...Humans, like other mammals, are helpless at birth. The newborn infant is highly dependent upon others for mere physical survival. If left alone, the infant would soon die of thirst, hunger, heat, or cold. To put it simply, the human infant lacks those instincts, or unlearned forms of behavior, that in other species serve to exist. Unlike newly hatched fish or ducks, which are capable of providing for their own needs in their new environments, the human infant is highly dependent upon others for satisfaction of basic human needs. Human young, born with an incomplete nervous system and having a long maturation period, will not survive unless adults feed them, protect them from the environment, and provide constant care. Socialization is a very important process that will mostly define a child’s acceptance and good relationship with things within the environment. Good socialization skills are developed when humans are exposed to as many things as possible. The more events that a child encounters and has positive reactions to, the better response he/she will have when these events are repeated throughout the course of life. It is important that you make the socialization process as entertaining and rewarding as you possibly can. This means that during this process, your infant will need to accept being handled and being touched by other humans so that she will not fear strangers (healthcare providers, or people whom they are introduced to.) This will prove beneficial when you...
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...Socialization, it's a concepts that many people aren't consciously aware of, yet it is experienced every day in many different aspects of life. Ones manners, people skills, and the like are all a result of ones socialization. Even pets are now socialized in order to better prepare them to interact with other animals when walking in the city or the park. So why then is socialization such a strange and foreign concept to parents? To put it simply, children should being socialization at a young age to prepare them to interact with other children and adults as they grow. Socialization alone can move a child from having a dramatic experience when being left with a care giver to a more pleasant one. Not only does the child benefit from this, but the parents do as well. Often parents feel that since their child does not react well to other that they are confined to home without a night out or a play date with another family. This simply is not true. A child can and should become acquainted with other children, extended family (if possible), and eventually a care giver or baby sitter. This can soften the blow to the child and parents when the later must leave for work, a leisurely night out, or a to run errands. So, what is socialization exactly? Psychology books point out that child socialization is the introduction of new people, places, and things into the child's repertoire of daily life. Instead of staying at home everyday and playing with your child alone, it is important to...
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...culture, its dimensions, role and importance for organisations. Explain some of the communication practices that are likely to assist in the creation and maintenance of a positive and ethical organisational culture and climate. Organisational culture is ‘what the employees perceive and how this perception creates a pattern of beliefs, values, and expectations’. Shein (2004). Organisational culture consists of levels and dimensions that play an important role within the organisation, along with communication practices including communication audits, and ongoing training that assist in the creation and maintenance of positive and ethical organisational culture and climate that will be explored throughout this paper. According to Edger Schein (2004), ‘culture involves assumptions, adaptations, perceptions, and learning’ and ‘contends that an organisation’s culture… has three layers’ of which include artefacts and creations that are visible but not often interpreted, values or things that are important to people, and basic assumption people make that guide their behaviour. This is called Schein’s Three-Layer Organisational Model. Schein’s Three-Layer Organisational Model broken down show layer one includes visible artefacts such as wall dividers between employees or annual reports. Layer two includes conscious values or desires, and layer three include assumptions of how people think and subconscious thoughts. In order to understand the importance of culture Hofstede (1988) ‘identified...
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...Examine the ways in which two of the following agencies may shape the process of socialisation: family, education, mass media, and work. (24 marks) This essay examines the ways in which education and family shape the process of socialisation. Socialisation is the process by which an individual learn or internalise the norms and values of society. There are two types of socialisation: primary and secondary. Primary socialisation occurs largely with family and involves acquiring basic skills and values. Family was chosen to show the formation of primary socialisation. Secondary socialisation refers to the socialisation received later in life through a wide range of people and agencies. They include mass media, education, work and religion. Education was chosen to show the formation of secondary socialisation. Sociologists consider family, specifically the parents as central to primary socialisation. This type of socialisation occurs when we are normally in intimate and prolonged contact with parents. Children learn language and basic norms and values. These can be taught formally but they are more likely to be picked up informally by imitating parents. Parents may use sanctions to reinforce approval behaviour (positive sanctions) and punish unacceptable behaviour (negative sanctions). These processes help children to learn about their role in family and society. Furthermore, a research carried out by Diane Reay (1998) on class and parenting. She made detailed study of 33...
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...Socialisation is process through which people learn the various forms of behaviour consistent with membership of a particular culture. It is during socialisation that individuals learn the values and norms that play such an important part in shaping human behaviour. Socialisation provides the skills and habits necessary for acting and participating within one’s society. The functionalist view of socialisation is based on view that society is external to the individual and human nature is passive. Socialisation is a one way process – Society in man. Durkheim’s socialisation was very similar to training or even taming. During socialisation individuals learn to desire what the culture of a society provides and in doing so their personalities become structured by the social roles they learn. From a functionalist perspective deviant behaviour can to a large extent be explained in terms of inadequate socialisation. Though Marxists give a slightly differently explanation, they see little difference between culture and ideology. It is really the values and interests of ruling class which are transmitted as culture. Marxist analyse the agencies of socialisation in capitalist societies not just family but schools, mass media and political institutions. Bowles and Gintis emphasise the importance of schools transmitting the Hidden Curriculum. The values that are transmitted are capitalist values, acceptance of authority structures and competition. Similarly the mass media is seen...
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...Socialisation is similar to Social Darwinism. The application of evolutionary laws of natural selection to human societies to 'explain' social processes and behaviours. Spencer coined the term 'survival of the fittest' (often misattributed to Darwin) to describe how Darwin’s ideas about natural selection in nature can be used to explain social processes and behaviours. Socialisation as a term refers to a process that is of critical importance in development of the individual person and in the functioning of groups and societies. (Hunt, P. 3) A major theme is the socialisation process has been the of social structure and value orientations on patterns of child rearing. (P.30.) Agencies of socialisation are where socialisation occurs within, these agencies or social networks aid in the social construction of an individual. The primary socialisation (refers to the socialisation of babies and young children, and mainly occurs within the family) is the family. The family is a child’s first reference group. Families are diverse and their style of parenting reflects cultural, class, ethnic, and religious differences. (Rogoff, P55) Other members of the family’s social network, such as neighbours, also have an influence on behaviour, attitudes and values through their provision of positive and negative representations. It includes all those who are included in the family’s primary social network, such as neighbours, grandparents, close family friends, cousins. (Hunt, P. 33.) ...
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...and coherence. Values are the things we regard as important, true and right. It may differ from individual to individual and also cultures and may be as a result of gender, beliefs and religion. In an African society, a male child is brought up to recognise he is a breadwinner and consequently taught the value of working hard to provide for his family, on the other hand education may be seen as wasted on a female child because she is meant to be provided for by her husband. In such a society education is not valued in females. Values change and evolve because today most societies have accepted the importance of education in both the male and female child. There are still some restrictions in some societies like in Saudi Arabia where women are not allowed to freely mix with men in the work place. Some of the change in values can occur from experiences in the secondary socialisation process. The change will allow for development, growth and modernisation. For instance a traditional Muslim male takes his wife to see a doctor for checkups will insist he wants a female doctor to attend to her. With time he begins to see the gap created by not allowing a female child get an education and as such will be more open to change. Values are important things to us like ethics, human life, privacy, love, religion, honesty, justice, and fairness and so on. In Britain we value our Privacy among other values, for example in July 2011 News of the world Corporation was involved in breach of privacy...
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...Berry (5067285) The three concepts of self and identity, attachment and relationships and context and socialisation are interwoven concepts that greatly influence each other. A sense of self-concept and identity is created through attachment and relationships, which is influenced, by social context and socialisation. Context and socialisation also influences self-concept and identity. In looking at these three themes collectively, it is evident that your past interactions influence your future interactions which influence your self concept and how you want to be in the future. In order to explore these themes, I have focused on the core characteristics of my relationship with my mother and two different socialisation outcomes of my childhood, to fully explore the impact that these themes have on an individual. The first core characteristic of my relationship with my mother is using her as a secure base; to an infant, a secure base is the attachment figure that they use as a point of safety that allows them to engage and explore their surroundings. As a child, my mother was used as a secure base, particularly in social settings, as I would engage more with other people when I was with my mother. This has resulted in me being more comfortable exploring new and different situations when I am with someone that I am familiar with. This definitely influenced my socialisation, especially my trait of being assertive. This attachment relationship has meant that my internal working...
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...Socialisation process in Nursing The process by which we acquire the culture of the society into which we are born- the process by which we acquire our social characteristics and learn the ways of thought and behaviour considered appropriate in our society is called socialisation. (Bilton, 1987) Socialization is a lifelong process that begins with learning the norms and roles of the family and subculture, and making self-concept. Norm – specific guideline for actions – a rule that says how people should behave in certain circumstances (Duffy, 2013) As individuals grow older and join new groups and assume new roles, they learn new norms and redefine their self-concept (Brinkerhoff et al, 2007) From the psychological and sociological perspective, the concept of socialization has been defined as a state in which an individual is accommodated within a particular cultural group (Ryynänen, 2001). According to Davis (1968), professional socialization of student nurses was introduced in the literature as early as 1958 (Tradewell, 1996). Professional socialization is a critical aspect of nursing students' development, which begins with entry into the nursing program and continues with entry into the workforce (Chitty, 2005) There is many definitions of the socialisation process in nursing however they all mainly say that it is the development of a professional identity through the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, and ethical standards in order to...
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...INTRODUCTION 2. PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR: INFLUENTIAL FACTORS 2.1) CULTURTAL FACTORS 2.2) SOCIALISATION OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR WITHIN THE FAMILY 2.3) THE CHILD’S INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS 3. CONCLUSION 4. REFERENCES 5 6 7 8 3 3 4 2 PYC4805 ASSIGNMENT 02 1.) Introduction According to Berk (2013, p. 417) prosocial behaviour can be defined as follows: “Actions that benefit another person without any expectation of reward for the self.” Prosocial development in early childhood is of great importance for promoting positive and healthy relationships later on in life (Scrimgeour, Blandon, Stifter & Buss 2013). In can start emerging within the first two years of life and it includes helpfulness, sharing, comforting etc. (Dunfield, Kuhlmeier, O’Connell & Kelley, 2011). In this assignment some of the factors that have an influence on the prosocial behaviour of young children will be discussed. They are as follows: cultural factors, socialisation of prosocial behaviour within the family, and the individual characteristics of children. These are only 3 of many factors that play a role in the development of prosocial behaviour. 2.) Prosocial behaviour: influential factors. There are a number of theories and perspectives that aim to explain prosocial behaviour. There are philosophical perspectives, psychological theories and empirical literature. These theories and perspectives are all of equal importance in explaining prosocial behaviour. The foundations of philosophical perspectives...
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...Shown in recent statistics, is that younger people, who are over 15 (as children under this age are usually forced by parents), do not participate in religious activity as much as the older generation – excluding the over 65s group, this is usually because they cannot get to church easily due to ill-health and disabilities. Brierley supports the idea of an older generation by showing that the average age of church goers in 1979 was 37 which increased to 49 in 2005, clearly showing a trend towards an older congregation. Heelas also found that those involved with the New-Age Movements were mainly middle-aged or older; again supporting the recent trend. Some reasons for why younger generations are less religious are because of the increase in religious diversity and scientific explanations in which young people seek more rational answers for things rather then turning for God for answers. It may also be because of the changes in attitudes surrounding religion such that there is less stigma and pressure attached to attending church than there was previously. However nowadays people can just practice religion at home. The privatised religion of believing without belonging (Davie) does show a reason for why young people participate in religious activity less than older generations but it is because of the fact they can practice privately with the help of media which is needed because of their changing patterns of employment and leisure (Sunday not seen as a ‘holy day’ – businesses...
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...experienced this change in roles, I noticed how the values norms of a construction site are completely different to what my secondary socialisation at school had taught me. It was almost as though the C2 and D classes of the register general scale had their own sub-culture as I will begin to explain in the following. On my first day I was terrified, I was to go to the office for 8am to meet the project managers along with my boss. When I got there I went through a day of formal socialisation into the company, signing forms agreeing to a certain working practice including the importance of health and safety. Unlike school this health and safety was a culture with rules, vigorously enforced by my peers. I was also given a uniform to wear, just like school it was a norm to wear this correctly in order to give a good appearance to the institution that I would soon be representing. My first construction site that I had ever been to was on Fenchurch Street, it had taken me over an hour to get there by train in contrast to school where I could walk to in 10minutes and as punctuality was a rule just as in school, commuting was to be a burden I would have to endure. As soon as I met my supervisor he introduced himself saying ‘’you must be the new boy’’, my re-socialization into the workplace via my new peer group had begun. I was to go through more formal socialisation with an induction to the site and given a hard hat and hi-visibility tabard to wear, this being a norm in construction due to...
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...Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, December 2002 Socialising Knowledge Management: The Influence of The Opinion Leader Cheng MingYu, Multimedia University, Malaysia ABSTRACT: This paper looks at knowledge management and the importance of knowledge management in today’s organisations. Even though knowledge management has gained its popularity recently due to the drastic changes in business ecology, there is still confusion on how to implement the knowledge management strategy successfully. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate and suggest possible ways to communicate the concept of knowledge management more effectively so that the knowledge management concept could be implemented more successfully. The communication of knowledge management concept is done through knowledge management socialisation process and it is suggested that the socialisation process be carried out by the so called “opinion leader” who is presumably to be a more knowledgeable person and be able to influence others in changing their perception and behaviour. Introduction Today organisations are fundamentally different as compared to organisations existed in one or two decades ago in terms of their functions, structures and style of management. The new organisations put more premium on understanding, adapting and managing changes and competing on the basis of capturing and utilising knowledge to better serve their customers, improve the operations or to speed their products to markets...
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...Sociology Essay – Mr Baines “Assess the Marxists view of education” (20) The Marxist view is that the capitalist society is not good because it is unequal between working class and upper class people. According to Karl Marx, there are 2 groups of people; the proletarians (lower class) and the bourgeoisie (ruling class). The proletarians will be workers, and will become exploited and taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie (owners). The education system serves the ruling class. This means that from a young age in schools, children have been socialised to be able to work for the ruling class. Louis Althusser (1971) is a Marxist who argues that working class students are accepting society because of socialisation and legitimation. Althusser also says that students are learning the ideology of the ruling class and how the ruling class forms and controls society. This shows that the school is part of an ISA (ideological state apparatus), which can control our ideas and beliefs, whereas it is also a part of RSA (repressive state apparatus) and is forcing people to think in a certain way. Education makes students accept the system and inequality. It shows that however hard pupils try in education, working class students will always get working class jobs and middle class students will always get middle class jobs. Overall, the Marxist view on education is that children go to school to prepare themselves to work for upper class people. However, education serves the ruling class...
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...more dominant and are depended upon by women within society. These are all factors that contribute to serving the interests of capitalism. Marxists see all social institutions as serving the interests of capitalism - this includes the family, and they say that it serves the interests of capitalism by maintaining and advocating the class inequality and exploitation by the rich through the primary socialisation of children; the family socialises children into accepting this upper class hierarchy and inequality. The parent’s power over their children gets the children used to the idea that someone is always in charge, which prepares them for working, where they will contribute to capitalism by adhering to orders from their employers. If the children continue to socialise with children of the same class, with similar norms and values, the inequality will continue to be thought of as right and they will socialise their children this way too - carrying the inequalities through multiple generations. However, if children are socialising with different classes in secondary socialisation, they may begin to question the inequality and change how they view this, this may therefore lead them to not want to work for the upper class, or in contrast, they may not want to have the lower classes working for their own benefits of profit. The family is also an important market for the sale of consumer goods because advertisers encourage families to be in competition with each other and to keep...
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