...(Hale et al, 2007). For ease of communication it will be referred to as the Common Sense Model (CSM). It’s primary goal and function is to explain how a person processes an illness threat. The CSM is centered on the individual and his or her idea of health and illness. It works under the premise that the individual is “an active problem solver.” CSM also theories an individual’s representation of the illness will be the primary cause of their actions and behavior and the process of illness representation will lead the individual to make common sense health behaviors. (Diefenbach & Leventhal, 1996). Self-regulation is the processing of information by a patient regarding their health and the actions that an individual takes to return to a normal state of health. A stimuli such as a symptom of an illness or a diagnosis starts a three-phase feedback cycle of self-regulation. First, the individual constructs a cognitive “representation” of the illness. Secondly, the individual acts and “copes” with the illness. In the third stage, the individual “appraises” the actions and makes necessary adjustments. The CSM is a “parallel-processing” model. There is the cognitive pathway as well as the emotional pathway. In the cognitive pathway, the individual works on the objective nature of the illness while on the emotional pathway they deal with the subjective reaction. Leventhal and his colleagues note that personal...
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...Diabetes transition Assessment of current best practice and development of a future work programme to improve transition processes for young people with diabetes. Transition in healthcare is only one part of the evolution from dependent child to independent adult (David, 2001). Submitted by Ruth Gordon, Ruth Gordon Associates Ltd to NHS Diabetes. Supporting, Improving, Caring August 2012 Acknowledgements This project was funded by NHS Diabetes and supported by Gillian Johnson, North East Regional Programme Manager. The expert panel was made up of a group of clinicians and others who provided information, commented on the process and contributed to the views included in this final report. Others have influenced the later stages of the work and will be involved in planning how to take this project forwards. Therefore thanks go to: • Fiona Campbell • Deborah Christie • Chris Cooper • Julie Cropper • Gail Dovey-Pearce • Jane Edmunds • Gavin Eyres • Sue Greenhalgh • Peter Hammond • Gillian Johnson • Susannah Rowles • Carolyn Stephenson • Helen Thornton • Peter Winocour • Alison Woodhead Without the two clinical leads, Peter Hammond from Harrogate and Fiona Campbell from Leeds, this work and report would not have been possible. Contents Executive summary Context Background and rationale Aims of the project Timing of the project Process undertaken for the project Evidence base and policy background Results from the snapshot research Good practice Examples of good practice...
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...RESEARCH/SOURCE ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT DUE – 1/12/2011 WEIGHTING – 15% TASK- There are 2 Parts to this assessment. Part 1 involves individual research of a specific topic. Part 2 is a 1 hour written examination based on an article given to you a night before the assessment date. The examination contains questions which, in order to answer them, require the information which you have researched. PART 1 - Research/Source analysis task on Gene Therapy. Gene therapy has the potential to treat a number of conditions which hitherto have been untreatable. However, gene therapy has not yet been fully developed and their may be some ethical concerns concerning this form of treating disease. In your research consider the following points: 1. What is gene therapy? 2. What are the advantages of gene therapy as opposed to conventional therapy for some disorders? 3. What procedures are used in gene therapy, eg., what is a vector? 4. Are there some types of cells which are more suitable for gene therapy than other types? 5. What are some conditions in humans which could be potentially treated with gene therapy? 6. Are there any conditions in humans which are being successfully treated with gene therapy on a routine basis? 7. Does gene therapy have any practical potential? 8. What is diabetes? How many kinds of diabetes are there and what are the differences between them? 9. Are there any ethical concerns surrounding gene therapy? 10. References...
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...Individual Wellness Change Project The client I selected for this project is a 70 year old female. This client resides in a household with her husband, and adult son. Retirement has not equated with rest and relaxation for my client as she also takes care of two of her adult brothers in poor health. Three granddaughters have been the source of joy for her as they’ve grown from precious infants to teenagers. My client also assumes the role of family matriarch for her other nine siblings. With many demands for time and attention, I predicted the needs assessments to direct us towards stress management. The results we received sent out project in another direction. With my initial prediction of the focus needed being on stress management, I had my client complete the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Holmes and Rahe, n.d.) first. In spite of numerous responsibilities and various family members always seeking advice, her score was only a 16. Scores below 150 represent only a slight risk of illness due to stress. The one area where stress does affect my client is in her sleeping habits. Many nights she experiences insomnia while contemplating current family situations, and consequentially suffers from fatigue. My client’s concern over taking care of everyone else leaves little time for her to focus on herself. The remainder of our assessments helped to point out what she already knew about her nutrition and physical activity levels. The results of the LiveWell assessment...
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...I. Introduction Diabetes is on the rise in the United States and the resultant health problems are leading to visits to physicians’ offices and hospitals more than ever before. Diabetic neuropathy, a debilitating nerve disorder which can affect almost any part of the nervous system, occurs in nearly 50 percent of patients with diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is found in 12 percent of insulin dependent diabetics and 32 percent of those who are not, equaling approximately 3 million people in the United States. (Chen et al. 2007) The number of patients with other neuropathies, such as autonomic, proximal, and focal, comprises the other 1 million diabetic neuropathy patients, most of whom suffer in pain from the dysfunction of the nervous system. (Chen et al. 2007) This disorder’s elusive nature is such that it can not only present in any part of the body but it can be completely without symptoms that the average patient would report to their physician. Since the patients themselves are less likely to naturally disclose their suffering through their assumption that their symptoms are not relevant to their diabetic condition, the physician’s role in the diagnosis and recognition of this disorder is even more critical. II. Definition and Types of Diabetic Neuropathy The most common type of diabetic neuropathy is peripheral, considered, more generally, sensorimotor. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs, hands, and arms....
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...important part of the body. If someone has diabetes he/she is more likely to have to foot problems. Diabetes can damage your nerves. This, in turn, may make you less able to feel an injury or pressure on the skin of your foot. You may not notice a foot injury until severe damage or infection develops. This may led to gangrene in the through simple injuries eventually amputation will be the final choice. So a diabetes patient always has to wear specialized footwear that can protect the foot in more sophisticated way. Diabetes changes your body's ability to fight infections. Damage to blood vessels causes because of diabetes results in less blood and oxygen getting to your feet. Because of this, small sores or breaks in the skin may become deeper skin ulcers. The affected limb may need to be amputated when these skin ulcers do not improve, get larger, or go deeper into the skin. Worldwide, 50% of all leg amputations happen to people living with diabetes. In India, an estimated 50,000 amputations are carried out every year due to diabetes related foot problems. By employing reconstructive and corrective footwear, to remove the high pressure points, a large number of such amputations can be prevented. Thus the patient can lead a near normal life, free from complications. WHO predicts that developing countries will bear the brunt of diabetes epidemic in the 21st century. Currently, more than 70% of people with diabetes live in low- and middle income countries. ...
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...Understanding Roles and Responsibilities When Caring for Individuals with Dementia P4 – Explain roles and responsibilities of Health and Social Care workers in improving the health and quality of life for people with dementia. In this task I will be explaining the different roles and responsibilities of Health and Social Care workers, when it comes to caring for individuals suffering from dementia. These roles and responsibilities are: * Person-Centred Approach * Safeguarding and Protecting * Maintaining Health and Wellbeing * Service Provision Person-Centred Approach A good health and social care services will follow the principles of the Person-Centred Approach. This approach aims to see the person as an individual, rather than concentrating on their illness or on the capabilities they have lost. Other than treating the individual as a group of symptoms and behaviours to be controlled, person-centred approach looks into the person as a whole, taking into consideration of each persons’ unique talents, abilities, interests, preferences and needs. Person-centred approach also means to treat people with dementia with dignity and respect. Safeguarding and Protecting Safeguarding is the action that is taken to promote the welfare of vulnerable adults and protect them from harm. Individuals suffering from dementia may be subject to being mistreated and abused in the community or in care homes and hospitals. This can include psychological, financial, emotional...
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...1 NURS 1442 Cohort: 9/13 PGT Leader: Debbie Dorsett Submission Date: 25th August 2015 Word Count: 3250 This essay will be exploring a patient pathway in a clinical environment. The pathway to be investigated is the national diabetes pathway from the National Institution for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which was published in February 2015 (NICE, 2015). I will also exploring local agendas and guidelines that are available from a local trust. I will be exploring one patient in particular, who cannot be named for confidentiality reasons, in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC, 2008) the code of conduct governing patient confidentiality, (NMC, 2008). Diabetes is growing in the United Kingdom (UK) at an alarming rate, (Diabetes UK, 2012). In 2010, evidence showed that approximately 3.1 million people in the UK aged over 16 years old have diabetes. By 2030, this figure is estimated to rise to 4.6 million, (National Health Service [NHS], 2014). It is important as an adult nurse, that I understand the pathway of diabetes as individuals with the condition are at risk of developing further health complications (Diabetes UK, 2012). This includes conditions such as heart disease, stroke and blindness (Diabetes UK, 2012a). A pathway is a “foreseen care placed in an appropriate time frame, written and agreed by a multidisciplinary team. It has locally agreed standards based on evidence where available to help a patient with a specific condition or...
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...Critique Nursing Journal Article Kendra Duran Excelsior College Abstract Complications from, and economic costs associated with diabetes are on the rise. The concern is that this global health epidemic is only expected to worsen in the coming decades. One quantitative research study aims to improve patient outcomes specifically related to proper control of blood glucose level, by linking patient outcomes with health literacy and patient trust. A quantitative study consisting of a convenience sample of 102 subjects from two urban health care centers was used. Patient demographics, socioeconomic status, and diabetes related knowledge, and depression were measured. The results of this study are mixed in supporting the hypothesis that lower health literacy directly impacts glycemic control. The 2010 journal article titled, “Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in urban USA population” from Nursing Health and Sciences, hypothesizes a direct relationship between a patient’s overall health literacy and the ability to maintain glycemic control. The study’s intent is to examine questions related to health literacy and a patient’s trust in their healthcare provider to make a connection to how well the subjects managed glycemic control. Questions related to potential depression are also relevant. Author, Josephine M. Mancuso, PhD, ANP-BC from Marquette University, has published articles in the following nursing journals: Journal Of Nursing Care...
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...previous award. Date …17/5/2015……. Managing the Needs of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus LO1 Type 2 diabetes is a serious chronic condition affecting the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels. According to Diabetes UK (2012), there were 2.9 million people in the UK diagnosed with diabetes in 2012, and this is estimated to increase to 5 million by 2025. Up to 90% of people with diabetes are thought to be type 2. According to Diabetes UK (2006), many are unaware they have the condition and it can lead to long-term complications including eye problems, kidney disease, foot ulcers and cardiovascular disease. Gregg et al (2005), states advances in preventative medicine have seen an effective reduction in the burden of risk from hypertension and hyperlipidaemia but the incidence of diabetes has continued to rise, driving cardiovascular rates. There has been much done in recent years to identify people who are at high risk of developing diabetes. This assignment will discuss the link between diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. It will also identify lifestyle and behaviour changes involving the multi-disciplinary team and structured patient education of diabetics. The case study for this assignment is Mrs Smith, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and a family history of heart disease and diabetes. She leads a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight and has a poor diet (see appendix). The Health...
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...Diabetes Among African Americans Diabetes has been affecting the African American community in the United States for a long time. Diabetes is a disease that occurs in people by altering the body’s metabolic process in producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of sugar in our blood stream, and in turn becomes energy. There are two types of diabetes: type 1diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1diabetes, which usually begins during childhood or adolescence, is a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by lack of insulin (American Diabetes Association). This occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. Type 2 diabetes which is the most common form of the disease, usually occurs in middle aged adults after the age of forty-five (American Diabetes Association). It’s a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Forty percent of African American boys and forty nine percent of girls will develop diabetes during their lifetimes and therefore face the possibility of severe diabetes-related complications and a life span that is reduced by 4 to 23 years (Institute for Alternative Futures). In 2010, there were 5,547,700 African Americans in the United States with diabetes. African Americans have at least twice the risk of amputations, renal failure, and...
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...Short Essay on Diabetes Essay on diabetes: Diabetes mellitus, commonly called as diabetes is a disease of metabolic disorder where the blood sugar levels tend to remain high either because insufficient insulin is produced in pancreas or because the cells not responding to the insulin produced. Frequent urination, increased thirst and increased hunger are most common early symptoms of this disease. There are three major forms of diabetes namely Type1, Type 2 and third form is known as gestational diabetes. Type1 and Type 2 were formerly known as insulin dependent and insulin non-dependent diabetes. In patients of Type1 diabetes, body fails to produce insulin and thus an insulin pump is required to inject it. In Type 2 diabetes, the cells are not able to use the insulin properly because of insulin resistance. Third form is when a pregnant woman develops a higher blood sugar level without having any previous history of diabetes. Diabetes has other forms too like congenital resulting from genetic defects in secreting insulin, cystic-fibrosis related, steroid diabetes and other monogenic forms of the disease. Patients diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes have to depend upon insulin injections for lifetime and have to undergo regular tests for blood glucose level with special diet to prevent sugar levels from increasing. Type 2 is the most common and prevalent form of diabetes around the world. Overweight or obese people have higher risks of developing Type2 diabetes. Increased abdominal...
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...“What is Diabetes Mellitus?” Definition: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease in which the pancreas is no longer able to produce enough insulin (Type 1) or cells stop responding to the insulin that is being produced (Type 2), so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body. Symptoms often include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment for this disease includes changes in diet, oral medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin. Historical Background Diabetes mellitus was first described in ancient Egypt. It was first named by Aretaeus in the 1st century A.D. In the 2nd century, Galenus blamed the cause of diabetes on, kidney weakness. There were several theories...
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...alone since he/she is the owner of the business ,therefore he/she decides onwhat to do with with the income received from the businessfo his/her self satisfaction without sharing with other individuals. 2.Ease of formation,The start up legal requirement ,formalities ,restrictions are few .Aself employed person needs little or no approval by the government and usually less expensive than other business organizations that their legal requirement are lengthy and expensive. 3. Quick decion making,a self employed one is favoured by quick decision making process since he/she is not tied to long prosidures as in other corporate business ,their decision and controll vested upon them for their effective and efficient management of their businesses. 4.Flexibility,a self management business is able to respond quickly to its need to its daily needs since its decisions are governed bythe owners vorios laws and better sense. 5.Effective and efficient management ,A self employed person enjos the opportuinity to decide on what to is to be done ,who to do it,and at wthat time it should be done .they are not tied to any specific time to organise,control their management activities as there is no supervision involved. 6. Freedom from corporate business taxes,Aself employed persons is taxed as an individual taxpayer and not as a Business. DISADVANTAGES OF SELF EMPLOYEMENT 1.Unlimited liability,A self employed person is personally responsible for all business debts and suffers alone when...
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...to live with it, believing that each day will be each step to success. Parents work hard to give the best for their children. The government offers programs and solutions to problems, for the benefit and development of the people. And as an individual, we have responsibility to help ourselves and be beneficial to others. Working students are those individuals who find ways to make things possible for themselves and to others. As we become modern, more and more students find ways to cope with the situation. Poverty, emotional problems, environment aspects and other problems are not enough reason for them to lose hope and stop dreaming. Instead it helps them become more determine in pursuing their dreams and reaching their goals. Determination and courage give them strength to overcome whatever comes their way and make it through. Working while studying helps them pay their tuition fees, buy their necessities and or if possible help their parents and siblings. And because of doing part-time jobs and or the others full-time jobs, they can afford going to college or university. It helps them gain experience needed in having self-discipline, becoming committed and responsible individual. This helps them grow more as individuals, strong and independent enough to pursue their own potentials and reach their limit. This study enables us to focus on things that are more important in life and give us more insight on the real and actual life the working students...
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