...For final version see: Andriotis, K. (2004). European Union Influence Over Tourism Employment. Tourism - An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 52(3): 277-284. ABSTRACT This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in influencing employment in the tourism industry of its member states. Tourism in EU accounts for about 5% of GDP and approximately 7.4 million persons are directly employed in tourism. The figure of persons directly employed in tourism varies from 1.7 to 7.8 depending on the member state. Due to the potential of EU tourism for generating jobs in this paper undertakes a review over the problems related to tourism employment in member states and analyses the formation and development of EU policies and initiatives towards tourism employment. Finally, this paper discusses the implications of the findings for tourism employment in EU and provides the conclusions of the study. Keywords: Tourism, employment, European Union, policies. INTRODUCTION The greatest diversity and density of tourist attractions has made Europe the most visited destination worldwide and tourism among the leading growth industries in the European Union (EU). Tourism in EU accounts for about 5% of GDP and approximately 7.4 million persons are employed in enterprises such as hotels, catering establishments, travel agencies, car rentals, and various tourist attractions and leisure outlets. However, tourism employment patterns vary considerably between the different member...
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...Methodology - articles concerning both Vienna and film-induced tourism were examined; - the main concepts related to Vienna and Before the sunrise were inspected, namely authenticity, the tourist gaze, aesthetics and escapicism; Vienna - emotions and images composed – romantic city, aesthetic, escapicism; - represented almost only in the night- a bit mysterious, bit still revealing the beauty of Vienna; - Which aspect of the destination is being emphasized? – the lesser known sights of Vienna; Vienna’s hidden corners, film locations well away from the tourists; - Audience- it is directed at everybody who has adventurous spirit, loves to travel and explore; the idea of the traveler, not the tourist; - De Botton (2002: 246): “The pleasure we derive from journeys is perhaps dependent more on the mindset with which we travel than on the destination we travel to”; De Botton (2002) notes that tourists often feel intimidated by guidebooks and fail to react spontaneously and subjectively to destinations and sights, but instead remain obedient to a prescribed route” – but the movie suggests and inspires for exactly the opposite : spontaneous, free, adventurous tourism; - The cultural tourist – actively seeking difference; interested in “real” experiences; (p. 35) - Gunn (1972): organic and induced images; organic images are formed from sources not directly associated with tourism interests, e.g. news, films, novels; people are more likely to...
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...A study on the influence of Health Tourism in Kingston, Jamaica. Raschell Linton Western Hospitality Institute Lecturer: Odaine James November 3, 2014. Abstract This is a research study of the influence of Health Tourism in Kingston, Jamaica. Medical tourism can be defined as the process of traveling outside the country of residence for the purpose of receiving medical care. What really puts the word "tourism" in health tourism is that people often stay in Jamaica after a medical procedure. Travelers thus take advantage of their visit by sightseeing, adventure or participating in any other traditional tourism activities. This research presents a strategic outline of the influence of medical tourism's growth for health systems. Analysis of the influence of medical tourism on health is also identified. It also conceptualizes the implementing and maintaining Health Tourism in terms of financial benefit, employment, and tourists’ wellness. The environment becomes of great concern where Health Tourism is concerned. Deforestation will be a major factor because Jamaica has to accommodate the amount of tourists visiting Jamaica, thus resulting in cutting down the trees to provide more space and even build more buildings. With this in mind the Government will be taking actions along with strategic planning to ensure this project runs smoothly and effectively, to increase productivity and new and improved equipment. Keywords: Health Tourism, Influence, Maintain, JAMPRO, Tourist...
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...UNIT 37: THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM SECTOR Get assignment help for this unit at assignmenthelpuk@yahoo.com LO1 Understand the history and structure of the travel and tourism sector History: pilgrimages, the grand tours, post industrial revolution, post war, current; factors facilitating growth eg technology, time, money, freedom of movement, infrastructure, social conditions; possible future developments eg sustainability Travel and tourism sector: travel services; tourism services; conferences and events; visitor attractions; accommodation services; passenger transport; relationships and links, levels of integration; Liepers tourist system, chain of distribution; private, public and voluntary sectors https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5649485182751853952#editor/target=post;postID=3967859198127394100 LO2 Understand the influence of local and national governments and international agencies on the travel and tourism sector Influence: direct, indirect; economic policy, political change, planning to minimise negative effects of tourism Government: levels eg local, regional, national, European Union; Government sponsored bodies, regional tourist boards; functions, interrelationships International agencies: agencies eg United Nations, World Tourism Organisation, World Travel and Tourism Council, International Civil Aviation Organisation, International Air Transport Association; functions, interrelationships with governments LO3 Understand the effects of supply and demand...
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...TOURISM by Student’s Name Code + Course Name Professor’s Name University Name City, State Date Travel and tourism have been one of the important sectors that have contributed majorly to economic development for both developed and developing countries. Tourism industry helps in raising the level of national income and improve the standard of BOP (balance of payments). It also makes indirect contributions through the promotion of good diplomatic relationships among countries. These attributes are important in establishing a competitive economy for any nation. Developing the travel and tourism sector requires effective policies that can help in solving possible obstacles that can prevent the desired progress (Klingmann 2007). Therefore, this paper will present an analysis of the tourism sector in Iceland by identifying the current influences on travel organizations within the tourism industry. In addition, there will be an analysis of theories and models that help explain travel flows and trends in important destinations within Iceland. Influences on travel organizations The performance of travel organizations depends on the political systems within a region. The political setup has a significant impact on how companies form their structures and the way of operation. For example, the relationship established between two countries based on the political ties play a significant role in opening the global market for the tourism industry in Iceland. Also, an...
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...in International Tourism Management * The authors try to identify what they consider to be 20 major issues in international tourism management today, which will then be discussed in a little detail. * The political enviroment: * Tourism tends to flourish only when the political environment is stable, particularly in the tourist destination, but also in the countries which generate the tourism trips. * International terrorism, whcih has left no corner of the world feeling safe and secure. This has had a devastating effect on the tourism industry as the willingness of people to travel has declined, particularly in the US markets. * Unlike previous terrorist attacks, the current ones are not isolated incidents and terrorism seems likely to be a global factor of life for the foreseeable future. * The lack of economic, as well as political, stability has been a major factor in the problems faced by the tourism industry worldwise since 2001. This political and economic uncertainty seems set to remain a factor of life for the toursim sector for years to come. * Technological Developments: * The development of tourism has often been driven by technological innovation. Technological developments influence the tourism industry in terms of eveerything from the products it offers to the way it sells its products to and how it managers its operations. * The most important technological development for the tourism industry, overall...
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...Contents |Lo 1. History And Structure Of The Travel And Tourism Sector |3 | |Lo1.1 Key Historical Developments In The Travel And Tourism Sector |3 | |1.2 Early Travel |3 | |1.3 The Egyptians |3 | |1.4 The Persians |3 | |1.5 The Greeks |3 | |1.6 The Romans |4 | |1.7 Renaissance And Grand Tour (Ad 1763-1773) |4 | |1.8 Milestone |4 | |1.9 Earliest Tourism |4 | |2.0 Social Change In Victorian Society |4 | |2.1 Steamships ...
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...Assignment On Marketing in travel and tourism Name: Date: Course title: Task 1 1.1 Core concept of marketing for the travel and tourism sector Travel and tourism are interconnected; there are little differences between the two terms. However, Houge Mackenzie & Kerr (2013) describes tourism as “activities of a person or persons staying in a place outside their homes or their environment for the purpose of leisure, business and other purposes”. Marketing for tourism and travel industry requires excellent marketing strategies and plans in order to attract and prompt different kinds of tourist. However, the perception behind marketing for travel and tourism sectors collaborates of consumers’ needs and wants, as well as meeting the demands of customers. Therefore, Customers’ needs are of utmost necessity which sustains their lives, for instance, water and food. While customers’ wants are goods and services that give consumers fulfilment and desires case in point a car etc. Furthermore, wants are boundless and never ending. As a result, marketing can have a great impact on consumer’s judgment to desire things that wouldn’t look attractive in the first instance. Consequently, Expectations on a whole is how consumers look at certain items or things that they fancy. Based on this, the greater the want, the greater the expectation will be of a particular good and service. Therefore, Thomson holiday must ensure that goods or services meets and satisfies the standard...
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...various influence factors on the individual exogenous changes which influence development of international tourism. Recent developments in Tourism on the 21st Century Introduction Tourism is a significant economic factor of nations worldwide. Not only does this help contribute to overall economic gain, but this also enable countries to share their natural resources, gain international recognition and attract prospects for further business transactions. Despite the rise of previous tourism obstacles such as epidemic and terrorism attacks, countries from all over the world attempt to revive their tourism industry through extensive marketing and development. Indeed, the start of the 21st century witnessed various growing tourism trends that other nations followed and applied. Among these are the developments observed in global tourism’s latest visitor attractions. Thus, in this brief essay, the different tourism trends worldwide will be described. How these trends had affected the latest visitor attractions will also be discussed. Latest Trends Sports Tourism Sports in general have been an important aspect of global culture; it is in the conduction of sports where language and cultural barriers are replaced by the universal eagerness for such activities. Recently, several sports activities are being held in different countries, which in turn attracted a number of tourists. Diving, golf and yachting are some of the latest activities under sports tourism that are...
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...National tourism organization India Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Vision 3 3. Mission 3 4. Discussion 3 4.1. External factors affecting Indian Tourism industry 3 4.2. Students and teachers of hospitality and tourism institutes 4 4.3. Other Central Ministries/ Departments 5 5. Control, interdependence and inseparability 5 6. Challenges 6 7. Implementation Plan 9 8. Potential strategies 9 9. Recommendation 9 References 11 1. Introduction The NTO (national tourist organization) is the body mainly in charge to form and implement the national tourist policy in India. It is also in charge for controlling, directing and promoting the tourism industry. Every country which is engaged indirectly in tourism possesses a program. The NTO might be a full-fledged ministry or a directorate general etc. (Ray, 2008). 2. Vision For achieving a higher quality of life for Indian People through tourism’s promotion and development, which might offer a unique possibility for cultural enrichment, mental rejuvenation, physical invigoration etc. (Khare, 2010). 3. Mission To build India as one of the most preferred destinations of the tourist as well as to enhance Foreign Tourist Arrivals’ number to 8 million. To encourage more energetically country’s domestic tourism along with increasing Domestic Tourist Visits’ number to 800 million by the year 2015 To decrease considerably the space in skilled manpower’s availability in the hospitality...
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...Is tourism a blessing or a curse? Tourism is defined by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as ‘a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes’ (UNWTO, 2014). It furthermore defines the people taking part in these actions as visitors either tourists or excursionists. Moreover, tourism exhibits the activities visitors experience (UNWTO, 2014). Increasing essentially in the second half of the nineteenth century (Cooper, 2012) tourism reached its peak of one billion visitors in 2012 (UNWTO, 2012). Regardless, the economic importance of tourism the need for a sustainable development and management increased worldwide (Cooper, 2012). Disproving the general believe of tourism harming the environment Mensah and Amuquandoh (2010) state that tourism is still seen as the greatest engine for an economy to generate quick revenue. The resulting question is now whether tourism can be seen as a blessing or a curse. This paper will provide an insight into the topic. It will be structured looking at the three areas of economic, cultural and environmental influence tourism has in different cases. Looking at the economic impacts of tourism an ever-increasing number of tourism expenditures can be listed (WTO, 2012). Due to a constantly growing number of destinations and investments in tourism the industry became a driver of economic progress. Creating...
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...HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT Stephen W. Litvin College of Charleston Ronald E. Goldsmith Florida State University Bing Pan College of Charleston Stephen W. Litvin is Professor of Hospitality and Tourism Management in the School of Business and Economics, at the College of Charleston (South Carolina); Ronald E. Goldsmith is the Richard M. Baker Professor of Marketing at Florida State University; and Bing Pan is Assistant Professor and the Director of the Office of Tourism Analysis at the College of Charleston. Address correspondence to: Steve Litvin, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, College of Business and Economics, College of Charleston, 66 George Street, Charleston, SC 29424. Phone 843-953-7317; Email litvins@cofc.edu Submitted June, 20, 2005 to Tourism Management Revised and resubmitted May 09, 2006 Second revision October 1, 2006 ELECTRONIC WORD-OF-MOUTH IN HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT Abstract Interpersonal influence and word-of-mouth (WOM) are ranked the most important information source when a consumer is making a purchase decision. This influence may be especially important in the hospitality and tourism industry, whose intangible products are difficult to evaluate prior to their consumption. When WOM becomes digital, the largescale, anonymous, ephemeral nature of the Internet induces new ways of capturing, analyzing, interpreting, and managing online WOM. This paper describes online interpersonal influence, or eWOM, as a...
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...bodies and international agencies on the travel and tourism sector 2 Role of the Government in Tourism 2 Role of the government bodies 4 Roles of International Agencies 5 United Nations (UN) 6 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 6 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) 6 Driving the Agenda - raising awareness of travel and tourism industry as a revenue generator. 7 The Facilitator: educating industry participants. 7 The Networking Forum 7 Q 2.2 Illustrate how local and national economic policy has an effect on the success of the travel and tourism sector 8 GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC POLICY AND TOURISM 8 • Direct Influence 8 Taxation (remove money) 8 Infrastructure investment and maintenance (inject money) Government spending on tourism 8 Tourism development 9 • Indirect Influence 9 Q 2.3 Analyse the implications of political change on the travel and tourism sector in various countries 10 Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry 10 IRAN 10 CHINA 11 Reference and Bibliography 12 Q 2.1 Explain the role of government, government sponsored bodies and international agencies on the travel and tourism sector Role of the Government in Tourism The role of the government, according to traditional political theory, is concerned with maintaining law and order, defence, internal communication and transport infrastructure, and economic redistribution. All of these affect tourism. There are two levels in the role of government in...
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...Meaning of Service Marketing A Service is an economic activity that is intangible or not be touched, not be stored, and not be owned. Postal service delivering mail is a Service, and the use of expertise like person visiting a doctor is also a service. A service is consumed at the point of sale and does not result ownership. A product is material or tangible in nature, can be touched, can be stored, and a product can also be owned, but it is not so in case of a service. Defining Service Services include all economic activities whose output is not a physical product or construction, is generally consumed at the time it is produced, and added value in forms (such as convenience, amusement, timeless, comfort and health) that are essentially intangible. Defining Services Marketing:- Services marketing are a sub field of marketing, which can be split into the two main areas of goods marketing (which includes the marketing of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and durables) and services marketing. Services marketing typically refer to both business to consumer (B2C) and business to business (B2B) services, and include marketing of services like telecommunications services, financial services, all types of hospitality services, car rental services, air travel, health care services and professional services. The range of approaches and expressions of a marketing idea developed with the hope that it be effective in conveying the ideas to the diverse population of people who receive...
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...Implication for managers The study has useful implication for managers of Information technology and hospitality management in the Ghana. Travel agents should develop encouraging strategies to motivate tourists to visit a destination. Tourism products should be properly displayed with clear and decent photographs for potential customers to view and interact. By this method potential tourists mind set can be influence to visit the environment. Destination managers from hospitality organizations should provide online marketing assistance to the public. It is only by presenting true historical graphical representation that tourists can decide to visit the settings. The tourism information centers responsible for local tourism within the country...
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