...Narcotic Drugs Dee Lamb CRJ311: Forensics Instructor: Seitu Stephens Date Submitted: 07/16/2012 The United States is known to have the highest substance abuse rate of any industrialized nation and therefore Government statistics (1997) show that 36% of the United States population has tried marijuana, cocaine, or other illicit drugs (www.factmonster.com). What are narcotic drugs? Before any one person can place narcotic drugs into a classification, one must first understand what the word narcotic means. This paper will focus on what the term narcotic means as well as the classifications of narcotic drugs. Furthermore, this paper will also talk about the evidence that is needed in order to obtain a conviction in a criminal case, the chain of custody, and the prevention of evidence which seeks to not only prove the alleged crime (s) but also provides the defendant with the opportunity to cross-examine or challenge the evidence which has been presented in court. Narcotic drugs are derived from the Greek word narkotikos, which implies a state of lethargy or sluggishness and pharmacologist classify narcotic drugs as substances that bring relief from pain or produce sleep (Saferstein, R. 2011). Narcotic drugs are highly addictive and withdrawal from them can be very unpleasant. The intensity of withdrawal symptoms depends on the actual physical condition of the user as well as the type of...
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...this case is the defense was challenging a strike of a juror, Zeniab Osman, that was made by the prosecution. This was the second juror that was struck from the case both being black individuals. The defense was claiming the strike was because of discrimination of a race. Under the statute created by Melbourne vs Florida (1996), a set of steps is to be taken when a peremptory strike is challenged as being discriminatory. Those steps are: 1. The side objecting to the others use of a peremptory challenge on racial grounds has to make a timely objection, display that the juror is of a distinct racial group and request that the court ask the striking party its reasoning behind the strike. 2. The burden of production of...
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...I believe that the insanity defense is valid in situations when it is necessary. Many people believe that anyone can plea inanity and that those who do so, do so because they want to avoid a guilty plea. However, in our book it says that because the definitions of insanity vary, “insanity defense is not a haven for the faker, but instead a situation in which people with severe psychological and psychiatric problems often end up in prisons rather than hospitals,” (Fulero &Wrightsman, 2009). This proves that not everyone can plead insanity and those that do, do not always escape punishment. Therefore, it is valid, because not everyone can use it and those that should, do not even get special treatment. Yes, an individual’s state of mind at the...
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...What factors might influence an individual’s defense mechanisms? Use examples from the case studies to illustrate your answer. Individuals who have experienced trauma develop their own defense mechanisms to cope with the intrusive recollections and increased physiological arousal. When people suffer trauma their choice of defense can be influenced by three factors, • Developmental stage • Temperamental factors • Contextual factors. Below I will use the case studies of Jane & Brendan to illustrate how these factors influenced their defense mechanisms to trauma. Jane experienced the death of her sister at age 7, her developmental stage influenced the type of defense mechanisms she used to cope with the trauma of witnessing her sister’s death. Jane blamed herself for the accident. Prior to the traumatic incident Jane was described as being a “happy – go – lucky child”, however during the following years she lost interest at school and acted out to receive attention, making up stories & fake accidents, including a fake suicide. Jane’s defense mechanism in this example is role playing through fantasy, this involves Jane creating an inner world when her world became too painful, difficult or stressful. Between the ages of 12 – 18 Jane began experimenting with alcohol and drugs, using them as a defense. Contextual factors primarily her friends, influenced Jane’s use of alcohol & drugs. The case study sites Jane began taking drugs at 13 with friends, at 14 she first tried heroin...
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...diseases and environmental hazards to each and every one of us, regardless whether you consume these animals of not. The U.S. government should ban the use of factory farming animals Factory farming should be illegal in the United States because the food produce is poor quality food. The meat from the animals in factory farms is mechanically removed, which means it it ripped from the bone and other parts of the body by a machine(Hurst). Factory farms even use parts of the body that most people wouldn't use such as: lips, eyes, testicels, and anal tracts are included in sausage and patties(Hurst). The excess meat is then blended up and added in with the other meat to make a larger profit. The food from factory farms may be cheaper the nutritional foods. Organic food continues to cost on average several times more than food from factory farms, but no one goes to farmers’ markets for bargains. But not all costs can be measured by a price tag. Once you become sick with health problems due to the poor quality of the food and have to pay for treatment. The animals are injected with a variety of drugs and hormones to increase growth and production ("Natural resources defense council"). Which is then passed onto the consumer in the food or meal making the food unhealthy for your body ("Natural resources defense council"). The drugs and hormones that are in the food that you ingest can disrupt the human hormone balance causing developmental problems. Studies have been done by Pew...
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...Executive Office of the President created the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), as a response to the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The purpose of the ONDCP “is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences” (The White House, 2006). Each year the policies are updated to reflect the current trends within the illegal world of drug trafficking. Drug use in the last decade has nearly doubled. The Bush Administration updated the policies in February 2006 to achieve the primary goal of reducing drug use within the United States. The President’s strategy focuses on three principal elements: stopping drug use before it starts, healing drug users, and disrupting the market for illicit drugs. This paper will discuss the specifics, origins and goal of the third strategy, “Disrupting the Markets”. The writer will also discuss resources and costs involved for effective implementation and maintenance. Finally, this paper will provide information on the effects of drug use on the community, ethical implications and suggestions to improve this particular strategy. The policy of “Disrupting the Markets” attempts to stop drug trade by attacking the economics of the system. This element of the Bush Administration strategy provides details on progress being done domestically...
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...In this paper I will go over a detailed classification of narcotic drugs in criminal law, focusing on the differences of each. I will also go over the detail required forensic evidence needed to obtain a conviction in a drug case. Then I will go over the necessity of analysis of drugs in a criminal case, the chain of custody, and the preservation of evidence which seeks to not only prove the alleged crimes but also provides the defendant the opportunity to cross examine or challenge the evidence presented in court. A narcotic is an analgesic or pain killing substance that depresses vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate; regular administration of narcotics produces physical dependence. There are many types of narcotics that law enforcement seizes, and they come in different forms. There are pills, powders, and drugs that are heated so they may be injected using a needle. Narcotics can be useful when they are prescribed by a doctor for a pain and sever anxiety as long as they are used as prescribed. However, when abused manufactured, or sold for profit, the narcotics then become a problem for law enforcement. Law enforcement classifies narcotics by schedules. Schedule I drugs include those that are likely to cause addiction and abuse and are not used in field of medicine. These are the types of drugs are not prescribed by a physician (U.S Department of Justice, 2012). Schedule 1 narcotics include heroin, GHB, and other opiates, ecstasy, mushrooms...
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...Equal Opportunities for Minorities in the Criminal Justice System Wendell Wrice English 122 English Composition II Prof. Deborah Zeringue October 7, 2013 For many Americans the scales of justice is blind. It stands as a symbol that everyone is treated fairly in the eyes of the law. Many Americans, especially minorities this is simply not the case. In fact the United States has the highest incarceration rate in the entire world-five times the world’s average. A total of 2,380,000 are now in prison. The US has five percent of the world’s population, but 25 percent of the world’s prison population (Fisher, 2010).In fact minorities make up a large share of the prison population in the U.S. African Americans have a 32 percent chance of serving time in prison at some point of time in their lives, Hispanic males have a 17 percent chance, while white males a 6 percent chance (Fisher, 2010) . Such disproportions of incarceration rates gives reason to believe that minorities, especially African Americans commit the majority of crimes requiring incarceration or the fact that our justice system is flawed to the point where it singles out a specific racial or ethnic group. The question of why there are so many minorities especially African Americans being held in our...
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...Insanity Defense Donita Estes, Patrick Fostso, Jennia McCray, Yasmine McGee, Inga Payne CJA/354 October 22, 2012 Samara Belgarde, J.D. Insanity Defense The criminal justice system in America is one of the fair systems in the world where anyone will be innocent until proven of guilt. The whole concept of the court system emphasizes how our laws work regardless where we come from and how we look like or healthy or not anyone is entitles of due process. The idea that our justice and court system are fair to anyone on trial due to an arrest by probable cause and sentencing by a verdict guilty and not guilty of the jury. In the case or State v. Stu Dents, where the defendant was accused of killing his former girlfriend. We are going to elaborate how the charge of insanity can be plead in the defense case and in the other hand give some understanding how this plead play a role in the defendant case during the trial and after the trial in some states and particular California. Does your team feel this defendant is competent to stand trial? Why or why not? We believe that the defendant may not be competent to stand trial, due to the fact that he had has emotionally and mental issues. The defendant has no knowledge of the crime or its consequences, if put on the stand he may revert back to that emotional state of mind and will not be able to give and accurate statement and will not be able to understand charges and sentencing. What is required in your state for an insanity...
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...system due to increasing violent juvenile crime and youth gang warfare; 2. the increased bankruptcy of a “war against drugs” whose promises seem increasingly hollow; 3. a growing recognition of America’s international role as both victim and purveyor of worldwide criminal activity; and 4. The rapid emergence of cyber-crimes, which both employ high technology in the commission and target the fruits of such technology. Drugs and Crime The relationship between drugs and crime rests on the concept of drug abuse. Drug abuse is illicit drug use that results in physiological, social, psychological or legal problems for the user. A drug is any chemical substance defined by social convention as bioactive or psychoactive. A psychoactive substance is a chemical substance that affects cognition, feeling, or awareness. Most drug users are recreational drug users, using drugs relatively infrequently and primarily with friends and in social contexts that define drug use as pleasurable. Most addicts begin as recreational users. Drug crimes fall into two categories: 1. the use, possession, distribution and sale of illegal drugs and the offenses committed either under the influence of drugs or surrounding the growing, making or importation of the drugs; and 2. Of crimes such as money laundering, bribery of officials, burglary or robbery to obtain money for drugs, murder, etc. The Purpose of Sentencing & Corrections: How a criminal defendant enters the criminal justice system ...
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...action, the question is whether the quality, characteristics, and safety of the product were consistent with the implied or express representations made by the seller. 1. UCC Warranties may be either express or implied for merchantability or fitness for a particular purchase, as set forth in Chapter 8. 2. Privity of Contract Breach-of-warranty is based on contract law. Generally, an injured person to recover for a breach of warranty, he must be in a contractual relationship (privity) with the seller (a consumer or buyer of the product) and prevents recovery from bystanders not in privity with the seller. B. Negligence To prove negligence in a product liability case, plaintiff must show defendant did not use reasonable care in designing or manufacturing its product or in providing adequate warnings or failed to comply with statutory requirements. Generally, plaintiffs cannot prove negligence by introducing evidence of “upgrades” taken by a defendant to improve a product. MacPherson is the landmark case in which the defendant manufacturer was found liable for negligence even though there was no contractual relationship between the manufacturer and the plaintiff. Case...
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...The court system is set up to have a fair trial, where the judge is neutral towards everyone and evidence is needed to prove one’s guilt. The prosecutor’s job is to represent the government against the person or people accused of a crime. The person accused of a crime has the right to a lawyer’s defense to make the trial fair. Even with rules and guidelines set up in the court system for a fair trial, there may be some cases in which show defense attorney misconduct, prosecutorial misconduct, or judicial misconduct. Use of heroin or cocaine; letting the defendant wear the same clothes described by the victim; admitting that he or she did not know the applicable law or the facts about the case are all examples of the defense attorney misconduct (Pollock, 2014). Some prosecutorial misconduct include, introducing false evidence in the court room, portraying hog blood as human blood, and using suppressed evidence that a murder occurred when the defendant had an alibi (Pollock, 2014). And judicial misconduct may be failing to inform defendants of their rights, exceeding bail and sentencing authority, and ignoring probable cause requirements (Pollock, 2014)...
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...[Type the company name] | Violent Crimes | Crime and Criminal Behavior | | [Type the author name] | 5/19/2013 | There is nothing that has done more to tear American families apart than the existence of violent crimes, guns, gangs, drugs, and the fear that walks alongside those terrors. In a violent crime, a victim is harmed by or threatened with violence. Violent crimes include rape and sexual assault, robbery, assault and murder. Violent crime and victim rights are on the rise of major concern for most of the citizens in the United States of America. | “When a man is denied the right to live the life he believes in, he has no choice but to become an outlaw” (Nelson Mandea). There are many Americans have become victims of violent crimes. In these violent acts of crimes guns, gangs, wars, drugs and even mental disorders may be the cause to commit these crimes or even a weapon of choice. Violent crimes have become very common in this day and age. So many of these violent crimes are based on self-defense. Victims are forced to protect themselves against other individuals trying to cause harm against them. Violent crimes are not only brought on with weapons but they also include any situation where a victim has been threatened or is harmed in an aggressive manor. Even though it seems like violent crimes maybe on the rise many statistics have indicated a decline in violent crimes in our country and an increase in our national prison population. As the population...
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...Narcotic Drugs Rosalind Rogers CRJ 311 August 7, 2012 There are several major categories of narcotic drugs are classified, and by several national agencies. These classifications are used for law enforcement, and substance abuse prevention. Opium is considered to be a narcotics and partially synthetic opium substance are use for pain relief. Meaning the brain will send information from the point of origin to the nervous system. Because of the effect of this drug and how it has that effect on the user can make that person an addict. Some examples of narcotics are: codeine, heroin, and morphine. “Codeine is an opioid pain medication. An opioid is sometimes called a narcotic” (drugs.com). This narcotic is used for diarrhea, pain (moderate), and cough suppressant. Codeine can be extracted form poppy plant or it can be produced. There are side effects to this drug and that is nausea, vomiting, constipation, and sweating just to name a few. The severe side effect can be “seizures, hives, difficulty breathing or swallowing” (nlm.nih.gov). It can really interact badly with other types of drug use. Like any other narcotic drugs a person can seriously become addicted so they should only be using this drug under a doctor care. This is one of the drugs that should not be taken with alcohol. Anyone who has a substance abuse problem should be very wary about using codeine. “Heroin is an opiate drug that is synthesized from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from...
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...Racial Disparities In Corrections Sherkira Lowery Eastern Michigan University Abstract Racial disparities in corrections measured by the black to white per capita incarceration rates vary from state to state, This paper will analyze the current trends and the impact incarceration has on communities of color and how criminal justice policy and practice plays a role in this. According to the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, out of a total population of 1,976,019 incarcerated in adult facilities, 1,239,946 or 63 percent are black or Latino, though these two groups constitute only 25 percent of the national population. Some of the greatest racial disparities in rates of incarceration happen in states in which minorities are massed in urban areas, which tend to have both higher rates of crime and greater law enforcement activity. This paper will also discuss how these incarcerations affect the offenders, public safety, criminal policies and procedures. Racial Disparities in Corrections There are many factors regarding the disproportional rates of incarceration in communities of color. Data generated by the U.S. Department of Justice predicts that if current trends continue, one out of every three black males born today will go to prison in his lifetime, as well as one of every six Latino males. The rates of incarceration for women overall are lower than for men, but similar racial/ethnic disparities...
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