N 4531 Mother and Family OB
Lab Assignment “In the Womb”

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Assignment:

The purpose of this lab is to develop and understanding of fetal growth from an embryo to a fetus. These videos give will provide a basic understanding.

1. Watch "National Geographic: “In the Womb" (90 minutes total.) Available on YouTube, please watch all segments 1-10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0WM9oRr07w

2. You can also view Alexander Tsarias’ video From Conception to Birth 2010 also available on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKyljukBE70

3. Answer the questions attached to this lab assignment to be turned in via Blackboard in the Assignment Drop Box by November 4th (prior to midnight).

Name: Isabella Dao

Module 1- “In the Womb”

Instructions: View “In the Womb”

1. List and describe the function of two internal female reproductive organs.

a. Ovaries: Almond shaped organs located on the sides of the uterus which function in ovulation and hormone production

b. Fallopian tubes: Attached to the uterine fundus and supported by broad ligaments which provides a passage between the ovaries and the uterus for movement of the ovum

2. Describe what occurs in one of the phases of the ovarian cycle.

The luteal phase begins immediately after ovulation and ends with the start of menstruation. So the corpus luteum reaches its peak of functional activity 8 days after ovulation secreting the steroids estrogen and progesterone. Implantation can occur, but if it does not occur, then the corpus luteum regresses, steroid levels drop, and the functional layer of the uterine endometrium is shed through menstruation.

3. Describe the function of one of the internal male reproductive organs.

The epididymis is a J-shaped tube that is located behind each testicle. It functions to store sperm for 2-4 days after they have been produced. Epididymis is where sperms mature and gain the ability to move.

4. Describe what occurs during an erection of the penis.

An erection begins through physical and/or mental stimulation causes nerves in the brain to send chemical messages to the nerves in the penis. Blood then flows freely into the penis as a result of penile blood vessel relaxation. Once blood flows into the penis, high pressure traps the blood within both corpora cavernosa causing the penis to expand and maintain an erection.

5. List two of the processes that occur with sexual stimulation of the female reproductive organs.

Sexual stimulation results in increase in circulation to circumvaginal blood vessels, lubricating the vagina. This causes engorgement and distention of the genitals. Venous congestion is localized primarily in the genitalia but it also occurs o a lesser degree in the breasts and other parts of the body.

6. The predominant anterior pituitary hormones that orchestrate the menstrual cycle include: a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) c. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) d. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

1. The correct response is B. FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland to initiate the development of the ovarian follicles and the secretion of estrogen by them within the ovarian cycle. A is incorrect: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland and plays a limited role in the menstrual cycle. C is incorrect: CRH is released from the hypothalamus, not the anterior pituitary gland. D is incorrect: GnRH is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

7. Which glands are located on either side of the female urethra and secrete mucus to keep the opening moist and lubricated for urination? a. Cowper's b. Bartholin's c. Skene's d. Seminal

2. The correct response is C. Skene's glands since they are located close to the urethral opening and secrete mucus and lubricate during urination and sexual intercourse. A is incorrect: Cowper's glands are located on either side of the male urethra, not the female urethra. B is incorrect: Bartholin's glands are located on either side of the vaginal opening and secrete alkaline mucus that enhances the viability of the male sperm. D is incorrect: seminal glands are pouchlike structures at the base of the male urinary bladder that secrete an alkaline fluid to enhance the viability of the male sperm.

8. The ovarian cycle comprises all of the following phases except: a. Secretory b. Follicular c. Ovulation d. Luteal

3. The correct response is A. The secretory phase is the second part of the endometrial cycle after ovulation, not a phase of the ovarian cycle. B, the follicular phase, is the first phase of the ovarian cycle, when the immature ovum begins to mature inside the follicle. C, ovulation, is the second phase of the ovarian cycle, when the rupture of the graafian follicle occurs with the release of the mature ovum. D, the luteal phase, is the final or postovulation phase of the ovarian cycle, when the corpus luteum degenerates and the levels of estrogen and progesterone decline if fertilization did not take place.

9. Which hormone is produced in high levels to prepare the endometrium for implantation just after ovulation by the corpus luteum? a. Estrogen b. Prostaglandins c. Prolactin d. Progesterone

4. The correct response is D. Progesterone is the dominant hormone after ovulation to prepare the endometrium for implantation. A is incorrect: estrogen levels decline after ovulation, since it assists in the maturation of the ovarian follicles before ovulation. Estrogen levels are highest during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. B is incorrect: prostaglandin production increases during the follicular maturation and is essential during ovulation but not after ovulation. C is incorrect: prolactin is inhibited by the high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy; when their levels decline at birth, an increase in prolactin takes place to promote lactation.

10. Sperm maturation and storage in the male reproductive system occurs in the: a. Testes b. Vas deferens c. Epididymis d. Seminal vesicles

a. The nurse should respond by explaining to the student that conception is achieved only during the time of ovulation, which occurs at midcycle and not during menstruation. Further explanation might outline the phases of the menstrual cycle and how each phase contributes to the preparation of the endometrial lining if conception were to take place. If conception does not occur, sloughing of the prepared endometrial lining takes place, and this is what is shed during menstruation. b. The student apparently did not understand the concept of ovulation and the potential uniting of sperm and ovum. At ovulation, bodily changes occur that assist the sperm to impregnate the ovum that was released from the ovary. It is only during this midcycle period that the sperm can find the ovum and begin a pregnancy. c. Sexually transmitted infections and barrier protection; abstinence until marriage and personal responsibility; responsibilities and outcomes of becoming a young parent; self-esteem and taking pride in their bodies; future educational and career goals

11. List the predominant hormones and their function in the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone: low progesterone triggers a woman’s menstruation to begin. Also causes the lining of the uterus to get thicker ready for fertilized egg. Estrogen: causes the production of cervical mucus, and the opening and softening of the cervix, also causes build up of the lining in uterus and the release of LH Follicle stimulating hormones: causes immature eggs to develop in the ovary. Luteinizing hormone: causes follicles to ovulate and release the mature eggs.

12. The ovarian cycle describes the series of events associated with the development of the ovarian follicles within the ovaries.

13. Sperm cells and the male hormone testosterone are made in which of the following structures? Select all that apply. a. Vas deferens b. Penis d. Scrotum e. Ejaculatory ducts f. Prostate gland g. Testes h. Seminiferous tubules i. Bulbourethral glands

14. A man’s testes produce how many sperm each second? a. 10 b. 50 c. 500 d. 1000

15. The quality of a man’s sperm is largely dependent upon a. Heredity b. Lifestyle c. Ethnicity d. Physical fitness

16. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines fetal sex and is dependent upon the Father’s contribution. XY= male XX= female

17. How many days does it take for the blastocyst to arrive in the uterus? 7 days

18. The embryo’s face is comprised of four plates that fuse together. The cheeks fold in from the sides and join to form the top lip. An interruption in this stage of fetal development will result in which facial defect? Cleft palate

19. At 6 weeks, how long is the embryo? Almost an inch long

20. After how many weeks will the embryo become a fetus? 8 weeks

21. Prior to eight weeks, the embryo receives oxygen from the yolk sac. After eight weeks, the embryo receives oxygen from the placenta.

22. Which hormone (secreted by the placenta) prevents the mother from releasing more eggs? Progesterone

23. Which factor gives a pregnant woman a higher probability of becoming pregnant with “multiples”? a. Paternal history of identical twins b. Maternal history of non-identical multiples c. Paternal history of non-indentical multiples d. Maternal history of identical multiples

24. What percent of fertilized eggs survive all the way through pregnancy? 50 percent

25. How many weeks old is the fetus when he/she begins to show signs of digestion and “swallow” amniotic fluid? 18 weeks old

26. During which week of gestation does the mother become aware of fetal movement? 18 weeks Primparous: A woman who is pregnant for the first time Muliparous: A woman having born more than one child

27. In most cases, how many weeks of gestational development are required for the fetus to survive outside the uterus? 24 weeks

28. At which week of gestation can a fetus hear sound? 13 weeks

29. After 26 weeks, the fetus spends 90% of the time sleeping.

30. Which major organ develops last in the fetus? Lungs