...ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Name INF 103: Computer Literacy Instructor: Bonita Spight-Williams April 13, 2013 Artificial Intelligence What does our future hold in the area of Artificial Intelligence? “The goal of many computer scientists since the mid–20th century has been to create a computer that could perform logical operations so well that it could actually learn and become sentient or conscious. The effort to achieve this is called artificial intelligence, or AI.” (Bowles, 2010). AI is a branch of computer science that deals with developing machines that solve complex problems in a more human-like manner. This involves computers adopting characteristics of human intelligence. However, it has many associations with other fields of study such as Math, Psychology, Biology, and Philosophy. Many scientists believe that by combining these various fields of study they will ultimately succeed in creating an artificially intelligent machine. A lot of scientists believe that the key to figuring out artificial intelligence is to copy the basic function of the human brain. While it is certainly evident that a computer can acquire knowledge from a program or programmer, it is the new developments in AI that will enable it to apply the knowledge. The new advancements in AI will hopefully enable these machines to not only possess the knowledge, but also understand how to utilize it in a number of situations. Artificial Intelligence researchers analyze human...
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...Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present and Future Alana Boggan INF 103 Sabahudin Tricic July 25, 2011 Abstract Technology, over time, has become more advanced. As technology has risen, so has man’s curiosity for advancement of what technology can do for mankind. In this exploration, artificial intelligence was created. In researching and exploring the past of artificial intelligence, mankind can make assumptions about the advances in the future. The past, with curiosity of humans, has lent itself to the artificial intelligence we have today and the endless possibilities for artificial intelligence in the future. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a constant part of life as technology advances. Webster defines artificial intelligence as “the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it” (Wikipedia, 2010). When assessing AI, one must look at the past and present. Acquiring knowledge about the past and present of AI, the future of this ever-changing field of science allows thoughts of endless possibilities and unimaginable devices of the future; therefore, by studying and researching the advancement of this field from its past to its present, predictions for this field can be made. Method I researched information on the past, present, and future for the field of Artificial Intelligence. In researching the past of the scientific and computer field of artificial intelligence...
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...Artificial Intelligence Shadena Hobbs INF 103: Computer Literacy Instructor: Lawrence Master January 28, 2013 Is the Intelligence of machines and robots and the branch of computer science that aims to create if Al textbook defines the field as the study and design of intelligent agents. Where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives it’s environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. Al research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social and cultural facts subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual searchers. Al researchers is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence and symbolic and traditional Al. There are enormous number of tools in Al, including versions of search and mathematical optimization...
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...Artificial Intelligence: Fact or Fiction Virginia Vidaurri INF 103 Computer Literacy Instructor: Jeanette Cobabe December 3, 2012 Artificial Intelligence: Fact or Fiction What is Artificial Intelligence? The term Artificial Intelligence came into being in 1956, when it was proposed by John McCarthy (Bowles, 2010). This refers to the ability to “create a computer that could perform logical operations so well that it could actually learn and become sentient or conscious.” (Bowles, 2010). Our text defines intelligence as “the capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity.” (Bowles, 2010). The problem with this definition is it’s not so clear cut when it is referring to machines (Bowles, 2010). The ultimate goal with Artificial Intelligence is to create a machine that can actually think, as a person thinks, but I’m not sure this goal is capable of being fully realized. In 1937, Alan Turing, a mathematician, developed what he called a Turing Machine, which was supposed to be an intelligent machine (Bowes, 2010). Then in 1950, using this machine, Turing proposed the Turing Test, which he thought “could prove whether or not a computer was intelligent” (Bowles, 2010). In this experiment, there was a judge who would communicate with a person and a computer, each hidden behind a different curtain. If the judge couldn’t tell the difference between the computer and the “real person”, then the computer would be considered...
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...Artificial Intelligence Balinda Roberts INF 103 Computer Literacy Debra Austin July 4, 2013 Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It includes people, procedure, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrated characteristics of intelligence. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but Artificial Intelligence does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. Intelligence is basically the computation part of the ability to achieve goals in the world varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. There is no solid definition of intelligence relating it to human intelligence. The problem is that it cannot yet be characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures can be called intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others. Sometimes Artificial Intelligence is about simulating human intelligence but not always. On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand most work in Artificial Intelligence involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. Artificial Intelligence textbooks...
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...Deep Learning more at http://ml.memect.com Contents 1 Artificial neural network 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Improvements since 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 Network function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.2 Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.3 Learning paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.4 Learning algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Employing artificial neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5.1 Real-life applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5.2 Neural networks and neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 Neural network software ...
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...TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND SIX SIGMA Edited by Tauseef Aized Total Quality Management and Six Sigma http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2559 Edited by Tauseef Aized Contributors Aleksandar Vujovic, Zdravko Krivokapic, Jelena Jovanovic, Svante Lifvergren, Bo Bergman, Adela-Eliza Dumitrascu, Anisor Nedelcu, Erika Alves dos Santos, Mithat Zeydan, Gülhan Toğa, Johnson Olabode Adeoti, Andrey Kostogryzov, George Nistratov, Andrey Nistratov, Vidoje Moracanin, Ching-Chow Yang, Ayon Chakraborty, Kay Chuan Tan, Graham Cartwright, John Oakland Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained...
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...无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 雅思 8 分作文解决方案 A Solution to Score 8 in IELTS Writing 孙肇春 著 版权所有 翻印必究 第 1 页 共 53 页 无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 作者简介 孙肇春，1971 年生于山东烟台，1999 年毕业于广东外语外贸大学博士点（原广州外国 语学院） ，文学硕士。研究方向句法学和理论语言学。兴趣爱好广泛，对词源学具有浓厚的 兴趣和较深的研究，喜欢英美文学和欧洲文化史。2000 年在暨南大学任教，曾担任口译、 英美散文欣赏等课程。2001 年辞职。现任深圳环球雅思学校校长，主讲雅思写作、阅读和 词汇速记法。业余爱好：平民类运动项目。擅长篮球、乒乓球、羽毛球、健身等运动， 。 座右铭：If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 第 2 页 共 53 页 无忧雅思网 助我越重洋 Preface Building upon my experience as an IELTS writing teacher and professional writer, I collected abundant writing materials authentic from test centers and other media. This book is the result of a combination of two years of teaching experience and the research of IELTS writing skills, built upon equally as many hours creating original writing samples to students preparing to take their IELTS test. This book has been developed to be used in the classroom and for self-study. The book covers both the General Training and Academic test. Using a step-by-step approach, a detailed explanation of how to approach writing in IELTS is given, with each unit concentrating on one particular aspect of the writing test. The exercises are designed to teach the required skills, focusing on practical application of knowledge. Model answers are also included for students to compare their own writing against, thereby gradually guiding students in wring articles that fully meet the requirements of the IELTS writing test in every aspect. The materials in this...
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...Foundations of Machine Learning Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning Thomas Dietterich, Editor Christopher Bishop, David Heckerman, Michael Jordan, and Michael Kearns, Associate Editors A complete list of books published in The Adaptive Computations and Machine Learning series appears at the back of this book. Foundations of Machine Learning Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, and Ameet Talwalkar The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England c 2012 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email special sales@mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. A This book was set in L TEX by the authors. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mohri, Mehryar. Foundations of machine learning / Mehryar Mohri, Afshin Rostamizadeh, and Ameet Talwalkar. p. cm. - (Adaptive computation and machine learning series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01825-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Machine learning. 2. Computer algorithms. I. Rostamizadeh, Afshin. II...
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...Chapter 2 An Overview of Formal Methods Tools and Techniques The goal of this chapter is to give an overview of the different approaches and tools pertaining to formal methods. We do not attempt to be exhaustive, but focus instead on the main approaches. After reading the chapter the reader will be familiar with the terminology of the area, as well as with the most important concepts and techniques. Moreover the chapter will allow the reader to contextualise and put into perspective the topics that are covered in detail in the book. Why do we need an overview of formal methods? Why not just study one rigorous method for software development? This is a very pertinent and legitimate question. The behavioural essence of software is not captured by a unique unified mathematical theory. Such a general foundation is unlikely to exist. Think for instance about the diversity of programming language paradigms and theories, and the resulting jungle of existing computer programming languages. Is there a definite paradigm (or, even, language) that makes obsolete all the other ones? Clearly not. Different languages will be chosen by different people to solve the same problem, and someone may well use different languages to solve different problems. Similarly, depending on the goals of the software designers and of the verification process, one may prefer a theory over another one, and even use more than one theory (and related formal methods techniques and tools), in the context of the development...
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...GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS Grammar and Language Workbook G RADE 9 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 936 Eastwind Drive Westerville, Ohio 43081 ISBN 0-02-818294-4 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 03 02 01 00 99 Contents Handbook of Definitions and Rules .........................1 Troubleshooter ........................................................21 Part 1 Grammar ......................................................45 Unit 1 Parts of Speech 1.1 Nouns: Singular, Plural, and Collective ....47 1.2 Nouns: Proper and Common; Concrete and Abstract.................................49 1.3 Pronouns: Personal and Possessive; Reflexive and Intensive...............................51 1.4 Pronouns: Interrogative and Relative; Demonstrative and Indefinite .....................53 1.5 Verbs: Action (Transitive/Intransitive) ......55 1.6 Verbs: Linking .............................................57 1.7 Verb Phrases ................................................59 1.8 Adjectives ....................................................61 1.9 Adverbs........................................................63 1.10 Prepositions...
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...Fuzzy Control Kevin M. Passino Department of Electrical Engineering The Ohio State University Stephen Yurkovich Department of Electrical Engineering The Ohio State University An Imprint of Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Menlo Park, California • Reading, Massachusetts Don Mills, Ontaria • Sydney • Bonn • Harlow, England • Berkeley, California • Amsterdam • Mexico City ii Assistant Editor: Laura Cheu Editorial Assistant: Royden Tonomura Senior Production Editor: Teri Hyde Marketing Manager: Rob Merino Manufacturing Supervisor: Janet Weaver Art and Design Manager: Kevin Berry Cover Design: Yvo Riezebos (technical drawing by K. Passino) Text Design: Peter Vacek Design Macro Writer: William Erik Baxter Copyeditor: Brian Jones Proofreader: Holly McLean-Aldis Copyright c 1998 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Printed simultaneously in Canada. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and AddisonWesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or in all caps. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks...
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...More Praise for the Second Edition of Beyond Change Management “Once again, Dean and Linda have nailed it! Beyond Change Management is an extraordinary book examining the shifts in change management that have occurred over the years. This book offers real, practical solutions for change practitioners to become extraordinary conscious change leaders.” —Darlene Meister, director, Unified Change Management, United States House of Representatives “Entering the offices recently of a highly respected Fortune 500 company, I was stunned by the enormity of change they were facing and at the same time how ill-equipped they were to deal with the challenges that lay ahead of them. They had little capacity to lead and manage the change required. And, of course, consulting firms were swarming all over them. Th ey needed this book by the Andersons to help them. In fact, Chapter Five alone on building organizational capability is worth the price of the book.” —W. Warner Burke, Ph.D., Edward Lee Thorndike Professor of Psychology and Education; chair, Department of Organization and Leadership; program coordinator, Graduate Programs in Social-Organizational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University “Beyond Change Management is a must-read for today’s C-Suite executives and those who lead organizational change. Change is a fact of life in all successful businesses. Based on this breakthrough construct, we now view our approach to transformational change as a strategic advantage. It is a way...
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...GENEROLO JONO ŽEMAIČIO LIETUVOS KARO AKADEMIJA Genovaitė LAUGALIENĖ Milda MIRONAITĖ MOKOMASIS ANGLŲ – LIETUVIŲ IR LIETUVIŲ – ANGLŲ KALBŲ KARYBOS ŽODYNAS Eksperimentinis leidinys Vilnius 2008 UDK 355(03)=20=882 La-458 Mokomąjį anglų – lietuvių ir lietuvių – anglų kalbų karybos žodyną parengė Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijos Užsienio kalbų instituto direktorė Genovaitė Laugalienė ir Užsienio kalbų instituto Užsienio kalbų katedros lektorė Milda Mironaitė. Atsakingoji redaktorė Užsienio kalbų instituto Užsienio kalbų katedros lektorė Aušra Bučaitė. Recenzavo Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijos viršininko pavaduotojas doc. dr. Pranas Jankauskas, Užsienio kalbų instituto Anglų kalbos mokymo centro viršininkas vyr. ltn. Andrius Kiesas ir Lietuvos kariuomenės Mokymo ir doktrinų valdybos Individualiojo rengimo skyriaus Anglų kalbos mokymo poskyrio vedėja Aušra Narbutienė. © Genovaitė Laugalienė, 2008 © Milda Mironaitė, 2008 © Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija, 2008 Turinys Pratarmė......................................................................................................................... 4 . Angliški ir lietuviški sutrumpinimai ............................................................................ 5 Anglų – lietuvių kalbų karybos žodynas........................................................................ 7 Lietuvių – anglų kalbų karybos žodynas ....................................
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...Journal ofEngineering and Technology Management, 10 (1993) 229-264 229 Elsevier Impacts of programmable manufacturing technology: A review of recent studies and contingency formulation Jeffrey K. Liker”, Ann Majchrzakb and Thomas Choi” “Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA bZnstitute for Safety and Systems Management and Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Abstract This paper reviews the literature on the social impacts of programmable manufacturing technology (PMT). Several perspectives on the social impact of technology are identified ranging from simple additive models that view technology as having a set of individual and independent causal impacts to a contingency perspective which views the impact of technology as dependent on technical and organizational characteristics. The paper statistically summarizes 30 empirical studies within the 1986-1990 period and finds common trends in findings as well as contradictory evidence. The common trends are that PMT tends to lead to more organic organizations, but also meets with negative employee attitudes, stress, and perceptions of reduced job security and mobility. The contradictory evidence is that most studies report simple, additive effects, while a substantial portion find that the impacts depend on a wide range of contingency variables. The authors argue that simplistic views of PMT as being...
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