...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...INDUS CIVILIZATION Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappa civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. It was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-Daro (Mohenjo-Daro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region, now both in Pakistan. Subsequently, vestiges of the civilization were found as far apart as Sutkagen Dor, near the shore of the Arabian Sea 300 miles (480 km) west of Karachi, also in Pakistan, and Rupnagar, in India, at the foot of the Shimla Hills 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the northeast. Later exploration established its existence southward down the west coast of India as far as the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay), 500 miles (800 km) southeast of Karachi, and as far east as the Yamuna (Jumna) River basin, 30 miles (50 km) north of Delhi. It is thus decidedly the most extensive of the world’s three earliest civilizations; the other two are those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, both of which began somewhat before it. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) located in the western region of South Asia, and spread over what is now Pakistan, northwest India, and eastern Afghanistan. Flourishing in the Indus River basin, the civilization extended east into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the upper reaches Ganges-Yamuna Doab, it extended west to the Makran coast of Baluchistan and north to northeastern...
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...“The Effects of the Indus Water Treaty on Pakistan’s Economy” Introduction & Background The Indus Water Treaty is a treaty, which was signed in the presence of the World Bank officials, between Pakistan and India, over sharing the water of the Indus basin. The treaty was developed on the 19th of September, 1960 between the President of Pakistan at the time, Ayub Khan, and the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, at Karachi. The water of the River Indus is alienated between an eastern and western river. The Eastern River belonging to India consisting of Ravi, Beas and Sutlu, while the western river flowing through the uncertain region of Jammu and Kashmir including Indus, Jehlum and Chenab. The treaty was to be known as a consequence of Pakistani fright, considering the foundation of the rivers belonging to the Indus basin were in India. The fright basically was that at times of war; India could bring droughts and famines in being at Pakistan. Nevertheless, India did not leave from the treaty all during the three Indo-Pakistani Wars which occurred later on. To be on the bright side, there have been no water wars between the two nations after the treaty in 1960 and if any disputes did rise in the meantime, they were settled through the involvement of legal events. The treaty is regarded as one of the most successful water sharing deals in the world today. Economic Effects Pakistan is a country which entirely depends upon water to maintain its economy. According...
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...overview The Indus Valley civilization was an ancient civilization located in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent. The Indus Valley is contemporary with the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. The civilization is famous for its large and well-planned cities. Over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found. Most of these are small, but amongst them are some of the largest cities of their time, especially Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Geography The Indus Valley civilization covered most of what is today Pakistan and the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab. Settlements which were closely related to the core civilization - and may have been colonies of it - have been found in Afghanistan and central Asia. The huge Indus river system waters a rich agricultural landscape. The Indus plain is surrounded by high mountains, desert and ocean, and at that time dense forest to the east. Well-planned Cities The early phase of the civilization lasted from circa 3300 BC until 2800 BC. This saw farming settlements grow into large and sophisticated urban centres. The quality of municipal town planning indicates that these communities were controlled by efficient governments. These clearly placed a high priority on accessibility to water. Modern scholars tend to see in this the influence of a religion which places a string emphasis on ritual washing - much like modern Hinduism. Hygiene was also important to the inhabitants...
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...Indus Valley civilization Introduction Have you heard about Indus Valley civilization? It’s one of the worlds’ four cradle of civilization, and one of the two ancient origins of Indian civilization. Also, it is the earliest civilization in India. However, it isn’t accepted as India’s history. From now on, let’s see it concretely. Body 1 Indus Valley civilization developed from about 2500 BCE. It was centered on a river and located in the basin of the Indus. Its exact location is match with today’s Pakistan. From 2300 BCE to 2000 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization met its heyday. Its urban culture was established at two main cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. These two cities were 40 miles away from each otehr and there are about 40,000 residents existed. Relatively, it was small population, but they constructed high-end habitation. Their cities had great sophisticated water technology, such as a drainage system. Body 2 Indus Valley civilization flourished until 1800 BCE, but after that time, it declined. Finally, it destroyed about 1500 BCE. There are many theories to explain how this great civilization faded away, and among those theories, invasion of Aryans has strong possibility. Because time of Aryans’ entering India and Indus Valley civilization’s collapsing is similar. Body 3 During the invasion process, it seems that Aryan culture, including Sanskrit is supposed to have absorbed many things from this Indus Valley civilization. First, there is strong evidence...
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...The Indus Valley Civilisation I n 1922, when the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilisation came to light, it unearthed a new era in the history of India. Though there is no unanimity among historians and archaeologists about the antiquity of this ancient Bronze Age civilisation, a general overall span of 2500-1500 BC is agreed to by most. The Indus Valley Civilisation was the largest cultural zone of the period – it covered a vast 1.3 million square kilometres. It extended from Manda (J&K) in the north to Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the south, and from Suktagendor (Pakistan) in the west to Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh) in the east. Again there is no agreement among historians and anthropologists on the issue of the founders of the Indus Valley Civilisation. However, recent research has thrown up some conclusive evidence on this front: the founders were of a mixed stock—proto-Austroloid, Mediterranean, and Mongoloid. Urban civilisation The Indus Valley Civilisation was an urban civilisation. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation are as follows: Mohenjodaro (Sindh, Pakistan), Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal (Gujarat), Chanhudaro (Sindh, Pakistan), Dholavira (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), and Surkotada (Gujarat). Common features across cities While there were distinguishing features between cities, they still had some common features. The foremost feature was the systematic town planning on the lines of the...
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...remains of large, magnificent, and well planned cities. The ancient civilization of the Indus Valley displayed public works, arts and architecture, and complex religions. The Indus Valley civilization displayed organized public works within the planning and measuring of cities...
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...Syed Akeel Bilgrami Quite often, those associated with the Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture at Karachi have been asked: - What was the need for the Indus Valley School to spend so much time and effort to re-locate an old building on its campus, and, - Why the Nusserwanjee Building? The answers to these questions can be linked to the day, May 1, 1991, when twelve prominent architects of the city brain-stormed at the Indus Valley School to evolve a design criteria for its new campus. The school had just acquired a plot and since it was the first time that a custom–designed campus for an Art and Architecture institution was being built in Pakistan, it was expected the brain-storming would generate some fresh, innovative, ideas. Interestingly however, the consensus at the end of the day, reached, perhaps half in jest, was that an ideal environment for a school of art is in and around an old building, and that the School should find such a building and move into it! Hardly a week later, Shahid Abdulla, one of the founders of the Indus Valley School, excitedly called to say he had found a beautiful old building, right in the heart of Kharadar, which was for sale and about to be demolished. Before one could express one’s reservations about the location, he quickly added, “We will save it and move it to the campus in Clifton.” What he had seen was the hundred-year-old Nusserwanjee Building, a stone structure in two blocks of three and four storeys with large halls...
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...5-1 AMAX Automobiles Bagaimana sebaiknya AMAX diorganisasikan dan dikendalikan ? jawab 1.Dengan adanya suatu divisionalisasi, yang merupakan proses pemberian wewenang dalam bidang produksi dan pemasaran produk tertentu kepada suatu pusat pertanggungjawaban atau proses pembentukan pusat-pusat laba atau melimpahkan kewenangan yang lebih luas kepada manajer-manajer yang beroperasi, yaitu memiliki kendali atas pengembangan produk, proses produksi, dan pemasaran. 2.Berfokus pada pusat laba (profit center) yang memberikan informasi siap pakai bagi manajemen atas (top management) mengenai profitabilitas. 3.Berfokus pada margin laba yang memacu para manajer untuk memperkenalkan produk-produk baru. 4. Berfokus pada bottom line (laba/rugi akhir) yang memacu para manajer untuk menghasilkan keuntungan yang maksimum dari produk yang sekarang. 5. Mengukur kinerja proses manufaktur seperti pengendalian kualitas, penjadwalan produk, dan keputusan membuat atau membeli. 6. Mengukur profitabilitas dengan cara mengukur kinerja manajemen yang digunakan untuk perencanaan, koordinasi, dan mengontrol kegiatan sehari-hari dari pusat laba dan sebagai alat untuk memberikan motivasi yang tepat bagi manajer. Ketika kinerja finansial suatu pusat tanggung jawab diukur dalam ruang lingkup laba . kemudian fungsi – fungsi produksi dan pemasaran dapat dijadikan sebagai pusat laba. Lalu setelah itu fokuskan pada pengelolaan unit unit bisnis sebagai pusat laba. maka pusat ini disebut sebagai pusat laba. Hampir...
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...How can Indus reconcile the varying objectives of its stakeholder and realize its vision? The stakeholders started with a common vision. This vision was to direct their attention on what they do best, which was focusing on their core business of marketing and customer service while outsourcing the infrastructure development/maintenance to an outside party. They have realized that the industry has evolved, and infrastructure sharing has now become the norm. Service providers needed to embrace this trend, as resistance to it would not only increase their operating costs and reduce efficiencies, while diluting their core focus, thereby inadvertently rendering themselves less competitive. It has, therefore, become clear to the providers that it was imperative for their long term success and competitiveness to take the sharing approach and establish a joint infrastructure management venture which would benefit the stakeholders. As the three service providers were all in agreement that establishing a shared tower network is in their common best interest, it is now critical that they bring in a neutral executive team to run Indus. Up to this point, each of the Telecom company leaders who oversaw the inception of Indus had a vast array of roles and wore many different and divergent “hats.” As the case states on page 9 “they were simultaneously shareholder, board members, and representatives of customers.” While the advantage of having such well-rounded leaders was the fact that each...
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...ANALYSE INDUSTRIELLE SEMESTRE 1 16.09.09 CHAPITRE I – Qu’est-ce que l’économie industrielle ? L’analyse ou l’économie industrielle est née au début de siècle d’une rupture avec l’économie néoclassique (révolution industrielle). Deux grands courants de recherche peuvent être identifiés : • L’approche empirique ou appliquée (école de Harvard) • L’approche formalisée (école de Chicago) La première approche sera développée. L’accent sera mis sur l’élaboration et la modernisation des comportements des firmes dans le cadre d’un secteur d’activité. I – Les fondements de l’économie industrielle. Actuellement, les grands groupes représentent moins de 2% des entreprises industrielles. En revanche, ils assurent plus de la moitié des la production et de l’emploi salarié (100 000 pour France Telecom et 2 million pour Wallmar). Pour saisir cette mutation, il est nécessaire de dépasser les approches traditionnelles : les approches micro-économique et les approches macro-économique. L’approche micro-économique est fondée sur une analyse purement théorique des marchés. Elle ne permet pas de comprendre comment ce sont constitués ces grands groupes, comment ils agissent sur les marchés et comment ils vont évoluer. Qu’est-ce que ça change ? L’approche macro-économique est fondée sur une analyse très agrégée de variables économiques. Elle ne permet pas de comprendre les comportements des firmes. L’économie industrielle est une approche qui tente d’établir un problème entre...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...NUSSERWANJEE BUILDING INTRODUCTION: This is the new building on the site of the Nusserwanjee building which was relocated to Clifton as a new wing of Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture. The old building was marked for demolition but was saved by concerned citizens and architects as a cultural heritage. Shahid Abdulla, one of the founders of the Indus Valley School, excitedly called to say he had found a beautiful old building, right in the heart of Kharadar, which was for sale and about to be demolished. Before one could express one’s reservations about the location, he quickly added, “ We will save it and move it to the campus in Clifton.” Although the interiors of the structure are new the overall language of the building has been maintained in the true spirit of the original structure which was a commercial and warehouse use building dedicated to Jamshed Nusserwanjee Mehta (7 January, 1886-1 August 1952). Nusserwanjee was the first mayor of the city and was responsible for many positive developments of Karachi, like daily road washing etc. which are still remembered today. There are few Images of ‘NUSSERWANJEE BUILDING’ at the time Of Relocation: REASONS: * Save it from the inevitable demolition and destruction. * Provide a hands-on, once-in-a-lifetime experience to both the faculty and students, in the area of architectural conservation. * Introduce...
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...Appropriately titled “The Last Straw,” the article reviews water conflicts exacerbated by climate change in general while focusing on Pakistan’s unsustainable dependence on Kashmiri waters – a dependence that only exacerbates the long-standing historical, cultural, and religious animosity between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir territory. Faris reports that a shocking “ninety percent of Pakistan’s agricultural irrigation depends on rivers that originate in Kashmir.” This water comes from three of the six tributaries that India and Pakistan split in their 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Is the treaty’s continued existence a testament to how future resource shortages will draw normally hostile states into cooperating? Perhaps – the agreement has so far survived three major wars and nearly 50 years of hostile exchanges. Unfortunately, the treaty’s stability depends on a status quo that no longer exists. By diminishing water flows in the Indus...
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...source is made. All four papers in the forthcoming volume are available on the web at http://www.iucnus.org/publications.html. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM ALONG THE KARACHI COASTAL AREAS Samina Khalil Applied Economics Research Institute, Karachi ABSTRACT The mangroves of the Indus River Delta in the Karachi, Pakistan coastal areas provide a wealth of goods and services to people who live and work among them. However, these products are not sold in established markets, so their economic importance goes unrecognized. As a result, the expansion of regional industry, agriculture, and population are permitted to threaten the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystems. This study describes the broad array of goods and services provided by the mangroves, and uses market data to estimate the economic value of a few of them. It then argues for the importance of more thorough mangrove valuation studies as a crucial input into policy decisions which will affect the viability of mangrove ecosystems in the future. INTRODUCTION This study focuses on economic valuation of the mangrove ecosystem along the Karachi coastal areas. The mangrove ecosystem of the Indus Delta coastal zone is a vital wetland area of great ecological and economic significance. The location...
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