...relationship between income inequality and health coverage/status is an important area to examine because socioeconomic status has an effect on peoples health and lifespan. There are two theoretical perspectives, conflict and functional, that provide explanations for income inequality and health care coverage/status. Conflict perspective is the idea that social life is shaped by groups who compete with one another over resources. This results in a power struggle over wealth and prestige in society. The conflict theorist might predict that social inequality characterizes the quality of health and the quality of healthcare; that is, people with social disadvantageous are more likely to become ill than the socially elite, and because of their disadvantageous they will receive inadequate health care. The conflict theorist might assume that in order to make more money, physicians will try to self-regulate their practice of medicine in attempts to define social problems as medical problems....
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...Zaka Mahmood Ethical Concepts in Health Care Davenport University HLTH 230 Patricia Spiegel Abstract Primary health care as we see is an essential base of building our health system. Advanced development and new tools must consist of operational and supportive relations with the primary health care, along with recommending arrangements to ensure the population of their coverage as to their relevant needs, and be dependable with ethical guidelines linked to the public’s health and the health care. Heading The task of this presentation is to collaborate different issues. Consisting of new development in the health sector, critically providing more effective and indifferent health care along with an improving attitude towards the health population, mainly in developing countries. Primary health care as we see is an essential base of building our health system. Advanced development and new tools must consist of operational and supportive relations with the primary health care, along with recommending arrangements to ensure the population of their coverage as to their relevant needs, and be dependable with ethical guidelines linked to the public’s health and the health care. Most importantly, we would not like for the various advances health sector to utilize helplessly or isolate them self’s from one another, but take the effort to interact and advance complementary components of systems that have a global integrated nature. Now, we redirect to the three set of sources...
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...locations associated with health inequalities which continue to persist for particular social groups? Health services are a common activity that is conducted to every individual in the world. This ranges from medical examinations and treatment form various illness encountered by various individuals. However, this is not the case to every party in the world. Some regions in some countries suffer from inadequate health services provision. This brings the element of inequality in the health sector in various countries. The most prone areas which suffer from these factors are the rural areas. This brings the main intent of the paper on analyzing on the factors that contributes to these inequalities. A rural or remote area is an area that is far away from people or town activities or taller buildings. It is also regarded as a place that is far from civilization (Jayapalan, 2002). A remote place can be within a town but situated in the outcasts of the same town. They are generally known as villages where a social group stays together closely (Hillyard, 2007). A health inequality in a sociological perspective refers to the difference in the accessing of health services between a particular population and social group (Hilary, 2007). The health inequalities can also occur between people in leadership positions as according to their rankings in the leadership hierarchy (Tobin, 2012). The people in remote or rural areas can have a hard time accessing the health services which are mostly...
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... so the health quality and services are more available for everyone. However, if I compare between city and country side, I can see much difference between them. In the country side, many people suffer and died from inadequate of health care systems. Furthermore, there are another reasons for this, for example lack of facilities and equipment to do operation or surgery and also can be low income cause some people tend to stay at home rather than go to city to spend much money to get a better treatment . On the other hand, in the city, there are many hospitals and also have full of equipment to do big operation. Yet, they tend to have bad lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes and heart attack because of their daily food. My father has passed away because of heart attack. The reason is He did not really care about his health condition; he smokes and eats everything that he wants. I think in Indonesia, people in the country side are healthier because of their good lifestyle diet. They eat food from their farm which is more natural and no junk foods. Besides, the environment is better than city which is many trees and fewer vehicles if we compare with city which is full of pollutions. For Australia, I know about their culture and lifestyle roughly. I can see that many people have party during weekend and some people do every night in a week in which way they drink alcohol and worse thing is they have a free-sex lifestyle. However, if I compare the health care systems between...
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...The ideas of health care have changed tremendously in the past years. Health services are provided in many ways and the funding is now more accessible. Outstanding changes in public health have changed life over the past century. Health care became an area of concern as early as the 1900’s. It was during The Great Depression in the 1930’s when priorities changed with greater emphasis on unemployment insurance and “old age” benefits. Between 1940 and 1950 President Roosevelt asked Congress for “economic bill of rights,” including right to adequate medical care and later on President Truman would offer a national health program plan involving a single system that would include all of American society. Unfortunately, this agreement would be terminated by the American Medical Association (AMA), and is called a Communist plot by a House subcommittee. It wasn’t until the start of the decade during the 1950’s that national health care expenditures were 4.5 percent of the Gross National Product (PBS, 2010), and then later on in the 1970’s an effort brought forth by the World Health Organization planned to achieve “Health for All” by the year 2000. Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978 Governments have a responsibility for the heath of their people, which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures. A main social target of governments, international organizations and the whole...
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...To describe the major points of the inequality between nations, I have broken the following points into specific areas of inequality. Income Inequality The need to address inequality has increased since the economic crisis including increasing levels of uncertainty and social decline within the middle class with many societies. The drivers of inequalities are globalization, skill biased technology changes and policy changes. Developing countries that embrace globalization are seeing an increase in personal incomes, extended life expectancy, and improved education systems. Gender Inequality To create new sources of economic growth and utilizing everyone’s skills we would require a breakdown of barriers in gender equality in employment, education and entrepreneurship. “Greater educational attainment has accounted for about half of the economic growth in OECD countries in the past 50 years, in large part thanks to an increase in girls reaching higher levels of education and greater gender equality in the number of years spent in school. Companies with a higher proportion of women in top management do better than others” ("Inequality - OECD," n.d.). A familiar and yet disappoint static states women earn 16% less than men, and female top-earners are paid 21%...
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... so the health quality and services are more available for everyone. However, if I compare between city and country side, I can see much difference between them. In the country side, many people suffer and died from inadequate of health care systems. Furthermore, there are another reasons for this, for example lack of facilities and equipment to do operation or surgery and also can be low income cause some people tend to stay at home rather than go to city to spend much money to get a better treatment . On the other hand, in the city, there are many hospitals and also have full of equipment to do big operation. Yet, they tend to have bad lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes and heart attack because of their daily food. My father has passed away because of heart attack. The reason is He did not really care about his health condition; he smokes and eats everything that he wants. I think in Indonesia, people in the country side are healthier because of their good lifestyle diet. They eat food from their farm which is more natural and no junk foods. Besides, the environment is better than city which is many trees and fewer vehicles if we compare with city which is full of pollutions. For Australia, I know about their culture and lifestyle roughly. I can see that many people have party during weekend and some people do every night in a week in which way they drink alcohol and worse thing is they have a free-sex lifestyle. However, if I compare the health care systems between...
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...08/10/2014 HEALTH PROMOTION The Effects of Socioeconomic Influences of Health LO1 ICON COLLEGE (LO1) = TASK 1 1 • The notes contained in this PowerPoint presentation will cover LO1 (1.1;1.2;1.3) • Please print notes prior to attending lectures ICON COLLEGE (LO1) = TASK 1 2 1 08/10/2014 Learning Outcomes (LO) On successful completion of this lecture a learner will: LO1: Understand the socio-economic influences on health 1.1 explain the effects of socio-economic influences on health. 1.2 assess the relevance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health. 1.3 discuss reasons for barriers to accessing healthcare. ICON COLLEGE (LO1) = TASK 1 3 Unit Content (LO1) Influences: social e.g. disposable income, unemployment, lifestyle choices, environment, access to healthcare facilities, access to information, citizenship status, discrimination. Sources of information: reports and enquiries e.g. Black Report DHSS 1980, Acheson Report ‘Independent Inquiry in ‘Inequalities in Health’ 1998, Health and Lifestyle Surveys (HALS), Health Survey for England (HSFE), census data ICON COLLEGE (LO1) = TASK 1 4 2 08/10/2014 Definitions (Class participation Review) • What is health promotion? • What is public health? • What do we mean by determinant of health? • What do we mean by environmental factors? ICON COLLEGE (LO1) = TASK 1 5 The main determinants of health Dahlgren and Whitehead's model, 1992 Figure 1: adapted from...
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...HEALTH DISPARITIES Health disparity is defined as inequality in health or the gaps in the quality of health care across races, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Health disparities can also be defined as the significant differences between one population and another. The Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000 describe these disparities as differences in the overall rate of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality or survival rates. Disparity in health is significant among some income, racial, and ethnic groups in America and is still expanding. Many Americans are in poor health and do not receive the best medical care. While these problems affect people of all groups, the challenges are especially acute for racial and ethnic minorities. When there is element of racism, poverty, and problematic community environment converge greater overall threats to health develop. The most powerful causes of health and health disparity are social and economic determinants or the community conditions for health. There are many reasons why disparities in access to of health care exist in our society. A lot of low income people in America cannot afford health insurance and as such they neglect their health. Some people cannot afford money to buy medication. Because these people did not have insurance they lack a regular source of care. African Americans compared to white minority groups are less likely to seek medical care...
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...HEALTH RISKS & COSTS The Effects Of Obesity, Smoking, And Drinking On Medical Problems And Costs Obesity outranks both smoking and drinking in its deleterious effects on health and health costs. by Roland Sturm ABSTRACT: This paper compares the effects of obesity, overweight, smoking, and problem drinking on health care use and health status based on national survey data. Obesity has roughly the same association with chronic health conditions as does twenty years’ aging; this greatly exceeds the associations of smoking or problem drinking. Utilization effects mirrors the health effects. Obesity is associated with a 36 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 77 percent increase in medications, compared with a 21 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 28 percent increase in medications for current smokers and smaller effects for problem drinkers. Nevertheless, the latter two groups have received more consistent attention in recent decades in clinical practice and public health policy. M a n y b e h a v i o r a l r i s k f a c t o r s , chief among them smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, are known causes of chronic health conditions. Chronic health conditions, like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, in turn are primary drivers of health care spending, disability, and death. This paper compares the associations of smoking, problem drinking, and obesity with health care use and chronic conditions....
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...HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE LEVEL 3 CONTENTS PAGE Concepts of an unequal society……………………. Page 3 Social inequalities in society………………………… Page Impact of social inequalities on different groups in society………………. Page Evaluation of the impact of social inequalities in society………………….. Page Within most known societies there are certain things that make it unequal. This means that the society experiences troubles because some aspects of it are making it uneven due to views, beliefs and attitudes being expressed and conflicting. This could occur because people view themselves as a higher social class than others. Therefore, social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-social-inequality-in-sociology-definition-effects-causes.html People who may be unlucky within societies could be the subject of; P1- EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY STEREOTYPING This is to believe unfairly that all people or things with a particular characteristic are the same. There can be both positive and negative stereotypes which can have a negative effect on a person. For example, one racial stereotype is that Asian students are really good at math. This is a positive stereotype, but it can make an Asian student feel pressure and feel like a failure if he isn't good at math, which is a negative outcome. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stereotype ...
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...Final Paper Wealth Inequality in U.S. and Economic Efficiency Over the last decade, income inequality has become one of the most important issues in the U.S. and a subject of a lot of debate. There is a prevalent idea in the society that the wealth inequality in United States is currently at the highest level in the history after steadily raising for a number of decades. The financial crisis is said to have contributed to this significant gap between the top 1% and everybody else. People view it as an inherently negative thing, and fight hard to promote the equality and income redistribution. This paper examines the causes of inequality; the relationship between wealth inequality and economic growth and the hypothesis on how policy measures can be designed to mitigage the income disparity both in U.S. and in the rest of the world. The researh is based on the theory that inequality is an essential aspect of an efficient free market economy that adversely affects economic growth when in excess. When it comes to global wealth inequality, people often tend to accuse capitalism. In fact, the real laissez-faire capitalism doesn't exist anywhere on our planet. According to its definition, laissez faire is "an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from intrusive government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights." It has been previously proven free markets lead to the most efficient use of economic...
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...Truth about the Income Disparity Recently, President Barack Obama announced his plan to rein in the compensation of executives and raise tax rates on capital gains. This has again brought the topic of America’s widening income gap to the front page. While it is true that the wealth of America has long been dominated by a small number of people, most Americans do not see it as economic inequality or an obstacle to the development of the economy, which can be explained from two aspects—culture and economy. Instead, the real problem is the workers’ slow-paced wage increase, especially compared with the rising health care costs. Admittedly, most of the household income and wealth in America are occupied by a small minority of people at the very top, and actually the income gap has been rising at an increasing pace for the last few years. According to the data released by the Internal Revenue Service in 2005, 21.2% of all the household income went to the top 1% of Americans, the percentage of which was just 19% in 2004, and 20.8% in 2000—the previous high hit due to the skyrocket stock market. First of all, however, are the income disparity and economic inequality the same thing? Definitely not. As pointed out by Ladd and Bowman, rooted in the concept of equality for Americans is the notion of “equality of opportunity” (33). Great disparity in income distribution among social members can be tolerated as long as they can perceive that they have the opportunity to move...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HEALTH CARE FINANCING, EFFICIENCY, AND EQUITY Sherry A. Glied Working Paper 13881 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13881 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2008 I thank Courtney Ward for research assistance and participants at the conference on Exploring Social Insurance, held in Toronto, November 2006. A version of this paper is forthcoming as a chapter in Exploring Social Insurance: Can a Dose of Europe Cure Canadian Health Care Finance? Edited by C. M. Flood, M. Stabile and C. Hughes Tuohy (Kingston, Montreal: Queen's School of Policy Studies, McGill-Queen's University Press). The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Sherry A. Glied. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Health Care Financing, Efficiency, and Equity Sherry A. Glied NBER Working Paper No. 13881 March 2008 JEL No. H42,H51,I18 ABSTRACT This paper examines the efficiency and equity implications of alternative health care system financing strategies. Using data across...
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...An Economic Analysis of Health Care in China (draft 8/8/06) Gregory C Chow Princeton University Abstract After describing the institutions for health care in China as they evolved since 1949, this paper presents statistical demand functions for health care. It applies the demand functions to explain the rapid increase in health care demand and the resulting rapid increase in price when supply failed to increase. The failure in increase in supply was traced to the system of public supply of healthcare in China. The reform experience of Suqian city in the privatization of healthcare is reported to demonstrate the positive effect of privatization on supply. The government’s health care program for the urban and rural population is described and an evaluation of it is provided. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Changes in Health Care Institutions 3. Demand Functions for Health Care 4 Supply for Health Care: Public or Private? 5. Government’s Program for Health Care 6. Evaluation of the Current Health Care System 7. Conclusion 1. Introduction With a population of over 1.3 billion China has received much attention, including its spectacular economic development since 1978 and the accompanied deterioration of health care for a substantial segment of its large rural population. Section 2 of this paper...
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