...------------------------------------------------- Informal organization The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of, norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks, communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members. Tended effectively, the informal organization complements the more explicit structures, plans, and processes of the formal organization: it can accelerate and enhance responses to unanticipated events, foster innovation, enable people to solve problems that require collaboration across boundaries, and create footpaths showing where the formal organization may someday need to pave a way. Contents * 1 The informal organization and the formal organization * 2 Functions of informal organizations * 2.1 Perpetuate the cultural and social values * 2.2 Provide social status and satisfaction * 2.3 Promote communication among members * 2.4 Provide social control * 3 Disadvantages of informal groups * 3.1 Resistance to change * 3.2 Role conflict * 3.3 Rumor * 3.4 Conformity * 4 Benefits of the informal organization * 4.1 Blend...
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...------------------------------------------------- Module 1 Submit a written report discussing the present organizational set-up where you are working considering the following: 1. Organizational Chart 2. Mission and Vision of the Company 3. Objectives of the Firm 4. Incentives and Rewards of the Firm, and 5. Sanctions and Punishment for any Violations of Employees within the Firm ------------------------------------------------- The Tarlac Provincial Hospital is a 200 bed capacity tertiary training and teaching hospital. It is one of the four developed hospital under the Provincial Government of Tarlac. It is situated in a 9 hectare concreted fence compound with the following physical facilities: 3-storey main hospital building, cottages for officials and employees, power plant with generator, provincial warehouse (supply office), OPD Building, MCH Center, maintenance shop and laundry room, Chapel, 10 bed nutrition rehab ward, badminton court/pelota and basketball/volleyball court. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Organizational Chart ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Mission ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- > To provide accessible...
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...Project Report On Informal Marketing East West University Informal Marketing: A study on informal entrepreneur in Dhaka city Project Report Course code: BUS-498 Submitted to: M. Sayeed Alam Assistant professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Submitted by: Humaiun Kobir Id: 2008-3-10-008 Department of Business Administration Date of submission: April 20, 2013 Letter of Transmittal April 20, 2013 M. Sayeed Alam Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University Dear Sir: I am the students of in your section. You gave me a project to submit a report on “Informal Marketing”. I am very much happy to say you that I have made it for you. During the preparation of this assignment I have learned something extra in practical. I would once again like to express my sense of gratitude towards you for giving us this opportunity, and sincerely hope that this report would give you immense satisfaction. I will always be available to respond to any queries that you may have in this regard. Sincerely yours, ——————— Humaiun Kobir Acknowledgements I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my most honorable teacher, my direct supervisor, M. sayeed Alam, Department of Business Administration, East West University for his mastermind direction, dexterous management, adept analysis, keen interest, optimistic counseling and incessant. It is also a great pleasure for me to offer my deepest...
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...-1- WHAT IS HIDDEN, IN THE HIDDEN ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN? SIZE, CAUSES, ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS Ahmed Gulzar Novaira Junaid Adnan Haider Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan National Transport Research Centre (NTRC), Ministry of Communications Beaconhouse National University (BNU), Lahore, Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract There is a worldwide contemporary debate about the role of the hidden economy in achieving the goal of sustained and inclusive economic growth and development, especially in the context of its spillover effects on the formal economy. For this purpose, policy makers and academicians have made concerted efforts to estimate the size of the hidden economy and to analyze its causes, issues and implications on key macroeconomic variables. However, there is a consensus among the policy makers that a better macroeconomic policy formulation and its true implementation are subject to the proper management of the associated issues of the hidden economy with suitable policy measures. In Pakistan, it is generally assumed that the hidden economy contributes about 30% to 50% to the overall GDP. The purpose of this paper is to estimate more precisely the size of the hidden economy with the determination of its potential causes and implications. Five statistical and structural modeling approaches namely; simple monetary approach, modified monetary approach using dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS)...
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...------------------------------------------------- Business letter It is a formal letter and can be used as a formal thing. or between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall style of letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned. Business letters can have many types of contents, for example to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to point out a mistake by the letter's recipient, to reply directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong, or to convey goodwill. A business letter is sometimes useful because it produces a permanent written record, and may be taken more seriously by the recipient than other forms of communication There are two main styles of business letters: 1. Full block style: Align all elements on the left margin. 2. Modified block style: with other elements on the left page margin. ------------------------------------------------- [SENDER'S COMPANY NAME] ------------------------------------------------- [SENDER'S ADDRESS*] ------------------------------------------------- [SENDER'S PHONE] ------------------------------------------------- [THE SENDER'S E-MAIL] ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [DATE] ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...several different audiences, including undergraduate and graduate students. The organization of this manual is a logic sequence of chapters including both business communication and correspondence. The first part is dedicated to business communication and the second to business correspondence. The special features found in this edition are: 1. Examples of effective letter writing. Studies have shown students studying written business communication can learn as much, if not more, from ineffective examples of written communication as they do from effective examples. 2. Varied application problems in the writing-oriented chapters. The number of problems has been increased. While the majority of problems require the writing of a letter or report, some are designed to give students an opportunity to develop the often overlooked skill of editing. 3. Many new application problems in the non-writingoriented chapters. 4. New topics, such as nonverbal communication language, various types of speeches and presentations. 4 Part 1 BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE 1. The Business Letter 1.1. The Lay-Out of the Letter Subordinated to the aim envisaged by the...
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...The Art of Writing Business Letters Write letter in a manner such as to secure the respect and consideration of the person with whom you correspond. The rules for the mechanical execution of a letter are few; understanding and observing the rules already considered for composition, the writer has only to study perfect naturalness of expression, to write a letter well. [pic][pic] Variously missing from their letters are headings, dates, inside addresses, salutations and complimentary closings. And the forms are disheveled. Frankly, in terms of form, often I am unable to distinguish any discernible differences between letters written by students, their teachers and by many other professionals. Apparently, for many, the art of writing a standard business letter has been lost. What are considered essential elements for a standard business letter. Know the format. Whatever the content of your letter, visually it should resemble the picture below. Note that business letters are composed in common fonts such as Arial or Times New Roman, and that they are justified to the left. Most employ block paragraphing - i.e., to start a new paragraph, hit "return" twice and don't use an indent. [pic] [pic] Letterhead. Include the sender's company and the company address; if you're self-employed or an independent contractor, add your name either in place of the company name or on top of it. If your company has pre-designed letterhead, use this; otherwise, simply typing the...
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...business. Therefore what is written and how it is expressed is as much a part of business education as accountancy and economics. Definition of a Business Letter The business letter is the basic means of communication between two companies. It is estimated that close to 100 million Business Letters are written every workday. It is a document typically sent externally to those outside a company but is also sent internally to those within a company. Purpose of a Business Letter The first question for any writer should be, "Why am I writing?" "What is my goal or my purpose for writing?" For many writing contexts the long–range purpose of writing is to communicate to a particular audience. In order to communicate successfully to your audience, understanding your purpose for writing will make you a better writer. Purpose is the reason why you are writing. You may write a grocery list in order to remember what you need to buy. You may write a laboratory report in order to carefully describe a chemistry experiment. You may write an argumentative essay in order to persuade someone to change the parking rules on campus. You may write a letter to a friend to express your excitement about her new job. Notice that selecting the form for your writing (list, report, essay, letter) is one of your choices that helps you achieve your purpose. You also have choices about style, organization; kinds of evidence that help you achieve your purpose. ...
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...Home Poetry Book Contest Poetry Book Contest Brick Road Poetry Book Contest Michael Meyerhofer was selected as the winner of the 2010 Brick Road Poetry Book Contest for his manuscript entitled, Damnatio Memoriae. The 4 additional finalists were: Rupert Fike, Lotus Buffet Grey Held, Two-Star General Jamie Thomas, Etch and Blur Toni Thomas, Chosen Jason Schossler, Mud Cakes (scheduled for publication elsewhere) 4 of our finalists, all but Jason Schossler, are scheduled to be published by Brick Road Press. *** The first place winner receives a publication contract with Brick Road Poetry Press and $1000 prize, publication in both print and ebook formats, and 25 copies of the printed book. We may also offer publication contracts to the top finalists. Adhere to all the "general submission" manuscript guidelines. (provided below) Entry fee $25, payable through the online submission manager. If sending hard copy, please include a Check or money order to "Brick Road Poetry Press, Inc." Deadline: November 1, submission accepted starting August 1. Submit via the Brick Road Poetry Press Submission Manager Manuscript Guidelines * Book-length poetry manuscripts only. * Simultaneous submissions accepted, provided we are immediately informed if the manuscript is accepted elsewhere. * Original collection of 50 to 100 pages of poetry, excluding cover page, contents, acknowledgments, etc. * Single sided, single spaced. We prefer no more than one poem...
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...Transmittal letters often accompany reports and inform readers of a report's context. Typically, the letter includes information not found in the report. For example, the letter contains information about the particular project and/or due dates. A Transmittal Letter is a business letter and should be formatted accordingly; that is, you should include the recipient's address, your address, a salutation and closing. Depending on the project, you may also need to include contact information. Always check with your instructor to determine whether or not you should attach a transmittal letter to your report. In Finance, a Letter of Transmittal is a document used by a security holder to accompany certificates surrendered in an exchange or other corporate action. A Letter of Transmittal may also be a distribution list with the recipients of a memo, report or contract. A transmittal letter accompanies a document and explains what the document is, why it should receive the reader's consideration, and what the reader should do with it. A transmittal or cover letter accompanies a larger item, usually a document. The transmittal letter provides the recipient with a specific context in which to place the larger document and simultaneously gives the sender a permanent record of having sent the material. Transmittal letters are usually brief. The first paragraph describes what is being sent and the purpose for sending it. A longer transmittal letter may summarize key elements...
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...four chapters of coursework covered in the textbook and three of the assignments identified on the on-line WebCT page. The course of instruction is now 37.5% complete. Work Completed The work that has been assigned since the beginning of class, August 20, 2012, has been on time and organized. I have been busy with the work that has been assigned and have been studying to keep up. Assignments The first assignment was the tone assignment, the second was the e-mail assignment, and the third was the business letter assignment. These three assignments are outlined in the table below indicating the date each was due and the grade received. Each of these assignments was submitted before the due date and great effort was put into each one as demonstrated by my grades. I am steadily improving and have made a goal to get a 50/50 on an assignment. Assignment |Date Due |Grade | |Tone |August 30, 2012 |40/50 | |E-mail |September 7, 2012 |41/50 | |Business Letter |September 14, 2012 |45/50 | | Quizzes The quizzes that have been assigned have been completed on time. The three quizzes completed are outlined in the table below indicating the date due and the grade received. Each of the quizzes that were completed before the due date. I have put much effort into each quiz and I make sure that I dedicate the same amount of studying time for each one. Quizzes |Date Due |Grade | |1 |August 30, 2012 |30/30 | |2...
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...Setting up Lightroom 5 * Click the icon located in the center of the Desktop. * Once open tether the camera to Lightroom 5. Click File > Tethered Capture > Start Tethered Capture (Note: make sure the camera is connected to the usb cable and computer. * The Tethered Capture Settings window will open. I have already set up where it will be save. Just click ok. * You will notice a new pop up. Check to ensure that the camera is noticed. If it isn’t noticed it will look like the screen below. Take a practice shot. You should notice a new photo popped up in the bottom of the screen in the thumbnail section. * Make sure that you are in the Print Module. Located in the top right side of the screen. * Once in the Print Module look at the center left side of the screen. You will see Template browser. Under Users Templates will be the different settings. All of the photo, with the exception of the 8.5 x 11 size prints will be on 5 x 7 paper. * Once you pick the photo size look at the gray screen where the portraits display. On the top left side of the gray screen will be some text that start with Page 1 of 1. Below the Page 1 of 1 text look to see if the paper size is correct for the template you selected. Then look below the size and ensure that the Canon Printer is listed. Note if any other printer is listed, you need to call me. * Once the size is picked, look at the lower right of the screen and click Print. Clicking...
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...ENGLISH BUSINESS WRITING [pic] MODULE BOOK AND READER Course of study: ICM / English Course title: Business Writing Year of study: term 4 ourse year: 2011-2012 Department of English School of European Studies and Communication Management The Hague University Course Information |Title |Business Communication | |Name of study unit |English Communication Skills | |Study unit | | |Department |ICM | |Module manager |A. van der Wijngaard / Y. Overdevest | |Module number |To be announced | |Programme / year of study / term |ICM / year 1 / semester 2 / term 4 | |Study load |28 hours (1 ECTS credit) | |Entry level |None...
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...Business Letters A business letter is more formal than a personal letter. It should have a margin of at least one inch on all four edges. It is always written on 8½"x11" (or metric equivalent) unlined stationery. There are sixparts to a business letter. 1. The Heading. This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped between the address and date. That should always be done if the heading is next to the left margin. (See Business Letter Styles.) It is not necessary to type the return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted. Always include the date. 2. The Inside Address. This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as possible. Include titles and names if you know them. This is always on the left margin. If an 8½" x 11" paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9" business envelope, the inside address can appear through the window in the envelope. An inside address also helps the recipient route the letter properly and can help should the envelope be damaged and the address become unreadable. Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting. 3. The Greeting. Also called the salutation. The greeting in a business...
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...COPIER CONFUSION CASE STUDY Abstract The Business Company, Inc., badly needed new copying machines. The company had 20 machines, but they were old and copy quality was poor. They broke down frequently. And to change paper size from 8.5 x 11 in. to legal-size, the user had to remove one paper tray containing 8.5 x 11 in. paper and replace it with a tray containing legal-size paper. Newer machines had two trays, one for each paper size, that permitted changing paper size at the push of a button without changing paper trays. The company’s purchasing agent, thought this would be a labor-saving feature and decided to include it in a specification for purchase of new machines. The copying machine industry called this feature, “dual-cassette” design. John Richards, the company’s purchasing agent, thought this would be a labor-saving feature and decided to include it in a specification for purchase of new machines. The copying machine industry called this feature, “dual-cassette” design. The Business Company issued an invitation for bids for purchase and maintenance of 20 replacement machines. The solicitation included a specification that called for a machine that would permit “copying both 8.5 x 11 in. and legal-size paper without manually changing the paper trays.” The term dual cassette did not appear in the specification. John received bids from several companies, including Copies Incorporated, a reputable manufacturer...
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