...rural-urban migration from other parts of the country (Yousry and Aboul Atta). Currently Cairo is considered one of the biggest cities in the world with a population averaging at 14-15 million (Sims, 2003). The fast and continued increase in the population has been a major urban challenge that the city encountered. Today, the urban landscape of the Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is somewhat unclear: main built up, dense areas are surrounded by a number of satellite settlements at the periphery, but most importantly occupied by infinite unplanned and random constructions in the core and surroundings of the city. Informal settlements, that are named after their informal legal condition, gradually, but rapidly, took over a large area of Cairo’s landscape and crawled over agricultural and deserted land. Informal growth started in Cairo as early as in the 1960s as a response to the increasing unsatisfied demand on housing and the increasing prices of land and houses inside the formal developed areas of the city. At their start, informal constructions were mostly at the periphery of the city on agricultural land and were considered to be a strange and odd phenomenon...
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...the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that the issue of reducing the growing slum population is a two-pronged challenge. The first is a ‘…focus on slum upgrading, infrastructure, improvement and regularization of informal settlements, coupled with measures that can actually improve living conditions and the quality of life in the existing settlements.’ This report focuses on the later challenge: using preventative policy and offering a...
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...sustainable development and is defined as goingbeyond traditional land use planning to bring together and integrate policies for the development and use of land with other policies and programmes which influence the nature of places and how they function.In the developing countries, a substantial and growing population lives in or around metropolitan areas and megacities (Adesina,2007). The urban sector of any country is never static. It changes with time, in fact as the days and years go by, the urban landscape is altered. Development as well as growth in infrastructural amenities affects the land use, Abuja is not an exception since it was created in 1979 (Ago, 2001). Urbanization in Abuja also affects the surrounding satellite towns and settlements posing threat to the limited available resources, resulting in high cost of living (Ekoh et al, 2006). It also brought about the haphazard housing development...
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...© 2000 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments Lucius Botes and Dingie van Rensburg Downloaded from http://cdj.oxfordjournals.org/ at AGORA Kenya Administration account on December 4, 2013 ABSTRACT Many development thinkers and practitioners have been pondering over community participation for the last two to three decades – some even called the 1980s the decade of participation. To a large extent the current decade of social movements, non government organizations (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs), is a manifestation of organized community participation. By analyzing the dynamics of community participation, particularly in the South African urban upgrading context, nine obstacles and impediments (‘plagues’) are exposed which serve to illustrate participatory development as a complex and difficult, though essential and challenging endeavour. Twelve draft guidelines (‘commandments’) are also presented in trying to address these obstacles associated with participatory development. Introduction Community participation in development is advocated for various noble reasons and is often rhetorical and permeated with lofty sentiments. However, to criticize these advantages of community participation would appear to be ungenerous. As a concept, ‘community participation’ is one of the most overused, but least understood concepts in developing countries without a serious...
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...finance systems are those that enable the provision of long-term finance. Across all countries, controlling for country size, we find that countries with stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders (through collateral and bankruptcy laws), deeper credit information systems, and a more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper housing finance systems. These same factors also help explain the variation in housing finance across emerging market economies. Across developed countries, which tend to have low macroeconomic volatility and relatively extensive credit information systems, variation in the strength of legal rights helps explain the extent of housing finance. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Because of its apparent social and political importance, housing finance for the poor seems an area ripe for policy and regulatory intervention by most governments. However, a survey of both developing and developed nations demonstrates that there is no clear model of an enabling policy and regulatory environment that sufficiently promotes equitable access to...
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...Investment Banking: Past, Present, and Future by Alan D. Morrison, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford and William J. Wilhelm, Jr., McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia investment banks are changing fast. Forty years ago the industry was dominated by a few small partnerships that made the bulk of their income from the commissions they earned floating securities on behalf of their clients. Today’s investment banks are huge full-service firms that make a substantial proportion of their revenues in technical trading businesses that started to attain their current prominence only in the 1980s. The CPI-adjusted capitalization of the top ten investment banks soared from $1 billion in 1960 to $194 billion in 2000. Between 1979 and 2000, the number of professionals1 employed by the top five investment banks (ranked by capitalization) rose from 56,000 to 205,000.2 The enormous upheavals documented in the previous paragraph raise a number of difficult questions. What have the investment banks of today got in common with their predecessors? Is it possible to draw any meaningful parallels between businesses that today call themselves investment banks and the investment banks of 20, 40, or even 100 years ago? What is the source of the recent changes to the investment banking landscape, and can we say anything about the likely future direction of the industry? These questions point to a more fundamental one: namely, if investment banks did not exist, would we need to invent...
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...Shelter, Security and Social Protection for the Urban Poor and the Migrants in Asia Presented by, Dr. Sulochanah Nair Workshop on Shelter Security and Social Protection for the Urban Poor and the Migrants in Asia At Ahmedabad, India (February 11-13, 2009) Organized by, A Research Advocacy Program Managed by Supported by IDRC and Ford Foundation URBAN POVERTY AND HOUSING IN MALAYSIA : DILEMMAS AND CHALLENGES Dr Sulochana Nair Director The Centre for Poverty and Development Studies Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya Structure of presentation • • • • • • • Outline of presentation Introduction Increased importance of Urban poverty in Malaysia Poverty in Malaysia : An Overview Causes of Urban Poverty Housing Polices in Malaysia Concept Of Low Cost Housing • • Introduction The growing interest in urban poverty in developing countries has been brought about by various factors, the rural bias in past development strategies, rapid rates of urbanisation, rural urban migration and structural transformation of the economies of these countries. It is recognised that rural and urban poverty are interrelated and overall success of poverty eradication programmes requires a balanced approach. Urban Poverty • Challenges faced by the urban poor include limited access to employment opportunities and possibilities for earning incomes, inadequate and insecure housing, violent and unhealthy health threatening environments, limited access...
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...this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with human migration, especially with rural-urban migration. The huge labor requirement of urban centers is fulfilled by the labors from the rural areas (Harris 1970). In terms of Bangladesh, the development of urban centers is closely related with rural-urban migration. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization in Bangladesh (Ishtiaque 2011). Migration can be broadly defined as the...
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...FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE SCHOOL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP & MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: URBANIZATION IN AFRICA BY: SOLOMON T. JOHNSON 2012/1/41096MT COURSE: URBAN PLANNING SUBMITTED TO: DR. DUKIYA ABSTRACT Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization. Urbanization is not a subȬ plot, but rather the main policy narrative for Africa. URBANIZATION IN AFRICA Challenges and Opportunities: Africa is urbanizing fast. Its rate of urbanization soared from 15 percent in 1960 to 40 percent in 2010, and is projected to reach 60 percent in 2050 (UN Habitat 2010). Urban populations in Africa are expected to triple in the next 50 years, changing the profile of the region, and challenging policy makers to harness urbanization for sustainable and inclusive growth. Although many have written about the phenomena, what is clear to us is that is impossible to deal with Africa’s growth and poverty challenges without managing urbanization...
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...ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA In a rapidly developing society human needs are bound to multiply resulting into conflict of interests. People become more conscious about their individual rights and litigation becomes an inevitable part of their life due to rising incidence of disputes among them. The problem is further compounded when there is lack of discipline in the litigation process an judicial mechanism finds it difficult to cope up with the enormous caseload. Particularly, in a modern technologically and economically well advanced society, litigation is a primary means of resolving disputes. When it fails to meet the need of the people there is oblivious need to search for new alternative methods of dispute resolution. It is in this context that the alternative modes of dispute resolution have gained primacy in the present millennium. Justice delivery institutions in most of the developing countries in the world are currently confronted with serious crises, mainly on account of delay in the resolution of the disputes particularly the delay in disposal of the commercial and other civil matters. We must admit that this situation has eroded public trust and public confidence in the justice delivery institutions. It obstructs economic growth, development and social justice to the citizens in a country. The crises therefore, call for an urgent solution. The cause for such backlog of cases is institutional and the delay in disposal of the cases, is due...
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...more in the resolution of disputer settlement than litigation. These are mediation and arbitration. If Precision Inc. and the supplier decides to mediate to settle the dispute, both parties will need to agree on the mediator who is neutral and impartial to assist both parties and help them to find a mutually satisfactory resolution. Based on the fact that, our company, Precision Inc., has been working with the supplier for 7 years and there are no alternative suppliers to order high quality devices, it may be beneficial for us to get together with the Supplier and discuss the importance of on-time delivery of right devices to our business. Because the Supplier indicated that our employees made a mistake and responsible for the order confusion, it would be win-win if both sides hear from each of their perspectives and mutually agree under...
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...governments inherited these policies and land became political tool to rewards loyalties further creating divisions and discontent. A myriads of land-related conflicts followed pitting communities against each other as political elites continue to benefits. The inability of the government of Kenya to adequately address the land question has implied that the basic needs of significant proportion of the Kenyan population are not met. The basis of the new law is address the root causes of violence. The National land policy addresses inequitable distribution of land, land administration issues, access to land, land use planning, restitution of historical injustices, environmental degradation, conflicts, unplanned proliferation of informal urban settlements, outdated legal framework, institutional framework and information management. The policy recognizes the need for security of...
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...is that they offer support to the community where possible in a manner of prioritizing educational, environmental and cultural projects. In this way Sappi is not only assisting the environment and cultural aspects, but individuals so they too can grow into independent and spirited people in all different manners. The donations they receive from different organizations are geared towards assisting issues of importance of their staff members (e.g. cancer, HIV/Aids and TB). With these they also support initiatives of the business community in order to assist and address the growth needs of the country. Their efforts are then used to focus on...
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...John K. Walton Seaside resorts at the turn of the century At the beginning of the twentieth century the English and Welsh coastlines were uniquely well-endowed with seaside resorts, as befitted a culture which invented the commercialization of sea-bathing and the distinctive and often highly-specialized settlements which served the fashion and its offshoots. There were clusters of large centres and their satellites in particularly attractive and accessible locations, but every coastline had its resort towns and villages, in a bewildering variety of types and catering for an almost infinite range of social groups and cultural preferences. This was by now a well established resort system, or group of systems, with a history of growth and change which went back to the eighteenth century. The resort map of England and Wales as the Edwardians saw it owed more to the Victorian years and the maps of demand which railways, population concentrations, changing income levels and social structures, and new fashion in the pursuit of health and pleasure, had helped to draw during this dynamic and formative period. European competitors for well-off British holidaymakers had emerged, especially on the French coasts, but there was plenty of growth in demand at working-class and mainstream middle-class levels to sustain continued expansion beyond the turn of the century (Walton, 1983; Travis, 1993). The years between the 1881 and 1911 censuses, and especially the decade of the 1890s, saw...
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...Corporate Governance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Introduction: The need for corporate governance arises from the potential conflicts of interest among stakeholders in the corporate structure. These conflicts of interest often arise from two main reasons. First, different stakeholders have different goals and preferences. Second, the stakeholders have imperfect information as to each others actions, knowledge, and preferences. Corporate governance (CG) is an important effort to ensure accountability and responsibility and is a set of principles, which should be incorporated into every part of the organization. Though it is viewed as a recent issue, there is, in fact, nothing new about the concept. Because it has been in existence as long as the corporation itself-as long as there has been large – scale trade, reflecting the need for responsibility in the handling money and the conduct of commercial activities. Numerous works, studies, and researches have been conducted to enact principles, codes, and guidelines for ensuring good corporate governance systems and culture within the organizations. Sir Adrian Cadbury in 'Global Corporate Governance Forum’ defined corporate governance as: "Corporate Governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally to require accountability for the stewardship...
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