Free Essay

Infanticide Act 1922

In: Other Topics

Submitted By WaseemHassan
Words 3392
Pages 14
Running Head: INFANTICIDE ACT

Infanticide Act 1922
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]

Infanticide Act 1922

Introduction:
The term infanticide means murdering of a child under a year by his own mother. Infanticide covers a history longer than expected from human race which is understood as killing of unwanted children of different age groups by fathers and mothers, earlier than it was ever reported in front of legal authorities. It is advocated by the historians that killing of children known as infanticide was practiced more often before modernization and early social life. These periods were the one in parts of the world where social conditions of the world included women to be employed as servants, shame attached to the unwed mothers, no control over fertility and high infant mortality. After the 50s of the 16th century, the criminal activities performed by the poor, the sexual activities of women and the burden of financial support for illegal children all combined moved to prosecution for bastard acts, adultery and crimes of such charge to royal courts from churches. Several studies were conducted regarding the causes of deaths convicted by the mother till 1922, when it was medically observed as to how the psychology affects the mind of the mother to perform such crime. The first medically proved model was adopted in the Infanticide Act 1922 which states that the mother which gave birth to the child is not recovered fully from the psychological conditions of the mother was found to be disturbed due because of the pains of delivering the child. In such condition, the mother is said to be charged of infanticide which is other than murder. Soon, it was observed that this act of restricting infanticide to newly born lead towards unjust results. In 1938, this act was extended from newly born to 12 months and it was added that the disturbance of the mind of the mother is due to Lactation, the secretion of milk from mammary glands. The death penalty of a new born child for a woman who is medically unfit as the psychological conditions of the mother was found to be disturbed due because of the pains of delivering the child, is effectively eliminated by The Infanticide Act 1922 by providing a limited defense to murder which was overruled by Infanticide Act 1938 Section 2(3). This Act remains in the law in England till today which numerously is adopted by jurisdictions of common laws over the world.

Historical Background:
Till the late 17th century, infanticide was called as murder by the law. In 1624, infanticide was firstly introduce vividly in response to the reporting of difficulties proving that the children had been born alive which was called dead which was a concealment of the death of unlawful children while cases proven to be infanticide was considered as murder. In 1803, the 1624 Act was repealed. During the mid of 19th century, expressions regarding the acuteness of mothers charged by the murders of their infants were considered. One evening in West London, as history reports this happening in Sept, 1856, the unfortunate horrid case was reported in which two newborns were discovered to be wrapped, dead in blooded slip and chemise in front of a back alley of a home at Pentridge Villas, Notting Hill. The reason of their death as reported by the surgeon named Guazzaroni was that the children died on suffocation and intentional exposure. Incidents like this again reported with the victims found but the murderer of these twins was never seen. In Victorian Britain in 19th century, infanticide was unfortunately common. It was estimated by Lionel Rose that 113,000 children were reported dead under one year of age in 1864, 1730 deaths were due to violence and only 192 were reported as homicides. Since early 1840s, regarding infanticides, questions were asked in House of Commons in front of T. Wakley, the coroner and surgeons shocked the people by declaring that the infanticide was increasing to a frightful extent. This was taken as one of the greatest pests slowly destroying the society along with drunkenness and gambling in late 1860s. Then, it was not possible for the observers to look at infants’ corpses which were found in places ranging from bedrooms to compartments, from interiors to exteriors. One of the observers who experienced the events with his own eyes commented that there were bundles of infants’ bodies which were left in the streets, the boats tracked down a numerous amount of drowned infants. Dr. Lankester said that one in every 13 women in London is said to be a murderess as there are 12,000 women which can be attributed for this crime.
The Times newspaper subjected this occurrences that ‘in London, infant children have nothing more than helping themselves to be creeping into lives between enemies’. In 1870, 276 infants were found murdered in the streets of London while the figure as noted in 1895 was reported to be 231.
It was one of the hardest decisions made were of the professional baby farmers, who were found guilty of the infanticide. The first case as seen in the history of London was of Margaret Waters, 1870, who was found out to be charged of fraud by obtaining hard cash from the parents and the murder of the baby. Margaret Waters was then executed in the middle of press coverage. The same case was observed in 1879 by the charged person, Annie Took was charged as she was found to be the murderess of a handicap child for which she was paid to take care for £12, and she was executed as well. Other prominent child ranchers, for example, the Edinburgh murderess Jessie King, 1887 and also Amelia Dyerendured a comparable destiny. Yet not these convicts were sentenced to death and distinctive cases that got front-page scope, for instance, Catherine Barnes and Charlotte Winsor were sentenced for life.
Evidences grow by the 1870s that such crimes as infanticide grew vigorously by women primarily more often by mothers of the infants themselves. It was found in the late 1870s that there was a significant amount of cases being the evidence that infanticide was such a crime being convicted by women of London unfortunately which were not from the outside but the mothers of the children themselves. It was no doubt seen that the amount of satisfaction which is given by the two classifications mentioned lastly, that these wrongdoings were the work of debased, deceitful ladies with no maternal senses at all and enjoyed a business exchange with life itself inside a calling referred to prominently as ‘baby farming’. The term “baby farming” was first noted down in The Times in 1860s which was mentioned by one of the practitioners as the kind of occupation for people, especially women who receive infants to look after for payment in terms of either weekly, monthly payment or lump sum. However, it became extensively popular in the era of London when illegal children were denounced and unwed mothers made themselves ruled out for the responsibility of supporting their child.
Later in 18th century, baby farming was well established. Baby farmer was generally a lady with lower class financial background who might offer either to take care of the undesired infant or guarantee that the child would be given to some suitable new parents. This transaction of the infants differed on accordance with the distinction of the contract being placed between two parties, but on average, the cost was between £7 and £30.

Infanticide Act 1938:
The Infanticide Act 1922 states that the mother which gave birth to the child is not fully recouped from the effect of delivery of her baby which in result disturbs the balance of her mind. In such condition, the mother is said to be charged of infanticide which is not referred to as murder. It was soon observed that this act of restricting infanticide to newly born lead towards unjust results. In 1938, this act was extended from newly born to 12 months and it was added that the psychological ubalance of the mother is due to Lactation, secretion of milk from mammary glands. The Infanticide Act 1938 stated as follows:
Section 1: 1. A lady, where by any intentional demonstration or oversight causes the demise of her kid being a under twelve years of age, yet at the season of the demonstration or oversight the parity of her psyche was disturbed by rationale of her not having completely recouped from impact of bringing forth the youngster or by rationale of the impact of lactation subsequent upon the conception of the child, then, despite that the conditions were such that however for this Act the offense would have added up to murder, she should be blameworthy of crime, to mind of child murder, and might for such offense be managed and rebuffed as though she had been liable of the offense of homicide of the child. 2. Where upon the trial of a woman for the crime of her child, being a child under twelve years of age, the members of jury are of supposition that she by any determined exhibition or oversight realized its passing, yet that at the season of the show or rejection the equality of her brain was chafed by reason of her not having totally recovered from the effect of delivering the tyke or by reason of the effect of lactation consequent upon the origination of the child, then the jury may, in spite of the conditions yet for the procurements of this Act they might have given back a choice of manslaughter, return in instead thereof a choice of child homicide. 3. Nothing in this Act should influence the force of the jury upon an prosecution for the homicide of a child to give back a decision of murder, or a decision of blameworthy yet insane, or a decision of camouflage of conception, in compatibility of segment sixty, of the Offenses against the Person Act, 1861, aside from that for the motivations behind the stipulation to that area a child might be considered to have as of late been conceived on the off chance that it had been conceived inside of twelve months before its demise. 4. The said section 60 will be applied in the case of absolution of a woman upon prosecution for child murder because it applies upon the absolution of a woman on her charge of murder.
Section 2: 1. This Act might be sighted as Infanticide Act 1938 2. This Act will not extend to Northern Ireland and Scotland. 3. The Infanticide Act 1922 is hereby repealed.

Cases related to Infanticide Act 1938:
Following are the cases as reviewed and dealt under The Infanticide Act 1938 which repeals the firstly introduced Infanticide Act 1922.

Regina vs. Lisa Therese Gore(Diseased):
Lisa Therese Gore appeared to the Preston Crown Court on 8th November, 1996 as an appellant charged with two offenses, infanticide and an attempt regarding concealing of the birth of her child. The details of the offense of the infanticide are:
Lisa Therese Gore, on 24th April 1996, when she was disturbed as she was not recovered fully from the psychological effects of child birth, or from the effects of lactation resulting oversight to be specific to take care of the infant or look for medicinal consideration during a period of the child birth brought on the passing of a kid being a child less than 12 years old months. The Criminal Cases Review Commission referred the case as an appeal as her judgment against the murder of infant child. The baby lived for a few minutes. The Bill which turned into the Infanticide Act 1922 experienced a few drafts, over the span of which qualifying expressions, for example, "unlawfully by any immediate means deliberately" were expelled from the expression "causes the demise of her child”. The other intriguing truth to rise up out of the Commission's examination is that at the board of trustees phase of the Infanticide Act 1922 the then Lord Chancellor educated the House that it was not the Bill's aim to place infanticide "in a lower evaluation of homicide", however to regard it as a "lower evaluation criminal offense". The main noteworthy distinction between the offense of child murder under the 1922 Act and under the 1938 Act, which supplanted it, was that in the previous Act the offense was kept to a recently conceived kid. It ought to be recollected that at the time both Infanticide Acts were gone there was no protection of reduced obligation accessible to somebody accused of homicide and the punishment for homicide was passing. She was claimed to be guilty at the trial. A probation order was sentenced to her but she died in 2003 because of cancer.

Regina vs. Angela Cannings:
One of the important cases reported at Crown Court at Winchester in front of Lord Justice Mrs Justice Rafferty and Mr Justice Pitchers of Angela Cannings who was charged of homicide of her two children, Jason who was 7 weeks old in 1991 and Matthew who was 18 weeks old in 1999 cancelled as it was not safe. Ms Cannings, age 40, who used to work as a shop assistant, lost 3 children due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), or cot death. This syndrome called out the death of her first child, Gemma who died 13 weeks after she was born in 1989. The Chronology was clear. Gemma expired on 14th November 1989. Jason was found suffering from ALTE when he was 6 weeks old, but he died after approximately a week or more after he got discharged from the hospital dated 13th June 1991. Jade was suffering from ALTE from 1st April 1996, when she was 11 weeks old. She was recovered fully. On 3rd November 1999 Matthew, aging 17 weeks, suffered from his ALTE. Matthew got discharged from the hospital but he died after 9 days afterwards. Angela has one daughter who was alive at the time of the hearing born in 1996. The Appeal answered to the case of Ms Canning’s that the burden of the proof and evidence concluding that the death of the child was caused by the mother under the Infanticide Act 1938, hardy fell on the crown which made them to prove that the mother could not disprove it that she did not convicted the murder, so she was found guilty of the murder of the child.

Conclusion:
Child murder in UK has been an issue of integrity since 17th century. In the battle between the legislature and public opinion in 1922, the Infanticide Act 1922 was formed in which there ought to be no winners, the compromise which was done by the court was not the objective of the legislature neither it was seen in public opinion’s instincts. The Infanticide Act 1922 states that the mother which gave birth to the kid ceases to recover from the effect of giving birth as a result of which disturbs the balance of her mind. In such condition, the mother is said to be guilty of infanticide which is other than murder. Further, it was soon observed that this act of restricting infanticide to newly born lead towards unjust results. In 1938, this act was extended from newly born to 12 months and it was added that the psychological disturbance of the mother is due to Lactation, the secretion of milk from mammary glands.
The Infanticide Act 1922 now repealed in 1938, is considered to be both in favor of general humanity and not as on one side, it puts an ease towards a woman suffering from psychological disorders during birth, and can be of an unpleasant and unethical act by not considering about the birth of a child as a part of human evolution. Infanticide is considered to be a response to an unwanted birth, which can be prevented by improved sex education and unwanted pregnancies can be prevented by increased contraceptive access which thus results in prevention of infanticide. Legal abortions by using contraceptives increasingly have greatly reduced neonaticide in many developed nations. By thorough observations of psychiatric issues and giving proper clinical help might avert infanticide to those who are in need of it. Neonaticides are reviewed to be happening with such females who deny pregnancies and often go out of contacts in order to restrict human interaction. In a few territories infant portals or safe surrender locales, safe spots to leave a child secretly for a female, are served partially diminishing infanticide. In different spots, similar to the United States, place of refuge laws permit moms to secretly offer newborn children to assigned authorities; they are often situated at healing centers and police and fire stations. Ordinarily such children are set up for selection, or nurtured in halfway houses. Allowing ladies business elevates their standard and self-rule. Possessing a profitable livelihood can lift the apparent standard of females, which can prompt an expansion in the quantity of ladies getting training and lessening in the quantity of female infanticide. Thus, the baby death rate will diminish and financial advancement will increase.

References

Articles and Journals:
Friedman SH, Resnick PJ "Neonaticide: Phenomenology and considerations for prevention". Int J Law Psychiatry 32 (1): (2009).43–7.
Friedman SH, Resnick PJ "Postpartum depression: an update". Women's Health (Lond Engl) 5 (3): (May 2009).287–295.
Maureen Marks "Infanticide" Psychiatry 8 (1): (2009). 10–12.
Maureen Paul. Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. Wiley-Blackwell. (2009) pp. 33–34.

Statues & Acts: * Offences Against the Person Act 1861 CHAPTER 100 24 and 25 Vict * The Infanticide Act 1938 * Infanticide Act 1938, s 1(1) * Australian states of Victoria (Crimes Act 1958,s 6), New South Wales (Crimes Act 1900, s 22A) and Tasmania (Criminal Code Act 1924, s 165A). * An Act to Prevent the Destroying and Murthering of Bastard Children .21 James 1 c 27 1624. * Lord Ellenborough’s Act 42 Geo 3 c 58 1803.

Cases: * R v Cannings [2004] EWCA Crim 01 * R v Gore [2007] EWCA Crim 2789 * R. v. O'Donoghue (1927). 20 Cr. App. R. 132. * K O’Donovan, “The Medicalisation of Infanticide” [1984] Crim LR 259 * Home Office Criminal Department : HO 12/193/92230 (1870)

Books:
Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, 76, 1844, col. 430-431.
Ryan, William Burke, Infanticide: Its Law, Prevalence, Prevention and History, pp. 45-46.
Vale, Alison, Amelia Dyer, angel maker: the woman who murdered babies for money, (Andre Deutsch), 2007.
Behlmer, George K., Child abuse and moral reform in England 1870-1908, (Oxford University Press), 1982, pp. 25-42
Rose, Lionel, Massacre of the Innocents: Infanticide in Britain 1800-1939.

--------------------------------------------
[ 2 ]. O’Donoghue (1927) 20 Cr App R 132.
[ 3 ]. Infanticide Act 1938, s 1(1).
[ 4 ]. Australian states of Victoria (Crimes Act 1958,s 6), New South Wales (Crimes Act 1900, s 22A) and Tasmania (Criminal Code Act 1924, s 165A).
[ 5 ]. An Act to Prevent the Destroying and Murthering of Bastard Children .21 James 1 c 27 1624.
[ 6 ]. Lord Ellenborough’s Act 42 Geo 3 c 58 1803.
[ 7 ]. K O’Donovan, “The Medicalisation of Infanticide” [1984] Crim LR 259
[ 8 ]. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, 76, 1844, col. 430-431.
[ 9 ]. Ryan, William Burke, Infanticide: Its Law, Prevalence, Prevention and History, pp. 45-46.
[ 10 ]. Home Office Criminal Department : HO 12/193/92230 (1870)
[ 11 ]. Vale, Alison, Amelia Dyer, angel maker: the woman who murdered babies for money, (Andre Deutsch), 2007.
[ 12 ]. Behlmer, George K., Child abuse and moral reform in England 1870-1908, (Oxford University Press), 1982, pp. 25-42
[ 13 ]. Rose, Lionel, Massacre of the Innocents: Infanticide in Britain 1800-1939.
[ 14 ]. The Infanticide Act 1922
[ 15 ]. The Infanticide Act 1938
[ 16 ]. Offences Against the Person Act 1861 CHAPTER 100 24 and 25 Vict
[ 17 ]. R v Gore [2007] EWCA Crim 2789
[ 18 ]. R v Cannings [2004] EWCA Crim 01
[ 19 ]. Maureen Marks (2009). "Infanticide" Psychiatry 8 (1): 10–12.
[ 20 ]. Friedman SH, Resnick PJ (2009). "Neonaticide: Phenomenology and considerations for prevention". Int J Law Psychiatry 32 (1): 43–7.
[ 21 ]. Maureen Paul. Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: comprehensive abortion care. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 33–34.
[ 22 ]. Friedman SH, Resnick PJ (May 2009). "Postpartum depression: an update". Women's Health (Lond Engl) 5 (3): 287–95.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Ww1 and Female Suffrage: Help or Hindered?

...(b) Do you agree with the view that the First World War hindered rather than helped the case of female suffrage? [40 Marks] In the sources presented, there are contrasting views as to whether the First World War helped or hindered the cause of female suffrage.  On the one hand, there were many people who argued that because women had worked so relentlessly during the war, it would be impossible to deny them the vote. This is argued in source 4 in which Asquith states it would be “impossible to withhold from women the power and the right of making their voices heard”, implying that women’s work and effort throughout the war should be recognised and their deeds should not simply be ‘swept under the table’, so to say. During the war some 4 million women were employed in jobs previously done by men, whether this is from munitions factories and land girls, to the extent of secretarial and administration work following the invention of the typewriter and telephone. What is unusual about source 4, is the individual this source has come from. Asquith was a Liberal MP most infamous in fact, for his anti-female enfranchisement views. Now, post war Asquith does change his mind on the issue and goes onto support female suffrage, however at this point he was still believed to be against the cause. Perhaps Asquith has given this speech with the intention of regaining support after losing the Prime Minister post to David Lloyd George in 1916 during the coalition government, therefore this source...

Words: 1373 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Capital Punishment in the Usa

...Capital punishment in the USA and the UK: history of the issue, current situation Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the killing of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (Latin caput). Hence, a capital crime was originally one punished by the severing of the head. Capital punishment has in the past been practiced in virtually every society, although currently only 58 nations actively practice it, with 95 countries abolishing it (the remainder having not used it for 10 years or allowing it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime). It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.[2] Today, most countries are considered by Amnesty International as abolitionists, which allowed a vote on a nonbinding resolution to the UN to promote the abolition of the death penalty. However, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where executions take place insofar as the four most populous countries in the world (the People's Republic of China, India, United States and Indonesia) apply the death penalty and are unlikely to abolish...

Words: 1413 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Homework

...'Vhat'Ve Can't A Guide J. Budzisze wski WHAT WE CAN’T NOT KNOW J. BUDZISZEWSKI WHAT WE CAN’T NOT KNOW A Guide Revised and Expanded Edition IGNATIUS PRESS SAN FRANCISCO First edition published by Spence Publishing Company, Dallas, Texas ©2003 by J. Budziszewski All rights reserved Cover illustration: Comstock/Fotosearch.com Cover design by Sam Torode ©2004 Spence Publishing Company Used by permission Published in 2011 by Ignatius Press, San Francisco ©2003, 2011 J. Budziszewski All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-58617-481-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2010927673 Printed in the United States of America To my grandparents Julian and Janina Budziszewski, long departed, not forgotten The mind of man is the product of live Law; it thinks by law, it dwells in the midst of law, it gathers from law its growth; with law, therefore, can it alone work to any result. —George MacDonald CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION A New Phase of an Old Tradition ix PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Whom This Book Is For xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii INTRODUCTION The Moral Common Ground 3 I THE LOST WORLD Things We Can’t Not Know 1 2 What It Is That We Can’t Not Know 3 Could We Get By Knowing Less? II EXPLAINING THE LOST WORLD 4 The First and Second Witnesses 5 The Third and Fourth Witnesses 6 Some Objections vii 19 29 54 83 93 116 viii WHAT WE CAN’T NOT KNOW III HOW THE LOST WORLD WAS LOST 7...

Words: 89540 - Pages: 359

Premium Essay

Images in the Growth of Christianity

...“Independent Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree BA (Hons) History, in the Department of History and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University”, 29 March 2014 Cultural Changes and the Growth of Christianity in Medieval and Early Modern England By Janine Scambler I certify that, apart from the guidance provided by my supervisor and the references cited in the text and bibliography, this dissertation is the sole work of Janine Scambler and has not been previously submitted as part of the assessment requirements for any academic reward. Signed: Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Visual Culture 8 Chapter 2: Ancient Practices 21 Chapter 3: Beliefs and Superstition 30 Conclusion 41 Bibliography 43 Appendix 56 Abstract This dissertation will demonstrate cultural changes in England through the period c.700-1660. The changes studied will focus on visual sources, or visual culture; ancient practices, or festivals and the cult of saints; and superstition and belief. It will show how changes occurred around political and religious change, and that different areas were affected by different factors. Introduction This dissertation will assess the extent to which ancient beliefs and practices survived the introduction of Christianity and their subsequent development in England. This will be achieved through the study of visual culture; the survival of ancient practices; and an investigation...

Words: 17040 - Pages: 69

Premium Essay

Sociology

...Education Act, sat by all pupils in the state sector| | |at the age of 11. If they passed they went to the selective Grammar School, or if they | | |failed to the Secondary Modern School. This exam still exists in some counties such as | | |Kent and also in Northern Ireland. | |12-Plus Exam |Exam made available only to a minority of 'high-flyers' in Secondary Modern schools, | | |offering a late chance to go to Grammar School at the age of 12. | |'30-30-40 society' |A term associated with Will Hutton to describe an increasingly insecure and polarised | | |society. The bottom 30 per cent is socially excluded by poverty from the rest of society.| | |The next 30 per cent live in fear and insecurity of falling into poverty. Only the top 40| | |per cent feel secure and confident. | A |abortion |The 1967 Abortion Act permitted...

Words: 22530 - Pages: 91

Free Essay

Bgcse History

...TOPIC 1: THE AMERINDIANS Week 1: THE ARAWAKS (Theme One) PAPER: CORE CONTENT----BAHAMIAN-WEST INDIAN HISTORY References: Bahamian History Bk.I by Bain, G. Macmillan,1983 2.Caribbean story Bk. I and II By Claypole, W Longman (new edition) 1987 3. Development to Decolonization by Greenwood R, Macmillan, 1987 4.Caribbean people Bk.I by Lennox Honeychurch. Nelson, 1979 The Migration of the Indians to the New World. It is believed that the people who Columbus saw when he came to the New World were nomadic hunters from central and East Asia who followed the buffalo and deer. When the herds moved, people moved after them because they were dependent on the animals for food. It is therefore suspected that the herds led the people out of Asia by the north-east, across the Bering Strait and into North America. They crossed the sea by an ice –bridge when it was frozen over during the last Ice-Age. They did not know that they were crossing water from one continent to another. Map 1 Amerindians migration from central Asia into North America. The Amerindians settled throughout North America and were the ancestors of the many Red Indian tribes we know today, as well as the Eskimos in the far north. In general, they were nomadic but some followed settled agricultural pursuits and developed civilizations of their own like the Mayas in South America (check internet reference for profile on this group, focus on...

Words: 69958 - Pages: 280

Premium Essay

Reading a Novel in 1950-2000

...Samuels Reading the American Novel 1865–1914 G. R. Thompson Reading the Twentieth-Century American Novel James Phelan ii RTNA01 2 13/6/05, 5:28 PM Reading the Novel in English 1950–2000 Brian W. Shaffer iii RTNA01 3 13/6/05, 5:28 PM © 2006 by Brian W. Shaffer BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Brian W. Shaffer to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shaffer, Brian W., 1960– Reading the novel in English, 1950–2000 / Brian W. Shaffer. p. cm.—(Reading the novel) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-0113-4 (hardback : alk. paper)...

Words: 123617 - Pages: 495

Premium Essay

California an Interpretive History - Rawls, James

...CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA An Interpretive History TENTH EDITION James J. Rawls Instructor of History Diablo Valley College Walton Bean Late Professor of History University of California, Berkeley TM TM CALIFORNIA: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY, TENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2008, 2003, and 1998. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1234567890 QFR/QFR 10987654321 ISBN: 978-0-07-340696-1 MHID: 0-07-340696-1 Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Michael Ryan Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David Publisher: Christopher Freitag Sponsoring Editor: Matthew Busbridge Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela S. Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Nikki Weissman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Carole Lawson Cover Image: Albert Bierstadt, American (born...

Words: 248535 - Pages: 995

Premium Essay

50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies

...50 Key Concepts in Gender Studies Jane Pilcher & Imelda Whelehan Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies i Recent volumes include: Key Concepts in Social Research Geoff Payne and Judy Payne Key Concepts in Medical Sociology Jonathan Gabe, Mike Bury and Mary Ann Elston Forthcoming titles include: Key Concepts in Leisure Studies David Harris Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory Nick Crossley Key Concepts in Urban Studies Mark Gottdiener The SAGE Key Concepts series provide students with accessible and authoritative knowledge of the essential topics in a variety of disciplines. Cross-referenced throughout, the format encourages critical evaluation through understanding. Written by experienced and respected academics, the books are indispensable study aids and guides to comprehension. JANE PILCHER AND IMELDA WHELEHAN Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies SAGE Publications London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi iii © Jane Pilcher and Imelda Whelehan 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the Publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42 Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 100 017 British Library...

Words: 86432 - Pages: 346

Premium Essay

Power of Logic

...The Power of Logic The Power of Logic FOU RTH E DITION Frances Howard-Snyder Daniel Howard-Snyder Ryan Wasserman WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 ISBN: 978-0-07-340737-1 MHID: 0-07-340737-2 Editor in Chief: Michael Ryan Editorial Director: Beth Mejia Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper Editorial Coordinator: Briana Porco Production Editors: Melissa Williams/Melanie Field, Strawberry Field Publishing Cover Designer: Ashley Bedell Cover Photo: © Dan Trist/Corbis Media Project Manager: Thomas Brierly Production Supervisor: Louis Swaim Composition: This text was set in 10.5/12.5 Goudy by Aptara, Inc. Printing: Printed on 45# New Era Matte by R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Inc. Credits: The credits section for this book is on page 647, following the Answer Key in the back of the book, and is considered an extension of the copyright page. ...

Words: 173379 - Pages: 694

Free Essay

Research Paper on a Study of Awerness Among the Investors to Invest in Life Insurance

...THESES AND DISSERTATIONS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER | | | | |This List provides full details of a particular Thesis/Dissertation and is arranged by the surname of the Researcher. | ABBAS (Samir Abood). Strategies of petro-chemical industries in Arabian countries. 1988. Delhi, University of Delhi. 412p, Bibliography: P 354-84. (University of Delhi, Commerce (Deptt of-), Thesis). (Thesis, University of Delhi, Commerce (Deptt of-). {Note: Appendix: P 354-412}. X9(F555).46.N8 M8/Th 00914764 ABBI (Kavita). Life style of Indian women (working V/s non working). 1987. Delhi, University of Delhi. 110p. (University of Delhi, Commerce and Business (Faculty of-), Dissertation). (Dissertation, University of Delhi, Commerce and Business (Faculty of-). Y15.2.N8 M7/Th 00914439 ABERRA (Yohannes). Problems of irrigation in the drought prone region on Northern Ethiopia: A case study of the Mekele Plateau. 2001. Delhi, University of Delhi. xiii, 309p, Bibliography:...

Words: 47990 - Pages: 192

Free Essay

One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.

...and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress ...

Words: 163893 - Pages: 656

Free Essay

Ggggg

...IMPORTANT This electronic version of The Century Vocabulary Builder (1922) has been prepared by Serenson Pty Ltd for www.write-better-english.com. This PDF follows the pagination of the original (hard copy) book and includes hypertext links that we have inserted, which look like this. Please do not remove links. Reformatting the original text into this PDF has been no easy task; it is possible that the process has introduced errors or caused omissions. As a result, we make no guarantee about the accuracy or completeness of this version of the Vocabulary Builder. If you find an error or omission in this PDF, please check the original book and contact us so that we can fix the error or omission. Please check your local copyright laws before accessing this PDF. If you are serious about building your vocabulary, we highly recommend you try the popular vocabularybuilding program called Ultimate Vocabulary Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx THE CENTURY VOCABULARY BUILDER BY GARLAND GREEVER AND JOSEPH M. BACHELOR NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. Want the ultimate vocabulary builder? Click www.write-better-english com/ultimate-vocabulary.aspx PREFACE You should know at the outset what this book does not attempt to do. It does not, save to the extent that its own special purpose requires, concern itself with the many and intricate problems of grammar, rhetoric, spelling, punctuation, and the like; or clarify...

Words: 97231 - Pages: 389