...This first chapter is concerned not with philosophical questions about the appropriate nature or extent of these ‘rights’. In countries where primary and junior secondary schooling is not yet universal, private returns to education are highest at primary level and tend to decline at secondary and higher levels. Where girls have less access to schooling than boys, this pattern of returns implies that closing the gender gap in school enrolments will provide higher returns than would expansion policies that left the existing gender gap unchanged. Those who hold power dominate the society in the same way that a colonist, tribe or sect does. It is a group of people from the society who shares common interests. Common interests arise from the existence of a group of people bound together by blood relationship, belief, culture, locality or standard of living. They emerge from similar factors leading to similar results, i.e. they emerge because blood relationships, belief...
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...Education and Occupation Like all societies, the Ireland is mobilised, and this mobility is frequently built on an individual’s socioeconomic status (SES). This multifaceted formula forms three solutions: Education, Work and Salary. The number of years the individual devotes in education, the status of his/hers occupation, also the sum of money he/she makes, determine one’s social class. Despite the fact that this process of separating people into classes could be beneficial, it has numerous inadequacies. Education One cause of socioeconomic position is education. Individuals with a high secondary school degree are categorised in one set. Individuals with a university degree are put into another. By means of educational accomplishment ranks...
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...happens to be the group that is higher in the social class system) tend to have a better educational experience than poor blacks, who are in the lower part of the social class system. This means that whites are given more opportunities to succeed than poor blacks. In the film clip we saw in class about a Public School in Riverdale versus a Public School in the Bronx, we can see that the Public School in Riverdale which is predominantly whites and Asians are given the opportunity to be in the gifted classes and the quality of their teachers are better than the Public School in the Bronx. As teachers do play a role in a student’s education, they have to be knowledgeable in the subject that they are teaching and see that their students have...
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...DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ON GIRL CHILD AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN FUTURE. Kongala. Rama.Rao. Research Scholar. Department of Sociology & Social Work, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510. Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing the poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance Koffi Annan Introduction Indian culture is centuries old. In Vedic Age Indian Women enjoyed a high status in the home as well as outside. After the Vedic Period women status decreased step by step, due to social economical, ad political changes of the later centuries. Women lost their position in education, and other fields. Consequently evil customs such as purdha, Sati, child Marriage, polygamy, ad enforced widowhood crept in and the women’s status in the home and outside. Different social reformers has played key role for women upliftment. Sex Ratio Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per thousand males is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equality between males and females in a society at a given point of time. The sex ratio in the country had always remained unfavourable of females....
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...For the greater good of this nation, the education system has to be reformed, as racial inequality is evident and the discriminatory educational system is becoming a self destructive factor on the citizens of the United States of America. In the U.S, public education funds rely on taxation of local property. These property taxes vary between different districts and locations. This variance of property tax revenues often leads to inequality of education due to lack of financial resources in the school to provide opportunities, facilities and programs for the students. This inequality of opportunities is evident and often leads up to broader, much larger social problems in the long run. According to the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, racial minorities are more likely, than their white counterpart, to be suspended from school, receive less access to math and science classes, and are usually taught by lower-paid teachers with less experience. (Rich 2015) Statistics from the date proved that based on the data collected during the 2011-2012 academic year, black students face harsher discipline than other students and are three times more likely to be suspended than white students. Young African-American students are also suspended and expelled at disproportionate rates, even students as young as preschool-level. Students of color also lacks the access to schools that offer a full range of math and science courses, which undoubtedly impacts their chances of getting...
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...Education and Income Inequality: A Meta-Regression Analysis Abdul Jabbar Abdullah* Hristos Doucouliagos Elizabeth Manning - FIRST DRAFT - Please do not quote without permission from the authors September 2011 Abstract This paper revisits the literature that investigates the effects of education on inequality. Specifically, the paper provides a comprehensive quantitative review of the extant econometrics literature through a meta-regression analysis of 64 empirical studies that collectively report 868 estimates of the effects of education on inequality. We find that education affects the two tails of the distribution of incomes; it reduces the income share of top earners and increases the share of the bottom earners, but has no effect on the share of the middle class. Inequality in education widens income inequality. Education has a larger negative effect on inequality in Africa. The heterogeneity in reported estimates can be largely explained by differences in the specification of the econometric model. JEL Codes: I24, C01 Keywords: Education, inequality, meta-regression analysis Number of words: 12,683 * Corresponding author. Abdullah: Universiti Teknologi Mara Sarawak Campus, Malaysia and PhD Candidate Deakin University, ajabd@deakin.edu.au Doucouliagos: School of Accounting, Economic and Finance, Deakin University, douc@deakin.edu.au Manning: School of Accounting, Economic and Finance, Deakin University, elizabem@deakin.edu.au 1 Education and Income...
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...EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION M.ED. (ADMIN. IN HIGHER EDUCATION)-DISTANCE RESEARCH PAPER INEQUALITY IN ACCESSING HIGHER EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE CHALLENGES AND WAYFORWARD AKPLOME PRECIOUS INTRODUCTION Globally, education remains the fulcrum for the achievement of higher economic, social, technological standards and development. Education continues to receive wide attention amongst most developed nations’ governments and policy due to the remarkable contributions that it brings to the nation. In Africa even though there seems to be a concerted effort by various governments to improve on education at all levels, there is gender inequality in access to education at all levels of the academic ladder. Gender inequality in access to education continues to receive considerable attention worldwide and many developing counties. Ghana is no exception and the situation affects national development and also limits opportunities for women especially in enjoying higher job prospects in the country. At the 1990 World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien, Thailand, particular emphasis was placed on female education not only as a fundamental right, but also as an important means for economic and social development (UNESCO, 2003). Undeniably, education has been viewed by many as central to the achievement of greater equality in society, including between men and women. This notwithstanding, the lack of education has been viewed as a major obstacle to women employment and...
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...Assess the claim that the main function of education is to maintain social inequality Some sociologist such as functionalist argue that the inequality of education teaches children the skills needed in the workplace and economy whereas Marxist believe education passes on ruling class ideology that supports capitalism, and femmist say that the education system is patriarchal. Some sociologist may also be argue that the education system doesn’t prepare people adequately for work e.g. lack of graduates in engerineering this indicated the education system is failing. Functionalists say that education has three main functions to help society, not to maintain social inequality. Education sifts and sorts people for the appropriate job this is called the allocation function, also teaches the skill need in work and plays a part in secondary socialisation by passing on the core values. However it may be argued that education is mainly ''who you know'' than what you know in some parts of society so allocation isn’t working properly. Durkheim said that education helps to create social order based on cohesion and value consensus and parson also describes school as a bridge between the family and adult roles of society as they pass on a universal value of achievement. Parson also states education selects children into appropriate routes because it is a meritocracy. Meritocracy is when social rewards are allocated by talent and effort rather than because of a position some was born in intro...
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...Asses the view that the main function of the education system is to reproduce and legitimise social inequalities. Functionalist writers such as Parsons have suggested that social inequality in contemporary societies is based on the principal of meritocracy and equality of opportunity. In meritocracy, social inequality is based on the different abilities, talents and skills individuals have. For most people today, their abilities and talents are demonstrated by their educational qualifications, and everyone should have an equal opportunity to develop and achieve these educational qualifications, regardless of their social class background, ethnicity or disability. However, there is significant evidence that Britain is not meritocratic, and the link between educational qualifications and pay levels is relatively weak. Most sociologists argue that not everyone has the same chance of developing their talents and skills, and that there opportunity in education. Marxists adopt the idea that education serves the needs of the economic foundation of society, along with other principles such as family, mass media, religion and politics. They also believe that the education system does not maintain and reproduce existing social class, ethnic and gender inequalities from one generation to the next. The evidence for this lack of equality of opportunity in education is that, even for students of the same ability, there are wide differences in educational achievement which are closely...
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...Sociology essay Assess the view that the main function of the education system is to reproduce & legitimise social inequalities. Functionalists believe that education serves a purpose and gives everyone an equal chance to achieve and succeed. They believe education has a function to create a fully operational society and allocate roles fitting the correct people. However, a conflict argument (Marxism), disagree. Marxism believe that not everyone at school gets an equal opportunity (The myth or meritocracy) and that social class, gender and ethnicity all impact on what grades you will come out with. They also believe that education system reproduces social inequalities and legitimises them. Functionalists say the education system socialises children to adapt to a meritocratic view of achievement. At home a child is given a status (Particularistic standards) and at school universalistic standards apply, this means your status starts at a level playing field. This status will go up or down based on merit. One theorist who picked up on this was Talcott Parsons, and he suggested that education is a vital part to instil the major value of achievement. Marxist theorist Bourdieu disagrees with this view, he believe once at school not everyone starts at a level playing field and it is the lower classes who suffer most, this is evident in Item A. Item A states “School systematically fail the majority of working class pupils” this is supported by Bourdieu who adds that the...
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...State education began in 1870 and a significant feature of education in Britain is the difference in achievement between pupils from different social classes. Despite many improvements to the education system, social class differences continue. Social class background has a powerful influence on a child’s success in the education system. For example, children from middle class families on average perform better than working class children. Functionalists see education as based on value consensus where as Marxists see it as based on class division and capitalist exploitation. Althusser saw schools as part of the ideological state apparatus, where people are persuaded to accept their exploited position in society. This maintains the rule of the bourgeoisie by controlling people’s ideas, values and beliefs. Althusser also argues that the bourgeoisie do not need to use the repressive state apparatus, this includes the police, courts and army. The bourgeoisie does not need to use the RSAs because they are used to maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie by force, therefore can manipulate the ways in which people think. Therefore the main function of the education system is to reproduce and legitimise social inequalities as in Althusser’s view education transmits class inequality from generation to generation and legitimates class inequalities by producing ideologies that disguise the truth. The education system develops a false consciousness in the working class, they are manipulated...
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...view that the main function of the education system is to reproduce and legitimise social inequalities. 20 State education began in 1870 and a significant feature of education in Britain is the difference in achievement between pupils from different social classes. Despite many improvements to the education system, social class differences continue. Social class background has a powerful influence on a child’s success in the education system. For example, children from middle class families on average perform better than working class children. Functionalists see education as based on value consensus where as Marxists see it as based on class division and capitalist exploitation. Althusser saw schools as part of the ideological state apparatus, where people are persuaded to accept their exploited position in society. This maintains the rule of the bourgeoisie by controlling people’s ideas, values and beliefs. Althusser also argues that the bourgeoisie do not need to use the repressive state apparatus, this includes the police, courts and army. The bourgeoisie does not need to use the RSAs because they are used to maintain the rule of the bourgeoisie by force, therefore can manipulate the ways in which people think. Therefore the main function of the education system is to reproduce and legitimise social inequalities as in Althusser’s view education transmits class inequality from generation to generation and legitimates class inequalities by producing ideologies that disguise...
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...4) Education is an aspect of socialisation which involves the acquisition of knowledge and learning of skills. It shapes our beliefs and moral values through a systematic formal transmission. Education is said to be an integral function of society, as it provides a contributory characteristic which helps to maintain and adapt society and it’s values Before the 1960’s, education was taught through a system known as the ‘Tripartite’ system. This involved all children at the age of eleven undertaking an exam in order to ascertain individual ability in order to separate the children into streams of ability and assign them to what was believed to be the most appropriate school. Those demonstrating exceptional ability went to Grammar schools, which were designed to prepare them for professional occupations. Those of lesser ability moved to Secondary modern schools which focused on providing pupils with the skills necessary to prepare the students for more manual and unqualified jobs. A third sector was introduced called a Technical college. This was primarily based on teaching the children purely manual skills which in turn would be used for manual labour. This system frequently served to reinforce social inequality because it was largely middle class children who went to Grammar school, while the working classes were frequently restricted to either Secondary Modern’s or technical schools. The difference being that middle class families provided their children with advantageous primary...
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...elsewhere, assess the view that the main function of the education system is to reproduce and legitimise social inequalities. (20 marks) The education system is one of the most influential institutions in our society, as it 'breeds' children knowledge and skills from a very young age (4-5) all the way to young adulthood (16-18), through set lessons or through the hidden curriculum. Education is said to supply a capitalist society with a perfect workforce by ensuring, for example, working class student do working class jobs. For the Marxist, education is seen as an important part of the superstructure of society. It is believed to serve the needs of the economic base; this base shapes the superstructure, while the superstructure maintains the base. It is believed by Marx that education performs two main functions in a capitalist society; it reproduces the inequalities and social relations of production of capitalist society and it serves to legitimate these inequalities through the myths of meritocracy, instead of education being merely to teach pupils skills such as literacy and numeracy and to teach common values. On the other hand, Functionalists argue that education has three broad functions in society; socialization (education is said to help maintain society by socializing young people into key cultural values); skill provision (Education teaches the skills required by a modern society); and role allocation (Education allocation people to the most appropriate jobs for their...
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...The flexibility of labour markets and the elite-orientated education of liberal market economies in the UK and the US result in higher degrees of inequality compared to coordinated market economies. Discuss. Student ID: 0956592 Word count (excluding references): 2492 This paper will discuss and analyze whether the flexibility of labour markets and the elite orientated education in liberal market economies, found in the UK and the US are the only reasons for higher degrees of inequality, compared to coordinated market economies. In order to understand the labour markets of liberal market economies and coordinated market economies, they must be defined in terms of their differences, which can affect the flexibility of their labour markets. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are numerous inequalities which may emerge in this analysis. Namely, gender inequality, class inequality, and wage inequality as well as some other perspectives will be examined. The aim of this paper is recognize which inequalities are more prominent in either liberal market economies or coordinated market economies, in relation to the flexibility of relevant labour market. Drawing on the work of Polanyi (1994), Esteves-Abe et al. (2001) suggest that market failures in economies can be avoided depending on the type and the extent of the social protection offered from national institutions. Liberal market economies, such as the US and UK, have an institutional framework which accents...
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