...The Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior Attitude is holding a particular object in some degree of favor or disfavor. The attitude object can be a person, an event, an action or a thing. Previously it was believed that the inner dispositions are what controlled the actions of man. This is to say that man is rational with all behavior being deliberate. However, evidence has shown that this is not always the case and though attitude does influence behavior to an extent, it is not the only factor that influences behavior. Moreover, in some cases behavior can cause attitude change. Theory of planned behavior This theory aimed at predicting deliberate and premeditated behavior. The theory was an add on to the previously formulated theory of reasoned Action when research proved that human action is not entirely voluntary or controlled by rational reason. According to this theory the greatest determinant that leads to behavior is intention (a person’s willingness and readiness to perform a certain action).This intention is determined by attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms and an individual’s perception on their ability to control behavior (Ajzen 2005). Cognitive Dissonance theory According to this theory people have a tendency of seeking a consistency in their inner dispositions (both attitudes and beliefs). Further there is also a need for personal behavior to be in tune with attitudes and beliefs held. If there is a disconnect between behavior and attitudes...
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...and, ultimately, discrimination. A stereotype is an exaggerated belief, image or distorted truth about a person or group — a generalization that allows for little or no individual differences or social variation. A prejudice is an opinion, prejudgment or attitude about a group or its individual members. Prejudices are often accompanied by ignorance, fear or hatred. Prejudice begins with attachment to a close circle of acquaintances or an "in-group" such as a family and is often aimed at "out-groups." Discrimination is behavior that treats people unequally because of their group memberships and often begins with negative stereotypes and prejudices. Once learned, stereotypes and prejudices resist change, even when evidence fails to support them or points to the contrary. (Willoughby, 2007) When I think of bias I think of blatant ways that it manifests itself, but bias can be so subtle that it is hidden and hard to spot. If I change my conscious attitudes and beliefs this may indirectly change my hidden attitudes and beliefs. If I become aware of my hidden biases, I can suppress and attempt to eliminate those hidden attitudes and beliefs before they become behaviors. The Harvard Implicit Association Tests (IATs) are Hidden Bias Tests that measure unconscious, or automatic, biases. These tests can help us start thinking about hidden biases:...
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...Implicit Association Test Gina Pylka ETH/125 October 27, 2013 Constance Dolecki Implicit Association Test I found taking a couple of the tests on the IAT homepage interesting. The test I took said I had an automatic preference for young compared to old. I found the results something to think about. I would of said I had no known preference. In examining our own prejudices I think we automatically respond in terms of race and ethnic backgrounds. There are so many other areas in life where our prejudices surface. My understanding of prejudice is a negative attitude towards an entire group of people. By this simple explanation after taking this test it becomes clear to me that without even realizing it there is a prejudice because I prefer one group to another. This being the case for most of us I will assume for right now. I would have to say that prejudice would be difficult to measure. Some prejudice is very clear and directly out in the open. Some examples would be in how we respond to other’s because of the where they live or how they dress. Jumping to conclusions about someone without getting to know them is such a loss for everybody involved I personally feel. What has come clear to me in this weeks assignments is that no matter how hard we try I think we are always prejudice against others. The lines aren’t always clear when it comes to how we approach or avoid people as we go about own individual lives. Boundaries can shift as things happen to us or around us...
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...As a manager in any organization or institution you are faced with many task and responsibilities. Managers must be equipped with both technical and interpersonal skills in order to thrive in today’s business world. These skills include leadership, motivation, team work, conflict-resolution abilities and an understanding of diversity and diversity management. Today’s work population is constantly changing; we encounter different people from all walks of life. As a result there is more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue in the field of management. According to some experts “Diversity can have two competing perspectives. The first perspective embraces the “information value of diversity” and the importance of “celebrating our differences”. The second perspective believes that diversity contributes to conflict because “similarity attracts” and therefore, it is best not to draw attention to diversity and instead emphasize that as human beings our commonalities far outweigh our differences. The first perspective argues for customization, while the second advocates for homogenization. Whatever your perspective, the facts remain the same; today’s work population is changing and with any change comes both challenges and opportunities for organizations and their leaders. Diversity Management is a combination of programs, policies and...
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...Social Psychology: Tying it all Together Dawn Halpin PSY 301: Social Psychology Dr. Dominello 01/28/2015 From birth until death, we are relentlessly interacting with the people we come in contact with. Social psychology helps us to identify different aspects not only of ourselves, but the environment in which we work and live. It gives us insight as to how persuasion affects us as individuals as well as a group. It also helps to shed light as why some people judge others. Social psychology also helps us to understand how influences lead us to conform as well as become obedient. It also addresses the many dilemmas we face individually, as a group and in society. When we think of ourselves, we have a good idea about who we are as an individual. The person we are today has been influenced by everything we have learned throughout our lifetime. “Self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves” (Mcleod, 2008). “Our feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and opinion of ourselves are a collection of things we know about our self” (Feenstra, 2013). I used to be a person that would worry and stress about things that were coming up or trying to figure out how I would get through the tough times, but I have learned to rely on friends, family and God. When I think back to the times that I would worry about everything that is an example of self-concept. I used to keep my thoughts and feeling to myself to avoid being judged. Our self-schema...
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...1) Why does Ms. Kelly leave her purse open? Ms. Kelly now leaves her purse open as her own personal punishment for being judgmental and pre judging David Chappelle as a criminal 2) What did she find in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology? Ms. Kelly found that the channel of Personality and Social Psychology have an article based on implicit association test what show that 70 percent of the people who took this test black and white Harbor and unconscious preference for white over black people 3) What did the University of Washington find out about the IAT test? The University of Washington also found that the IAT showed 70 percent of the people who took the IAT unconsciously preferred white people to black people 4) Explain how the IAT test works and what does it measure? The IAT is given by computer shows pictures of black and white faces and ask you to connect them to positive and or negative words the IAT measures the speed in which you make word association to the pictures 5) What does Ms. Kelly say about racism and unconscious bias? Ms. Kelly states that racism and unconscious bias is amongst African Americans and Caucasian; most of us stereotype and are judgmental by nature. One line that stood out to me personally was Ms. Kelly recognizing that stereotyping was done to the point where it happens not in our conscience mind, but our operating system. We are programmed this way. Is it cultures fault? 6) What does Prof. Anthony Greenwald...
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...self-mutilation, suicide, depression, anxiety and general self-hating behaviors. Their parents are prosecuted for doing what good parents do, their absolute best to help their kids. Why make their lives harder? It's not a political choice or a religious choice, it's a human choice fostered by love and support, to help their kids. An attitude is a reaction to an attitude object that can range from a subtle (unconscious) evaluative reaction, to a more direct expression in words or deeds. Implicit attitudes can differ from explicit attitudes. Attitudes are useful because they help people to master their social environment and to express important connections with others. Attitudes are assembled from beliefs, feelings, and information about actions toward the object. Negative information and accessible information are weighted more heavily. Once an attitude forms, it becomes (closely) linked to the representation of the object. Your attitude is influenced by what you read and watch-by your interactions, associations, home environment, work environment, social environments, and what you think about. But here's the one-word secret to a certain positive attitude: Awareness. People protect established attitudes by ignoring or resisting information that threatens them. However many people overestimate their ability to resist persuasive appeals. Subliminal persuasion gains some of its power because people do not realize they are the target of a persuasive attempt. Information presented outside...
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...Explicit Attitudes is a person’s view toward other people, objects and concepts. Implicit Attitudes is internal response that the person is unaware of. Yes and no because a person thinks of something in a certain way but inside not knowing what they really think. In my opinion I believe that both are important in there on ways in society. For example, a white person can see a black person and the automatic mind will be negative towards the black person. For implicit attitude a white person may not be racist and may have friends that are black and hangs out with them, but inside he doesn’t realize that he has a more negative association towards blacks. Implicit attitudes are related to racial, ethnic, religious and other types of prejudice because I believe no because a person may not know that he or she is racist against someone else by the color of their skin. Their automatic mind will discriminate on its own from first appearance. The implicit Attitude Test (IAT) is a measure within social psychology designed to detect the strength of a person's automatic mind between mental representations of objects. The creator of the (IAT) is Anthony G. Greenwald in 1998. The way the IAT works is that it relies on the person who is taking the test to quickly judge and respond to stimuli that appear on the computer screen. The IAT scores of whites reflected implicit racial prejudice, and that many whites don’t endorse these negative attitudes...
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...Mental Health - Project Implicit * Disclaimer ContactProject ImplicitSite Map * HomeTake a Demo TestBackground and FAQsTech Support The Scientists Project Implicit ResearchMental Health Resources You have completed the Depression Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT - patent pending). Your Result Your implicit data suggest that you slightly identify more with HAPPY than SAD. We hope you find the IAT sorting task thought-provoking, but it should not be used to define yourself or others. We do not currently have enough data on how people in general score on these tests to present comparisons with people in general. We appreciate your participation, and it will help us to provide this feature in the future as we obtain more data. This and future research will clarify the way in which implicit evaluations affect our perception, judgment, and action. If you have any questions about this study, please email pimh@projectimplicit.net. If you have unanswered questions about the task, please review the background information and FAQs about this research and follow the links to the questions of specific interest to you. Thanks again for your participation. If you feel especially concerned about your own mood or emotional difficulties, or wish to seek mental health help or advice: (1) Do you need immediate help? If you are thinking about harming yourself or someone else, please tell someone who can help immediately: - Call 911 for emergency services (in the United States). - Go...
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...IAT Tests and Results ETH/125 November 7th, 2012 After completing nine different Implicit Association Tests or IAT’s, I feel that I learned some information about myself that I did not recognize before when I refer to others, and other facts that I personally already knew about myself. Upon completing the Asian IAT, the test stated that I personally had a slight associated of European Americans with American and Asian American with Foreign compared to Asian Americans with American and European Americans with foreign. Subconsciously I didn’t realize the relations I put with one racial background compared to the other, but once I completed the test I realized that I do personally associate certain members of a background with certain cultural items. Although I do not use that in order to be malicious or rude to someone, it is a generalized reference that I have learned growing up and from where I have lived. Prejudice is not often easy to measure, as a person may feel personally toward one belief but does not show that belief to others as they know it is not the general rule. Other people can be blunt and open with prejudice, making it easier to know what their exact feeling about another is or even how they feel toward them. Being able to call it an accurate result though is hard because of a person’s feelings may change from experience to experience and may result differently in 6 months if taken today. Reference Project Implicit. (n.d.). Retrieved from...
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...Implicit Association Test Susan Whitebird ETH/125 April 15, 2012 Jamie Fox I took the Skin-tone IAT. The results of my test were light skin- dark skin. Strong 30%, moderate 27% and slight 10%. I believe that the test did not produce valid results for me. I do not care what the color a person’s skin is; it is what is on the inside that counts. We could all be the same color on the outside, but all of us have a difference in opinion and a way of thinking on the inside. I do not think some kind of test is going to tell certain people that they like light skin, compare to dark skin. Yes it is difficult to accurately measure prejudice. How can you measure prejudice, even before meeting someone, or having any knowledge about who they are? It is just like seeing someone for the first time and saying that they are a bad or good person. You do not know that just by the way the person looks, or talks, or what clothes they are wearing. How does a computer tell you any of that stuff? Other than the IAT test there is the Bogardus Social Distant Scale. This is a psychological testing scale to measure ones willingness to partake in social contacts. Social distance test is for telling the distance between different groups. Maybe they can hire someone, to do interviews all around the world. I still do not think any of the information would be right, because even today people do not always tell the truth. I thought that the test was interesting, and a little fun, in a...
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...Florida International University MAR 4503 Consumer Behavior Fall 2015, Section U01 Dr. Jayati Sinha Homework #2 Implicit Association Test October 12, 2015 (1) Describe your experience doing the demo test. What did you expect would happen? Did the results surprise you? Do you think the results are a valid measure of your implicit attitudes? Why or why not? In your answer, be sure to consider the issues raised in the FAQ page. I believe that in the domain of intergroup discrimination like race, age, and sexual orientation the Implicit Association Test does better than self-report at predicting behavior. I also understand that I may not say what's on my mind either because I am unwilling or because I am unable to do so. The unwilling-unable distinction is like the difference between purposely hiding something from others and unconsciously hiding something from myself. The Implicit Association Test makes it possible for me to penetrate both of these types of hiding. The Implicit Association Test measures implicit attitudes and beliefs that we are either unwilling or unable to report. (2) How could you use this technique to test consumer attitudes towards any brands? Would you expect the results to differ from explicit measures of attitudes? Why or why not? -Tapping consumer insights in such a way more appropriately captures the richness of consumers' perceptions, feelings, and attitudes toward a brand. -Allows for indirect measurement of attitudes...
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...The Effects of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Elaina Lucido Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington Abstract In this study, I investigated whether explicit measures of personal attitudes regarding homosexuality are correlated with implicit measures of personal preference between heterosexuality and homosexuality. Participants were first given a self-report survey in order to gauge their explicit attitudes or prejudices in regards to homosexuals in society. Then, a Sexuality IAT was administered in order to test for a suggested implicit preference for Straight over Gay or vice versa. Overall average scores on the Sexuality IAT revealed implicit preferences for heterosexuality over homosexuality. When the explicit and implicit measures were paired together, correlation analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the two. The Effects of Socialization on Attitudes Regarding Homosexuality in Relation to the Implicit Associations Test Attitudes and behaviors towards homosexuality are usually attributed to the moral standings, values, upbringing, and personal experiences of an individual. Opinions regarding the acceptance of homosexuality in America have changed drastically within the past decade partly due to an increased population of younger generations and open homosexuals within the United States. Dimock, et al...
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...Sean C Scott Implicit Association Test University of Phoenix Implicit Association Test The Implicit Association Test’s (IAT) that participated in were the one on Race and another on Skin-Tone. I found both test’s to very interesting but lacked in my opinion the true questions needed to accurately determine a person’s preferences on the test topics. I think test should have gone a little deeper into how a person feels towards the opposite race based on common stereo types and misconceptions that usually bring out the true feeling about the opposite race rather it be positive or negative. As Far as the test reveling something about myself that I wasn’t aware of before in my opinion failed to do that because of the vagueness of the questions being asked. For example the final result page of the test suggesting me to having little to no preference between dark and light skinned people which in some cases could be true but failing to revile the true fact of my very strong preference towards light skinned woman to a dark skinned woman. I think the test should have asked some question on the bases of gender to determine if that really played an important role in discovering hidden biases towards male or female when it came to skin-tone. In my opinion I think part of our biases come from the way we were brought up as children from pass experiences and cultures of our parents and family that influenced our actions...
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...of discrimination toward minority groups permeated in society in the form of implicit discrimination. While explicit discrimination is when individuals consciously discriminate, there is also...
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