...2008). User Fránová, Lukavský, and Preiss (2008) observed, without the use of the best predictors, the association between other CDI factors and scholastic achievements decreased. The results from the second article shared that a single cutoff score could not be produced or use as a solitary method of predicting depressive disorders. According to Timbremont, Braet, and Dreessen (2004), “This cutoff score is adequate in general screening because it is un-desirable to incorrectly diagnose child problems” (p. 155). Each articles use of the Children’s Depression Inventory concluded that the test was reliable in indicating depressive symptoms in children. Both articles used the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) to identify correlations between the inventory and other factors specific to each articles’ study. The first article’s results detected that there is a CDI factor associated with school achievements but had the potential to influence obtained results, concluding that the CDI and insufficient method for this study (Fránová, Lukavský, & Preiss, 2008). The results from the second article suggested that CDI should be used as an additional tool in the diagnosing process and not as used as the...
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...Abstract Businesses must always market their products and services to those they think will purchase them. But do one’s social characteristics such as their social class, gender, race, or age affect how businesses market to them? How does targeted marketing affect consumer consumption? The purpose of this paper is to introduce the field of conspicuous consumption and how certain social characteristics influences buying behavior and how businesses target consumers based on these differences. Social Characteristics, Business and Consuming How do social characteristics such as race, gender and class impact businesses? How do these social characteristics influence consumer choice? Businesses are a part of society so it makes sense that that one can influence the other. Businesses market to their key demographic all the time in order to specifically cater their products or services to their intended customer base but there is a relatively new phenomenon that shows some individuals in a lower socioeconomic class artificially try to portray themselves as being in a higher class than they really are. This type of “show boating” of certain status symbols can influence a business and their decision to expand their marketing efforts to groups outside their originally intended customer base. This phenomenon is called “conspicuous consumption” and is defined by Patsiaouras and Fitchett (2012, p. 154) as the “competitive and extravagant consumption practices and leisure...
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...the diversity of multicultural families in regards to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic, gender and sexual orientation. This paper will also highlight same or different minority or cultural backgrounds, identity and biases involving multicultural families. How multicultural families incorporate their beliefs, cultures and values into a family unit as well as the transformation of acculturation. Challenges involving racial identity, ethnicity; where do people with different cultures fit in and make it work; the population of multicultural families has risen and continue to do so. Socioeconomic status in multicultural families varies from household income, occupation, education level, and upper, and middle or lower class standard of living. Certain barriers may contribute to multicultural families such as language, behavioral, health and mental stress, depression, roles of husbands and wives, gender, sexual orientation; family values are very important in interracial families, are the collaborations among families discussed to blend values from each culture. This paper will portray the dynamics of multicultural families. Keywords: multicultural, families, race, ethnicity, acculturation, mental stress, and values. Multicultural Families Multicultural is an integration of different cultures identities belonging to vary subgroups from diverse countries and or cultures, which stem from race, ethnicity, socioeconomic, gender language and sexual orientation. The United States has...
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...Race and Ethnicity in Childhood Obesity Abstract Many early life risk factors for childhood obesity are more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics than among whites and may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among racial/ethnic minority children. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care is a national priority, and obesity is a prime target. During the last 30 years in the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children has dramatically increased, sparing no age group. Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes and with other long-term adverse outcomes, including both physical and psychosocial consequences. By the preschool years, racial/ethnic disparities in obesity prevalence are already present, suggesting that disparities in childhood obesity prevalence have their origins in the earliest stages of life. Several risk factors during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of offspring obesity, including excessive maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and smoking during pregnancy, antenatal depression, and biological stress. During infancy and early childhood, rapid infant weight gain, infant feeding practices, sleep duration, child’s diet, physical activity, and sedentary practices are associated with the development of obesity. Studies have found substantial racial/ethnic differences in many of these early life risk factors...
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...to control the health problems” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, pg 255). Through epidemiology the questions of who, what, where, when, how, and why can be investigated to offer information about the dissemination or patterns of health measures. The Epidemiological Triangle allows epidemiologists to understand the relationships between agent, host, and the environment when looking at a specific health concern. When considering childhood obesity, the agent could be viewed as an energy imbalance, where the energy expended is less than the energy consumed. The host would be the individual child, where some people are more susceptible to obesity than others. The environment encompasses many aspects, such as physical and social environment, socioeconomic status, and culture. There are three main epidemiologic methods that can be used to gather information used in...
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...The role of gender in workplace stress: A critical literature review Kristina 1 Gyllensten and Stephen 2 Palmer Abstract Objective The aim of this review was to evaluate research relating to the role of gender in the level of workplace stress. A further aim was to review literature relating to stressors of particular relevance to working women. These stressors included, multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and stereotyping. Design Systematic review. Method Major databases were searched in order to identify studies investigating gender and workplace stress. A range of research designs included and no restrictions were made on the basis of the occupations of the participants. Results Much of the research indicated that women reported higher levels of stress compared to men. However, several studies reported no difference between the genders. Furthermore, the evidence for the adverse effects of multiple roles, lack of career progress and discrimination and were stereotyping was inconsistent. Conclusion The current review concluded that the evidence regarding the role of gender in workplace stress and stressors was inconsistent. Limitations of the research were highlighted and implications for practice were discussed. Key words: workplace stress, gender, stressors Introduction Workplace stress Stress in the workplace is a major problem for both organisations and employees, and it has been estimated that approximately 13.4...
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...Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Depression is a prevalent psychiatric illness, afflicting approximately 16% of all Americans (Simon, 2003). Environmental and biological factors play a major role in an individual’s likelihood to develop depression. The exact causes of depression are unknown, but certain common triggers are attributed to the onset of symptoms, such as stress or chemical imbalance. Although some forms of depression are inherited, individuals without a prior family history of depression can also experience it. Throughout one’s lifespan different risk factors, such as life changing events or traumatic experiences, can lead to episodic depression, which is normal in most cases. Others may experience chronic severe depression with extreme, debilitating symptoms, which are at higher risk of suicide. During the early development of psychology, depression was not initially viewed as a psychological disorder. Due to the evolution of psychology as a science, psychologists have a more profound understanding of how one’s biological and environmental factors affect one’s moods, behaviors, and overall health. Today, depression is a commonly diagnosed and treated psychological disorder. Professionals have developed various psychological tests and measurements to effectively diagnose and treat depression. One commonly used tool to measure depression is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or HDRS. Summarize selected articles The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was created...
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...Society for the Study of Social Problems Social Stratification and Health: Education's Benefit beyond Economic Status and Social Origins Author(s): John R. Reynolds and Catherine E. Ross Source: Social Problems, Vol. 45, No. 2 (May, 1998), pp. 221-247 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097245 Accessed: 27/02/2009 14:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For...
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...Cross-Cultural Motivation and Self-Determination Susan McGilloway Walden University Self-Determination Theory For decades researchers have studied human motivation and the process of developing self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Vallarand, Pelletier, and Koestner, 2008). Human motivation is the drive to change personal or public behaviors on an individual or societal level. Self-determination theory presupposes that motivation is the inner impetus to implement sustained change independent of control by others (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008). Deci and Ryan (2008) and Milyavskaya and Koestner (2011) suggested that SDT applies to multiple spheres of life domains such as health, education, and work. The concept of motivation and self-determination goes beyond mere goal achievement and addresses the concepts of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being (McGilloway, 2011). According to Deci & Ryan (2009), SDT is in contrast to the Hull drive (Hull, 1943) and Skinner reinforcement theories (Skinner, 1953). However, White (1959) suggested that an innate motive that is psychological supplements drive theory - a precursor to the concept of intrinsic motivation and the satisfaction of psychological needs. In contrast to the drive theory of Hull and the reinforcement theory of Skinner, SDT strays from the concept of “deficit principles” (Deci & Ryan, 2000). In SDT psychological needs are understood as constructs...
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...Asian American Population Project Name:_Janice Reynolds_Unit 6, Korn_Leslie_ Capella University COUNS 5334 March 14, 2011 Janice Reynolds Abstract This Asian American Population project will critically evaluate the theories, methods and research in cross-cultural awareness that relates to the Asian American Population. This Asian American Population project t will analyzed the influence of culture on attitudes, values, perceptions, human behavior and the interpersonal relations to the Asian American Population. The writer will identify potential problem that Asian Americans encounter in a pluralistic society such as the United States of America. The personal competencies will be identified and analyzed to improve interaction with Asians American within a counseling professional setting. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Title Page 1 2. Abstract 2 3. Introduction 4 4. Define Asian American 5 5. Historical Antecedents 6 6. Potential Problems 7 7. Educational Reflection 8 8. Personal Competencies 8 10. Theories Identity Formation 9 11. Action Plan 10 12. References 11 13. Annotated Bibliography 12 In Espiritu (1992) as the United States becomes an increasingly diverse society, the need for understanding the psychological impact of the immigrant and second-generation experience...
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...Students at Risk – An American Epidemic EDU 490: Interdisciplinary Capstone Shmeka L. Williams June 27, 2009 Abstract Socioeconomic status is a very real problem for children in American society. It affects many areas of their lives, but most importantly, it affects their education. For this reason, it is imperative that parents, teachers, administrators, and communities ban together to ensure that at-risk students from low socioeconomic backgrounds are given the same opportunities as those from a higher socioeconomic background. We can do this by eliciting the best teachers, quality schools, and administrators to instruct these disadvantaged children. We can also do this as parents by making sure that we have educational attainment as our goal for our children by providing different instructional avenues in the home to facilitate learning and desire for learning by our children. If all of these parts of the puzzle can be put in place correctly, then at-risk youth at least have an equal opportunity to succeed in this world of inequality that we all live. Equality in the public school system is a joke. In other words, it does not exist. There are certain criterion that must be met before schools can even start to be considered equal: “equal access, common curriculum, differential curriculum, desegregated schooling, and equality of results” (Riordan 2004, p. 2). In some underdeveloped countries, certain people are excluded from an education...
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...State University, 2005 Submitted to the Department of Sociology And the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2006 THE EFFECT OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Sociology. ___________________________________ Dr. David Wright, Committee Chair We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance. ___________________________________ Dr. Kathleen Perez, Committee Member ___________________________________ Dr. Brien Bolin, Committee Member ii ABSTRACT This study addresses the increasing importance of student test scores by examining the different factors that influence test scores. Composite test scores of tenth grade students from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 are examined using a four-part model which includes student role performance, school, family, and peer factors. Ordinary Least Squares analysis indicates that the strongest predictor of student test scores is socioeconomic status, resulting in a statistically significant increase in the standardized coefficient of .224 points. These results support previous research and possible directions for public policy are given. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction...
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...Women and Diabetes: An Examination of Quality of Care for Medicare Recipients Abstract In recent years, diabetes has become one of the top 10 causes of death among women. Research has revealed that women 65 years and older account for 40% of the population and numbers are expected to increase exponentially. Vigorous medication management and coordination of care is instrumental in treating diabetes effectively. The patchwork of health insurance that exist today, particularly Medicare Part D, is culpable in allowing unequivocal disparities among race, gender, and socioeconomic status. This paper will examine quality of care among Medicare beneficiaries, particularly women, and implications for revision in social policy. Maintaining an active and healthy lifestyle is a necessity for achieving longevity. A nutritional, well balanced diet coupled with regular exercise is a simple, yet effective way to sustain healthy living. Neglecting to address diet and exercise, as part of a weekly regimen, is a precursor to the onset of an acute, lifelong illness. Diabetes is one of the largest and fastest growing causes of chronic disease mortality, morbidity, and disability in the United States (Robbins & Webb, 2006). Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent diabetes and no cure for the disease once acquired. According to the American Diabetes Association, more than twenty-three million Americans have diabetes. Patients age 65 years or older account...
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...What’s on the MCAT2015 Exam? Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental...
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...in powerful ways. We use “medical care” rather than “health care” to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between “health” and “health care.” The World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age” and “the fundamental drivers of these conditions.” The term “social determinants” often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e.g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes. This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social—and particularly socioeconomic— factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome. University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center on Social Disparities in Health, San Francisco, CA a University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Health and Community, San...
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