...Introduction Influenza (“the flu") is an infection in the lungs, nose, and throat (respiratory tract). It is caused by a virus. The flu causes many common cold symptoms, as well as a high fever and body aches. It can make your child feel very sick. The flu spreads easily from person to person (contagious). Having your child get a flu shot (influenza vaccination) every year is the best way to prevent your child from getting the flu. Follow these instructions at home: Medicines Give your child over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your child's doctor. Do not give your child aspirin because it has been associated with Reye syndrome. General instructions Use a cool mist humidifier to add moisture (humidity) to the air in your child's room. This can make...
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...Randy In the preceding documents, many different sources express similar points using anecdotal evidence of the Influenza outbreak after World War I. The topics talked about in specific are charity during a tough time, religion and how it relates to epidemics, and ignorance, whether it be the government underestimating influenza, or purely citizens not understanding how to react to the disease. The documents which refer to the theme “charity” are 2, 7, and 9. The first one to do this, 2, speaks of a massive influx of volunteers helping with influenza struck patients. It specifically is from two girls remembering their time volunteering in 1918. It shows how two soldiers were dying every three hours. It emphasizes the point that anyone could...
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...events” (p. 3). This particular article will look at the groups who are vulnerable to influenza. As stated by Hutchins, Truman, Merlin, and Redd (2009) “the US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families” (para. 1). Looking at the group that would have a greater risk there are many barriers. One of the barriers is ensuring that all levels from government, right down to the individual act efficiently and swiftly with the plan of action. Others may be transportation, lack of insurance, lack of knowledge, and the list goes on. There are many vulnerable groups when looking at containing or minimizing an outbreak of influenza. Some of the top groups are newborn’s/infants, poverty/poor class of society (no insurance), and the elderly (>65 years-old). A person then can break the groups down even more and say; anyone within these groups that are compromised with other health problems may be at an even greater risk. With influenza very easily contracted from person to person along with looking at these groups which are highly vulnerable and how they live much of the time, results in a recipe for disaster. Much of the time, homeless/poverty stricken people live in close courters with each other in shelters, opening them up for contracting illness such as influenza. A large portion of the 65 year-old population live in some kind of elderly community or...
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...fall into a vulnerable category. I have had patients tell me that they have neglected to take care of their ailments because they cannot afford to take off a day from work, or they don’t have adequate insurance or any insurance coverage at all. The chosen article focuses on protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza in the United States. According to the article, the vulnerable populations include those with underlying health conditions, pregnant women, children and persons with disabilities as well as correctional populations (to include staff and facilities). It is essential to protect these vulnerable populations in order to effectively slow or mitigate an influenza pandemic. The vulnerable population may have several barriers that prevent them from obtaining the much needed medical services. Such barriers include socioeconomic status, health beliefs, behaviors, and status; and access to health care over which an individual or family may have limited control (Hutchins, 2009, S246). Moral, ethical, legal and economic reasons compel us to protect vulnerable populations during an influenza pandemic. Because influenza is highly contagious, inadequate preparedness or untimely response in vulnerable populations increases the risk of infection for the general population. Recent public health emergencies have reinforced the importance of preparedness and the challenges of effective...
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...Spanish Flu; Swine Flu History will always repeat itself. In many events it has been proven fact. There are many examples of this; some would say the landing of Christopher Columbus and the Holocaust, others might say the Columbine Massacre and the several school shootings that followed that. But the most eerie and coincidental reoccurrence is the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 and the H1N1 ‘Swine Flu’ outbreak. By the fall of 1918 a strain of influenza seemingly no different from that of previous years suddenly turned so deadly, and engendered such a state of panic and chaos in communities across the globe, that many people believed the world was coming to an end. It would later be characterized as a human-to-human transmissible case of swine flu. The virus struck with amazing speed, often killing its victims within just hours of the first signs of infection. So fast did the 1918 strain overwhelm the body's natural defenses, that the usual cause of death in influenza patients---a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia---oftentimes never had a chance to establish itself. Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. Not only was the Spanish Flu (as it came to be known) strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm...
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...You are the nursing administrator for a medical group that expects a severe outbreak of the flu this winter. You hire additional staff to treat the patients and administer shots. Your special project budget was for 1,000 hours of part-time nurses’ services at $40 per hour, for a total cost of $40,000. It was expected that these nurses would administer 400 flu shots and treat 1,600 flu patients. The medical group typically charges $50 for a flu shot and $80 for treating a flu patient. Actually, the group had 1,200 patients who received the flu shot and 1,400 who had the flu and received treatment. On average, it was able to collect $55 per flu shot and $70 per flu patient. Compute the volume, mix, and price revenue variances. How did things turn out for the group considering just revenues? How did they turn out from a profit perspective? Total Revenue for Actual Scenario: (Number of flu shots x charge per flu shot) + (Number of flu patients x charge per patient) =(1200 x 55) + (1400 x 70) = 66,000 + 98,000 = 164,000 Projected Revenue: (Estimated number of flu shots that will be given x estimated charge per flu shot) + (estimated number of flu patients x estimated charge per patient) =(400 x 50) + (1600 x 80) = 20,000 + 128,000 = 148,000 Cost due to additional staff: (number of hours x pay per hour) = (1000 x 40) = $40,000 (also given by problem) Total Profit: (Actual Revenue - Cost) = $164,000 - $40,000 = $124,000 From the perspective of revenue, the...
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...Avian Influenza, also called bird flu or H5N1 is an infection that naturally occurs among birds. Avian Influenza is carried in wild birds in their intestines but usually do not get sick. On the contrary domesticated birds: turkey, chickens, and ducks pick up the very contagious virus and get very sick. The virus is fatal. Birds that are susceptible to the virus become infected by being in contact with contaminated secretions or excretions. Domesticated birds may become infected with avian influenza virus through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with surfaces (such as dirt or cages) or materials (such as water or feed) that have been contaminated with the virus. (CDC) 2010. The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another has been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not sustained. However, because of the possibility that avian influenza A viruses could change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is extremely important for public health. (CDC) 2010. Avian Influenza Outbreak Outbreaks The most recent reported outbreak was January 2015. The outbreak is still ongoing but has not yet spread to humans. The most recent outbreak in North America with transmission to humans was in Canada in 2004. Health Canada reported two cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H7): one in a person involved...
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...Application of Community Health & Population-Focused Nursing Western Governors University A1. Description of Disease Avian Influenza, commonly referred to as the Bird Flu, is a highly contagious virus amongst birds (avian). These viruses occur naturally and can move quickly from wild aquatic birds to domesticated chickens, ducks and turkeys. Wild birds infected with the avian influenza virus usually do not get sick. The virus that normally infects the respiratory tract, affects wild birds intestines instead. However, our domesticated birds aren’t as fortunate and can become very ill and even die from the virus. There are two different strains of the virus: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Poultry infected with LPAI viruses may not cause disease at, could cause mild illness or may not even be detected. On the hand, when HPAI viruses infect poultry it can cause severe disease and high mortality (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). According to the CDC, avian influenza outbreaks have been responsible for illness and death in humans in Asia, Africa, Europe, the Pacific and the Near East but between 1997 and 2014, the United States experienced only one incident of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry (CDC, 2015). The first bird flu case was reported in 1997 in Hong Kong and affected 18 humans, claiming the lives of six. A2. Epidemiological Determinants Although...
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...on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic disasters in human history with reference to A Crack in the Edge of the World by Simon Winchester and The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 by Susan Kingsley Kent. With an estimated death toll of “3,000 people out of a population of 400,000” (Discussion slides October 13) for the earthquake and “thirty million to perhaps even one hundred million” for the influenza pandemic worldwide (Kent Introduction 1), both disasters ultimately struck humanity with a deadly blow. Amongst the numerous messages conveyed, the key lessons presented...
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...Many origins of the Spanish Flu have been proposed. One theory is that Chinese laborers that were in Canada may have been the origin for the flu. "Historian Christopher Langford has shown that China suffered a lower mortality rate from the Spanish flu than other nations did, suggesting some immunity was at large in the population because of earlier exposure to the virus."[4]Archival evidence suggests that China had a respratory disease outbreak in 1917. Also, 3,000 of the 25,000 Chinese laborers ended up in medical quarantine after flu-like symptoms appeared while they were going to Europe.[5] Kansas Another theory as to the source of the outbreak originated at Camp Funston, now Ft. Riley Kansas. and Haskell County Kansas where an...
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...Creditable Sources to Describe the Disease Process of Influenza This paper will describe how one can use creditable sources of information to explore the disease process of Influenza. The paper will explore the elderly population in Minnesota and how influenza effect for this age group, address the change of incidence between 2015 and 2012, and compare the rate of incidence between Minnesota and United States. Among the population in Minnesota what was the incident rate of influenza for those who had be vaccinated in the elderly compared to adults? Influenza epidemics happen every year and the vaccine must match the viruses in order for it to be effective. According to the Minnesota Health Department (2015), protection offered...
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...Nik is a new employee for Estee Lauder. Estee Lauder makes a abundance of cosmetic products including but not limited to, perfume, cologne, lotion, make up and skin treatment. Estee Lauder is a large corporation that impacts any economy that it enters due to the large work force that each one of its facilities maintains. Nic has been assigned to the island of Kava where Estee Lauder is just getting started under the leadership of Alex. With Estee Lauder establishing manufacturing facilities there, it will show the people of Kava that a company wants to improve the economy and not for their natural resources. The benefits that Estee Lauder gives to the employees of this company will also help the community as well. Estee Lauder has strong beliefs in education and living healthy lives. As an employee they will pay the individuals tuition and the health benefits of the company are second to none. They provide health care to their employees that are kept at a very low affordable amount. There are many issues for the island of Kava. For one, the island of Kava is a disaster waiting to happen, environmentally and economically. This island seems to have most of world’s issues all in one. The environmental issues are many. Tidal waves, tsunamis, typhoons, hurricanes tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are the natural disasters that the island of Kava faces. Just those natural disasters only can cause serious issues for an organization. There are also four...
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...Rhoda Wise –Wife, Mother, Mystic, Stigmatic, and Catholic convert (1888-1948) Rhoda Wise was born on February 22, 1888 and was the sixth child of Eli and Anna Greer (nee Anna Poulson). They eventually had eight children, five boys and three girls. She was born in Cadiz, Ohio, however when she was two they moved to Wheeling, West Virginia. Her father Eli worked in the family trade of bricklaying. Her mother was very patriotic and became involved with the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization which supported the veterans of the Civil War, even serving as a state and a national president for a time. Her parents were staunchly Protestant and Rhoda grew up in the First Christian Church. There was a definite anti-Catholic bias in the family and among their friends. Rhoda often heard unkind remarks about Catholics and the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, she did have a few Catholic friends. Incidentally, when she was sixteen, Rhoda had a small encounter with Catholicism. While she was in Wheeling Hospital for an appendicitis operation, she received a visit from a Catholic Sister who gave her a St. Benedict medal. Rhoda explained to Sister that because of her parents dislike for the Catholic Church she would never be allowed to wear it, so Sister put the small medal in Rhoda's locket. Deeply touched by the Sisters kindness, Rhoda kept that hidden medal for the rest of her life. Rhoda married Ernest Wissmar, a young widower from Canton, Ohio, in November of 1915 and...
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...The Spanish Flu was the most devastating pandemic our world has ever seen. Even though few medical records exist, historians believe that 20 – 100 million people were killed by this flu. Despite the number of deaths and the severity and geographic reach of this disease, it merits little attention in the history books. Today one of our greatest medical threats is AIDS. The Spanish Flu is exponential compared to AIDS casualties (Gloria). The Spanish Flu of 1918-19 affected our world like no other disease in history. It changed the ways people sought medical help, the ways physicians treated illness, the role of medical researchers and how society, particularly medical and political leaders respond to pandemic diseases. Influenza is a unique respiratory viral disease infecting the whole respiratory tract-namely, the nose, sinuses, the throat, lungs, and even the middle ear. The disease spreads from person to person by airborne droplets produced when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Acute symptoms of influenza, including fever, headache, shivering, muscle pain, cough, and pneumonia, are the result of the virus replicating in the respiratory tract, in which infected cells die and slough off (Rosenberg). The Spanish Flu got its name from newspaper reports of that period. It was thought that the influenza infection was carried form Asia to Spain during World War I. During WWI Spain remained neutral and the government did not censor the press. Spanish papers were filled...
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...especially those that are low- or middle-income. The Infectious Disease Threat and Implications for the United States, health threats and issues have continued to have significant impacts on the world stage. Highly publicized virulent infectious diseases---- including HIV/AIDS, a potential influenza pandemic, and “mystery” illnesses such as the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) –remain the most direct health-related threats to the United States, but are not the only health indicators with strategic significance. Chronic, non-communicable diseases; neglected tropical diseases; maternal and child mortality; malnutrition; sanitation and access to clean water; and availability of basic healthcare also affect the US national interest through their impacts on the economies, governments, and militaries of key countries and regions. The greatest infectious disease challenge for the US since the beginning of the decade has been the potential emergence of a severe influenza pandemic. Although the H5N1 avian influenza virus remains primarily a threat to poultry, it and other such viruses continue to evolve and expand their geographic range. The timing and magnitude of the next influenza pandemic is difficult to predict. Given the increase in worldwide travel and commerce over the last several decades, however, one similar in magnitude to that of 1918 would disrupt the global economy, impair military readiness, and undermine global security and diplomacy. Instability in other...
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