SDH (POS) networking. As such, it is inaccurate to think of SDH or SONET as communications protocols in and of themselves; they are generic, all-purpose transport containers for moving both voice and data. The basic format of a SONET/SDH signal allows it to carry many different services in its virtual container (VC), because it is

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Teej

...FIBER OPTICS After teaching a class of junior sailors about the importance of fiber optic cables inside a weapon system, I questioned several of them about what they knew of this type of media. All of my students said that they have heard of fiber optics (delete ,) and were able to explain that a fiber optic cable uses light to transmit information, but were not sure how this happened or how the cable functioned. They were specifically unaware of what a fiber optic cable is made of, what (delete are) the types are, and where are they used at. Fiber optics is in every facet of our culture semi-colon (delete ,) it is the main media of all telephone landlines, digital internet, and even our country’s weapon systems. What makes up a fiber optic cable? A fiber optic cable is made of a hair thin piece of glass or plastic called the core. A material called the cladding traps the light inside the cable (delete ,) and allows (delete ing) light transmission down the length of cable via reflection. A thick polymer coating comma known as a buffer comma protects the glass. For strength, Kevlar (is this a name brand or term that needs to be defined?—either way—it needs detail) strands surround the cable. The jacket, also referred to as the outer shell, protects the entire cable from the elements. These components are what make up the composition of a basic fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cables are broken down into three types. The first type called single mode fiber, allows...

Words: 663 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Globalization

...Globalization is a process of material and intellectual products breaking regional boundaries to influence everyone on earth. It also includes high level personnel trans-border flow. People are connected across the world by business and communication, so business and communication make the world smaller. Globalization brings about the developing of business and more communication. In the present age, business has been extended to over the world. Transnational corporations are products of globalization. Corporations are small groups who have the power to decide how to run their companies and influence other people. This group works together to serve many kinds of objectives. Corporations wish to be seen just like a normal person. For example, a kind old man, or young, energetic and outgoing. “Everyone believes the corporations have their own belief and politics.” (Achba and Abbott 2004) The modern corporation has come from the old industrial age. “The modern corporation has grown out of the industrial age. The industrial age began in 1712 with an Englishman named Thomas Newcomen invented a steam driven pump to pump water out of English coalmine, so the English coalminers could get more coal to mine rather than hauling buckets of water out of the mine.” (Achba and Abbott 2004) Because this steam driven pump was invented, productivity improved. Each worker could make more steel, more textiles and more automobiles per hour. Now, corporations’ systems are mainly the same, producing...

Words: 1646 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Nt2147

...practice designing physical network solutions based on appropriate capacity planning and implementing various installations, testing and troubleshooting techniques for a computer network. MAJOR INSTRUCTIONAL AREAS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Telecommunications Cabling Specifications and Constraints Cabling Tools and Media Network Equipment for Wired and Wireless Networks Cable Testing Fiber Optics and Light Principles Fiber-Optic Cables, Splicing and Connectors Fiber-Optic Light Sources, Detectors and Receivers Fiber-Optic Considerations and Testing COURSE OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Distinguish between bandwidth, frequency, and data rate in a data network Explain the importance of codes, standards, and specifications. Compare and contrast network topologies Describe the characteristics of different copper cables Explain the purpose of network tools Compare and contrast fiber-optic and copper transmission Differentiate between twisted-pair cable connectors, coaxial cable connectors, and fiber-optic cable connectors Construct a network based on specifications using repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, servers, and routers Demonstrate how to...

Words: 1770 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Verizon Swot Analysis

...SWOT Analysis Of Verizon Communications Author DeVry University Instructor Principles of Management/MGMT-303ON Spring Session A March 22, 2008 Introduction As Stacy Collet stated, “In order to swat the competition you need to understand SWOT. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It's a way to analyze a company's or a department's position in the market in relation to its competitors. The goal is to identify all the major factors affecting competitiveness before crafting a business strategy. “Verizon, formerly a Communications has now evolved into an Entertainment Company. Verizon now provides Telephone, Television and Internet services. (ComputerWorld, 2002) History Verizon Communications Inc., based in New York and incorporated in Delaware, was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp. Verizon began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the VZ symbol on Monday, July 3, 2000. The symbol was selected because it uses the two letters of the Verizon logo that graphically portray speed, while also echoing the genesis of the company name: veritas, the Latin word connoting certainty and reliability, and horizon, signifying forward-looking and visionary. While Verizon is truly a 21st century company, the mergers that formed Verizon were many years in the making, involving companies with roots that can be traced to the beginnings of the telephone...

Words: 1302 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Telco Essay

... Cable Industry Currently, the cable industry relies heavily on the use of coaxial cable to transmit its signals, through radio waves, to consumers. This is the cable that is already installed in millions of homes throughout the country. However, compared to other recent technological advances, the coaxial cable has many set backs to overcome. First, the number of signals that it can transmit simultaneously is limited. Second, the signal transmitted by the cable gets worse as distance increases. As an additional option, fiber optics have emerged which can carry hundreds of video, data and voice channels. I will go into further detail on fiber optics later in my research. This traditional cable responded by implementing the use of digital compression. Digital compression allows a broadcaster to squeeze in more channels of programming in each single coaxial cable, although picture quality diminishes with each additional channel. Like fiber optics, this technology provides, "a fast and economical way to usher in a whole new era of broadcast services." (More Warning Signs…). By condensing to signal, it frees up more room for other telecommunication services. Few cable companies are converting over, though. In fact, Telecommunications, Inc. is the only one aggressively changing...

Words: 1328 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Unit

...ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE NT1310 Physical Networking GRADED ASSIGNMENTS ------------------------------------------------- Student Professional Experience Project NSA SPE Project 1 (to be completed by the end of NT1310): Install, Configure, Test, Maintain and/or Document the Worksite Local Area Network and Its Components Purpose The purpose of the Student Professional Experience (SPE) project is to provide you an opportunity for work experience in your field or in a related field to add to your résumé. You may have an opportunity to serve your community or work for a local employer for a project that will take between 20 and 30 hours. Project Logistics Career Services will identify an employer with needs in the following areas: Network related tasks (mostly confined to the LAN and Microsoft Windows Server 2008 environments) Students are expected to practice various skills discussed in all the technical courses in Quarters 1 through 3 of the NSA program at an employer’s site on network related tasks (more confined to the LAN and Microsoft Windows Networking with Server 2008 environments) that would involve installation, configuration, testing, maintenance and documentation of the worksite network and its components, and to properly document the technical information in all involved activities. Such documentation will be used as the source material for Items 2 and 3 defined in the Deliverables section of this document. Possible example projects could...

Words: 6762 - Pages: 28

Premium Essay

Patton-Fuller

...Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Joshua Harris NTC/362 August 9th, 2012 Richard Douglass Patton-Fuller Community Hospital ”Patton- Fuller Community Hospital has prided itself on providing top-of-the-notch not-for-profit health care organization since their opening in 1975” (University of Phoenix, 2012). The hospital’s specialty is in providing high-quality health care to all patients, and establishing peaceful work relationships within the staff. Services provided by the hospital are “surgery, emergency medical care, physical therapy, labor and delivery, radiology, and more” (University of Phoenix, 2012). “In Kelsey, Patton-Fuller Community Hospital is the first hospital, dedicated at the hospital is to provide a variety of programs that will support and maintain the best health and welfare of the local community populations” (University of Phoenix, 2012). Duvv Enterprises is the IT solution for WAN/WLAN integration needs. For Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, we will address the existing network architecture of the hospital: Patton-Fuller utilizes a “high-end Local Area Network (LAN) (based on 1000Base-T using CAT 6 cable) that links all of its Systems Applications and Products (SAP) and terminals to workstations over a small geographic area. Duvv Enterprises will also touch basis with the implementation of a complete WLAN networking environment that calls also for the installation of Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol (VOIP), and the design...

Words: 2183 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Nothing

...ITT Technical Institute NT1310 Physical Networking Student Course Package Bring this document with you each week Students are required to complete each assignment and lab in this course package on time whether or not they are in class. Late penalties will be assessed for any assignments or labs handed in past the due date. The student is responsible for replacement of the package if lost. Table of Contents Syllabus 2 Student Professional Experience 19 Graded Assignments and Exercises 23 Labs 47 Documenting your Student Professional Experience 57 ITT Technical Institute NT1310 Physical Networking Onsite Course SYLLABUS Credit hours: 4.5 Contact/Instructional hours: 56 (34 Theory Hours, 22 Lab Hours) Prerequisite(s) and/or Corequisite(s): Prerequisites: NT1210 Introduction to Networking or equivalent Course Description: This course examines industry standards and practices involving the physical components of networking technologies (such as wiring standards and practices, various media and interconnection components), networking devices and their specifications and functions. Students will practice designing physical network solutions based on appropriate capacity planning and implementing various installation, testing and troubleshooting techniques for a computer network. Where Does This Course Belong? | | | NT2799 | | | | | | | | NSA Capstone | | | | | | | Project | | | | | NT2580...

Words: 10839 - Pages: 44

Premium Essay

Marketing Mix

...The Marketing Mix  There are many items or situations that require a well-balanced mixture in order to be successful. For instance, a cake mix requires a specified amount of each item, otherwise the cake might be too sweet or just not good at all if the ingredients aren't mixed right. The same is true with marketing. Marketing requires a good mixture in order to be successful in the final sale of the product at a profit. The following will discuss what the marketing mix is and a brief history of the marketing mix. It will also discuss further in detail the four P's of the marketing mix, as well as, show the relation of the marketing mix to a product offered by Verizon Communications.  The History of the Marketing Mix and the Four P's  The term "marketing mix" has been dated to originate sometime in the late 1940's. Neil H. Borden, a teacher at the time, began using the term after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a "mixer of ingredients". The term "marketing mix" gained its popularity in 1964 when Borden published his article, The Concept of the Marketing Mix. Borden's original marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. The ingredients of Borden's original marketing mix were later regrouped by E. Jerome McCarthy into what is known today as the 4 P's of marketing: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion...

Words: 1713 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Final Paper

...Riordan INDP Wide area network , Antivirus software , Firewall (computing) By trizey Oct 13, 2014 3651 Words 43 Views PAGE 14 OF 15 Running Head: INTEGRATIVE NETWORK DESIGN PROJECT 1 15 INTEGRATIVE NETWORK DESIGN PROJECT Integrative Network Design Project: Riordan Manufacturing May 26, 2014 Abstract Riordan Manufacturing is a plastic manufacturer providing services globally. Our product services include plastic beverage bottles, plastic fan components and custom plastic developments. The company consists of 3 production plants: Pontiac, Michigan, Albany, Georgia, and Hangzhou, China. Corporate headquarters and the research and development department are located in San Jose, California. Riordan is currently expanding and growing capabilities, to include upgrades in telecommunication systems for faster information travel amongst the 4 locations. Specifically, our location in Hangzhou, China is in dire need of upgrades. We've decided to relocate the entire Hangzhou location to a new facility in Shanghai, China. There are many factors and recommendations to consider as well as a chance to take advantage of implementing newer technology. The following project plan will outline the steps necessary to accommodate the telecommunication system transfer. Integrative Network Design Project Project plan The Information Technology Department has been tasked to plan, prepare and execute an entire network breakdown from Riordan Manufacturing's Hangzhou, China...

Words: 3887 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Lyt2

...LYT2 Task 2 Western Governors University Part A - Technological Solutions for NHS, Inc. 1. DSL Technology Sims, J. (September 13, 2014). The Future of DSL. Retrieved September 14, 2015 from http://www.highspeedexperts.com/future-of-dsl/. Solution - This article describes the DSL technologies that are available and which direction most companies are going with. DSL services offer much higher speeds than a typical dial-up solution while utilizing the existing phone lines to transfer data. With this technology there are two main DSL options that are available. SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) is an older technology which is targeted at businesses and enterprises that offers equal and fast upstream and downstream speeds. The other option is VDSL which is a faster solution for larger businesses. Use - VDSL (Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line) is the dominant DSL technology at the moment. VDSL is also in its 2nd generation which is referred to as VDSL2 which offers speeds of 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. GDSL (Gigabit Digital Subscriber Line) is the upcoming technology that is promising but the specifications are still being proposed and debated. Application - DSL technology is a solution that NHS, Inc. can utilize given that all their clinics are supplied or are in reach of a landline telephone company and have the infrastructure in place. DSL would also be fast enough to handle the 100MB of files being transferred...

Words: 3055 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Ob Project

...home by his wife, however due to severe cognitive disturbances together with motor neuron features, his wife can no longer take care of him at home as she cannot determine his needs or understand his complaints. Mr. Khoury and his wife have both accepted his poor prognosis and deterioration as reflected by orders not to resuscitate, intubate or ventilate. His reason for admission is not an acute illness but to determine which palliative measures can be taken to relieve discomfort whilst correcting his fluid imbalance. A combination of reasons exists as to why Mr. Khoury's fluid and electrolyte imbalance has occurred. Firstly, as a result of Mr. Khoury growing dysphasia, his difficulty in comprehending language combined with decreased communication has led to an inadequate oral intake of medications. Furthermore, coupled with the chronic, degenerative disease of the brain known...

Words: 3264 - Pages: 14

Free Essay

Applied Reserach Course Project

...Applied Research Course Project Radames Ramirez RRamirez14@my.keller.edu MIS589 – Networking Concepts and Applications Instructor: Lynn Risley 3/10/2016 MIS589 Project Milestone 0Proposal Draft | Cloud infrastructure ServicesKaiser Permanente Hospitals | Prepared by: Radames RamirezDate: 03/03/2016 | Approved by: | 1. Description of the service-summary In an attempt to provide end users with a well maintained network storage that would be easily accessible from any location while maintaining a secured connection. To provide an environment to minimize the use and maintenance of local servers, server space, connectivity, and redundancy. | 2. Intended clients or customers The intended client or customer would be the end users of the company, this end users vary from medical office assistants, physicians, office managers, nurses, administrative assistants, receptionist, finance dept, insurance dept, medical records, and materials management to name a few. | 3. Business objective statementThe business objective is to minimize the cost of maintaining 40+ servers on a specified region, meanwhile providing for data storage, redundancy, and fast access to network files that would be housed in the cloud. | 4. Application architecture descriptionThe application architecture would consist of building a system that in scalable for future growth, it would possibly include emails servers, data servers, instant messaging. | 5. Information provided to the clientsThe clients...

Words: 3576 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

The Role of Ict in Flattening the World

...ICT (information and communication technologies) is increasingly reducing barriers among states, individuals and corporations by creating a more economic interdependence and global integration which in turn makes the globe a dynamic place. Since the development of technology the world has consistently been made smaller from time to time by reducing the physical, economical and socio-political barriers thus turning the world into what scholars refer to as a global village. We cannot talk about ICT and its role in flattening of the world without touching on globalization. Globalization in this case refers to the increasing free flow of readily available technology, ideas, market and people. In the book “The World is Flat” by Thomas Friedman he argues that ICT and global integration have enables countries like China and India to develop the fastest growing economies in the world. In his book Thomas starts us off by telling us he realizes the world is flat when he visits a campus in India. Friedman is impressed by the campus’s advanced technology such as the glass-and-steel buildings and large flat-screen televisions. The playing field has been leveled; now countries like India can compete for global knowledge. Friedman argues that we are now in the midst of Globalization 3.0 is a period in which the world shrinks from small to tiny, flattening to such a degree that individuals can collaborate and compete globally. The ...

Words: 803 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Kff Pr

...have three different locations the home office is La Jolla, a Del Mar store, and the Encinitas store on their network that are interconnected on a WAN through a T3 line. The La Jolla stores network is built around a 100baseT environment the main server is an IBM blade server system C3000 that uses UNIX, and backed up with a10TB NAS, and 5KVA APD UPS that provides power backup. This server runs the corporate SAP ERP SW, the network services, e-mail, storage control, printer/file services, and the Internet. The retail store uses NCR Real POS 82XRT POS terminals and systems. At this time they have 19 Dell Vostro computers that share 3 HP networked printers these components are used by corporate management and other admin personnel. The communication that comes in or out of the La Jolla store runs through 2 cisco routers, and firewalls they help to provide an inter-store dedicated network and a separate 25Mbps link to the Ethernet. This location also has 19 VOIP phones. Del Mar and Encinitas Store Networks both are basically the same as the La Jolla store the only differences are they both have 6 Dell Vostro computers with 1 HP laser jet multifunction networked printer, and 6 VOIP phones per store (Apollo Group, Inc., 2013). These networks allow the sharing of resources and make it cheaper to set up the network and save on costs. The networked computers can share centralized key computer programs such as inventory spreadsheets, or a customer’s information this allows...

Words: 4396 - Pages: 18