... Individuals, in and out of an organization, have different attitudes towards many circumstances they face in life. With these attitudes towards an object or situation, whether positive or negative, the individual will have a set behavior for a certain circumstance, thus saying that behavior follows attitudes; which were assumed by researchers in the late 1960’s. But one researcher, Leon Festinger , argued that it is the other way around, that attitudes follow behavior and that people change what they say so it does not contradict what they do. Yet recent research, based on Festinger’s Moderating Variables, show how strong moderating variables tend to strengthen the link and prove that attitudes do in fact predict future behavior. Attitudes and behavior in this sense are intricately related. Managers must understand this complicated relationship in order to measure and determine job satisfaction and its relationship to employees’ job attitudes, involvement and satisfaction in order to optimum productivity. Attitudes are thoughts about a particular object in which then is reflected emotionally through an individual finally realizing a certain behavior. They reflect how we feel about something. Researchers have assumed that attitudes have three components which are; cognition component – the aspect of an attitude that is a description of or belief in the way of an attitude – affect component – is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude and finally the...
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...Attitude Formation Lawanda Thomas Walden University Attitude Formation The field of social psychology focuses on understanding the behavior of an individual and seeks to include the aspects of external and internal influences that impact behavior. Not only is ones behavior impacted by emotions, behavior is also impacted by how an individual perceives a situation and acceptance to engage in that situation (Fiske, 2010). Hogg and Cooper (2007) argue social psychologists note individuals view the world and its interactions during the attitude judgment process. This judgmental process determines a situation to be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, and engage or avoid which then forms an attitude that determines the cognition, action, and behavior of the individual (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). Attitudes determine the way an individual perceives, understands, and acts towards an event which terms it as a major judgmental influence in an individual’s life (Fiske, 2010). Attitudes about a particular situation can be originally generated due to personal beliefs or be influenced by past life experiences (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). Research over the years have sought to establish a relationship between how an individual judges an event, what is the process, does past experience play a role, and does the final judgment influence behavior especially when attitudes are a determining factor (Fiske, 2010; Hogg & Cooper, 2007). With the support...
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...Organizational Behavior, 16e, Global Edition (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 1) ________ refers to evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. A) Attitude B) Behavior C) Appearance D) Demeanor E) Performance Answer: A Explanation: A) Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favorable or unfavorable, about objects, people, or events. They reflect how one feels about something. LO: 1 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 2) The statement, "A person who eats meat and then fights for animal rights demonstrates double standards" is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the ________ component of an attitude. A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioral E) reactive Answer: A Explanation: A) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified in the statement, "A person who eats meat and then fights for animal rights demonstrates double standards." LO: 1 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 3) Which of the following statements represents the cognitive component of attitude? A) I have decided to inform my supervisor that I will be quitting my job. B) I intend to work during the weekend...
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...Copyright 1986 hy the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-35l4/86/$00.75 Attitude Accessibility as a Moderator of the Attitude-Perception and Attitude-Behavior Relations: An Investigation of the 1984 Presidential Election Russell H. Fazio and Carol J. Williams Indiana University It was hypothesized that the extent to which individuals' attitudes guide their subsequent perceptions of and behavior toward the attitude object is a function of the accessibility of those attitudes from memory. A field investigation concerning the 1984 presidential election was conducted as a test of these hypotheses. Attitudes toward each of the two candidates, Reagan and Mondale, and the accessibility of those attitudes, as indicated by the latency of response to the attitudinal inquiry, were measured for a large sample of townspeople months before the election. Judgments of the performance of the candidates during the televised debates served as the measure of subsequent perceptions, and voting served as the measure of subsequent behavior. As predicted, both the attitude-perception and the attitude-behavior relations were moderated by attitude accessibility. The implications of these findings for theoretical models of the processes by which attitudes guide behavior, along with their practical implications for survey research, are discussed. Research on the consistency between individuals' attitudes and behavior toward an object has focused on the identification of variables that moderate...
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...Critical Review Essay Sustainable and Systems Thinking (7920IBA) Critical Review of “The Norm of Self-Interest” Introduction Miller’s (2001) article “The Norm of Self-Interest” discusses that the average person is a self-interest theorist, self-interest and behavior, self-interest and accounts of behavior, self-interest predict behavior better than attitudes and Incentives having impact on charitable donations. This paper will discuss the particular norm that pertains to beliefs about the extent to which attributes and behaviors of others are dictated by self-interest. Miller (2001) argues that the theory of self-interest has causal power and how it plays a role in its own confirmation, is the core focus of this article. Critiques of Miller’s hypothesis will be from influential theories of human behavior, including evolutionary biology, behaviorism, and psychoanalytic theory (Etzioni, 1988; Kohn, 1990: Schwartz, 1986; Wallach & Wallach, 1983). Specifically, describes the evidence for a norm of self-interest, whereby people expect that others’ attitudes and behaviors will be guided by personal stake (Miller, 1999; Miller & Ratner, 1996, 1998; Ratner & Miller 2001). Miller (2001) argues that these expectations can have profound implications for charitable donations for both money and time. For e.g., when a spokesperson for a cause solicits support from others, the targets for the advocacy requests feel that it is harder to say no when the advocate indicates...
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...FEEL When and How Attitudes Guide Behavior RUSSELL H. FAZIO DAVID R. ROSKOS-EWOLDSEN The Ohio State University University of Alabama C onsider each of the following statements. Do you believe the statement to be true or false? 1. College students who disapprove of cheating do not cheat on tests; it is only the students who view cheating as acceptable who do cheat. 2. When segregation was still legal, hotel and restaurant owners with racial stereotypes toward Chinese people would not serve them food or allow them to stay at their establishments. 3. How well people like their jobs is predictive of people’s job attendance. Those who like their jobs are less likely to miss a day of work. 4. During the 1970s, people who felt that the energy crisis was a significant problem used less energy than did those who did not really believe that there was a crisis. 5. Regardless of whether an employer makes a snap judgment or deliberates extensively about a hiring decision, if the employer has a negative attitude toward working women, a female candidate will not be hired. All of these commonsense statements assume that people’s attitudes influence their actions and decisions. In fact, as we will see in this chapter, none of these five statements is correct. The basic finding of decades of research is that sometimes people act in accordance with their attitudes, and other times they act in ways that are quite inconsistent with their attitudes. In this chapter, we...
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...suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance)” (McLeod, 2008). Issue 5: Does Cognitive Dissonance Explain Why Behavior Can Change Attitudes debates the cognitive dissonance theory with one of the authors challenging the theory by claiming that self-perception is a better explanation as to why people behave differently once they have acted outside of their norm as most people try to find some sort of consistency between their actions and their attitudes. Consonant and dissonant cognitions both affect the attitude on opposite ends of a spectrum. As with consonant cognitions the behavior matches the attitude and with dissonant cognitions have behaviors that conflict with their attitudes. One of the most powerful influences on attitude change is the motivation of people to maintain that consistency between their attitudes and behaviors. Although the cognitive dissonance theory is studied and utilized by psychologists all over the world, there are some who reject this theory and believe that self-perception is what enables people to decide on their attitudes, emotions, and behaviors because they are able to cast judgment upon themselves based on their behavior in different situations. Summary of both Arguments in Issue 5 Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) position in the current issue is that cognitive dissonance does explain why behavior can change attitudes. Psychologists Festinger and Carlsmith believe that...
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...spans attitude and behavior predictions. Subsequent separation of behavior from behavioral intentions allows for limiting factors’ explanation on the basis of attitudinal influence. Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein developed the theory of reasoned action between 1975 and 1980. This theory was derived from past studies that began as attitude theory and eventually led to behavior and attitude studies. This theory originated from frustration with the traditional behavior and attitude studies. Most studies in this field established weak correlations between the measures of attitude and volitional behaviors’ performance. Initially, the theory related to voluntary behavior but it was noticed later that the theory was not 100 percent voluntary. Under control, it later led to addition of the perceived behavioral controls. According to the theory of reasoned action, behavior of an individual is determined by their intention to perform it and that in turn, the intention is a function of their attitude towards that behavior and their subjective norm. Intention is the best behavior’s predictor. The theory suggests that cognitive representation of the readiness of an individual to perform a particular behavior is their intention. Intention is the immediate antecedent of a behavior. Three factors determine the intention to perform a particular behavior. These are 1. Attitude towards a particular behavior 2. Subjective norms3.Perceived behavioral control. This theory holds that behavior prediction...
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...Journal of Consumer Marketing Emerald Article: To buy or not to buy? A social dilemma perspective on green buying Shruti Gupta, Denise T. Ogden Article information: To cite this document: Shruti Gupta, Denise T. Ogden, (2009),"To buy or not to buy? A social dilemma perspective on green buying", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 26 Iss: 6 pp. 376 - 391 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760910988201 Downloaded on: 28-05-2012 References: This document contains references to 76 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com This document has been downloaded 4703 times. Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Additional help for authors is available for Emerald subscribers. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com With over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald...
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...complete three assessments and create a plan to increase motivation, satisfaction, and performance of a team that could be applied in a business setting. I will address how motivation, satisfaction, and performance are related to each other. Next, I will address specific differences in attitudes, emotions, personalities, and values in the learning team and how it influences behavior. Lastly, I will address how those differences can be implemented to positively influence the team. Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Performance Motivation can be defined as the processes which account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards a goal (Robbins & Judges, 2007 pp. 186). Motivation positions an individual’s efforts directed to achieve goals and cultivate persistence. Persistence validates how long an individual will dedicate efforts to achieving a set goal. Job satisfaction can be defined as a positive feeling about one’s job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics (Robbins & Judges, 2007 pp. 30). Job satisfaction is subjective towards the nature of work, promotions, salary, supervision, coworkers, and relationships. Performance is standards for an individual’s behavior in the workplace that help them perform effectively. When people are highly motivated it leads to job satisfaction and eventually to higher performance. Assessments DISC Types Creating a DISC profile can assist organizations in developing an effective work culture. The use of...
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...SUBJECT : Values, Attitudes, and Behaviors CONDITION: Classroom environment STANDARD: 1. Define Values, Attitudes, Behaviors and Beliefs. 2. Explain the importance of beliefs, values and norms. 3. Explain the value system and the significance of the socialization process. 4. Explain Louis Rath’s seven value criteria. 5. Explain cognitive dissonance and ways to reduce it. TYPE OF INSTRUCTION: Instruction and Small Group Discussion TIME OF INSTRUCTION: 2 Hours LEAD IN: The Army is probably the largest and most diverse organization in the country with an ethnic and racial makeup most reflective of American society. Each individual brings a set of values and attitudes that have been cultivated over many years. Additionally, these values and attitudes are still being shaped and refined with each new experience. Many of you have strong memories about recent events in your lives, such as promotion, schooling, a new baby, or a transfer. These events and ones yet to come, serve to shape your values and attitudes for the future. However, values and attitudes do not automatically change just because someone puts on an Army uniform. Some values and attitudes, when coupled with a lack of awareness, or insensitivity about others that are different from ourselves, can produce confrontations, anger, and even violence. It is imperative all soldiers and civilian employees recognize and manage their differences so they do not interfere...
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...feelings and behavior are influenced by human social interactions. In this paper I will detail how social factors influence the attitude and behaviors of humans in select areas related to self-perception, cultural traditions and beliefs, and the effects of group behavior as a whole. Human interaction is reciprocal action that individuals have on one another. However, individuals are more often than not unaware of the affect they leave on each other. Most people adapt to their surroundings meaning they adjust to the settings before them, and they do this mainly to fit in and keep peace among everyone. Social psychology theorizes that understanding and explaining how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are the basis of interaction and cohesiveness with one another. Individuals are influenced by actual, imagined or implied companionship of others. Group behavior may be one of the largest research areas in social psychology. Group behavior is significantly different from individual behavior. Group behavior can be both positive and negative depending upon the circumstance or situation. When dealing with group behavior social psychology address group dynamics, leadership, decision making, cooperation, conflicts and group influence. Social association plays a major role in forming behavior, attitudes, feelings and thoughts. Psychologists examine how interpersonal kinships affect people by studying the attachment, liking, love and attraction elements. Group behavior research...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR UNIT-I: Introduction - Organizational Behavior – Nature – Management Functions – Management Roles – Management Skills – Systematic Study; Foundations of Individual Behavior-Attitudes – Types of Attitudes. Introduction: Definition: Organization Behavior: • A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. • OB is a field of study, meaning that it is a distinct area of expertise with a common body of knowledge. • What does it study? ▪ It studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively. • To sum up our definition, OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance. Nature Of Organizational Behavior (OB) • Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built on contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines such as psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology and economics. • So now students let’s see how these disciplines are related to organizational behavior, • Psychology. Psychology is the study of human behavior which tries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides an understanding why...
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...Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior Attitude is holding a particular object in some degree of favor or disfavor. The attitude object can be a person, an event, an action or a thing. Previously it was believed that the inner dispositions are what controlled the actions of man. This is to say that man is rational with all behavior being deliberate. However, evidence has shown that this is not always the case and though attitude does influence behavior to an extent, it is not the only factor that influences behavior. Moreover, in some cases behavior can cause attitude change. Theory of planned behavior This theory aimed at predicting deliberate and premeditated behavior. The theory was an add on to the previously formulated theory of reasoned Action when research proved that human action is not entirely voluntary or controlled by rational reason. According to this theory the greatest determinant that leads to behavior is intention (a person’s willingness and readiness to perform a certain action).This intention is determined by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms and an individual’s perception on their ability to control behavior (Ajzen 2005). Cognitive Dissonance theory According to this theory people have a tendency of seeking a consistency in their inner dispositions (both attitudes and beliefs). Further there is also a need for personal behavior to be in tune with attitudes and beliefs held. If there is a disconnect between behavior and attitudes, then it is...
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...Social Psychology Definition Social Psychology is the study of how individuals think, influence, and relate to other individuals. In social psychology the focus is more on the individuals and use of experimentation. The boundary of social psychology is based through asking questions and dealing with how people see and affect each other. Social psychology also covers topics such as attitudes, beliefs, conformity, and independence. In society, humans have the natural urge to explain behavior, attributing it to a cause, to make it seem predictable and controllable. Social influences play a role in shaping the behavior of individuals. As individuals, the response to social interactions are immediate, which can contribute to individuals responding to expressed attitudes (Myers, 2010). For example, in a catastrophe such as tornados in Missouri, individuals pull together and donate to help those in need. Whether it be through donation of items or through the physical aspect of volunteering to help clean up or rebuild. As humans inner attitudes affect behavior. This making individuals vulnerable to peer pressure and attitudes, which influence individual’s political views are some examples (Myers, 2010). As individuals attitudes play a role in how each individual behaves. Social psychology has principles that are used to guide thinking and behavior, which play a vital role in everyday life. First one must understand what clinical psychology, general psychology, and sociology are...
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