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Inheritance

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Submitted By arianilena
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av MUSA Xh DRAGUSHA

KODI I HAMURABIT
-nje monument i tradites juridike te njerezimit
I HYRJE Monumentet dhe burimet e lashta juridike jane te rendesise se pakontestueshme te lashtesise dhe tradites historike te institucioneve dhe kulturave juridike.Si te ketilla ato flasin edhe per rrethanat shoqerore dhe faktoret e shumte te cilat kane determinuar krijimin dhe kushtezuar zhvillimin e tyre.Ato jane te rendesise se ketille edhe per vet faktin se ne vetvete ngerthejne te gjitha rrethanat dhe faktoret nga te cilat jane kushtezuar,prandaj edhe japin elemente te mjaftueshme studimi mu per keto rethana dhe faktore,qe duke qene te nje periudhe me te lashte historike jane edhe per me teper te rendesishem.Mundesia e njohjes se tyre do te thote njekohesisht edhe njohje te rrethanave shoqerore,ekonomike,politike dhe kulturore te nje vendi e edhe ndoshta te vet nje epoke te tere ne pergjithesi. I rendesise se ketille padyshim eshte edhe Kodi i Hamurabit,nje monument i vertete i histories juridike dhe asaj shoqerore ne pergjithesi.I krijuar ne rrethanat e caktuara shoqerore dhe i kushtezuar nga ato,ai eshte pasqyrim real i vet ketyre rrethanave.Me zbulimin e tij eshte zbuluar nje histori e tere jo vetem e rrethanave te permendura por edhe e kultures,religjionit,artit,filozofise,rregullimit shteteror dhe te drejtes.Nga ai mund te studiohen mardhenjet juridike dhe shtererore. Dhe,perfundimisht ai,si i ketile paraqet burim te rendesishem dhe te pakapercyeshem per studimin e nje epoke te tere,nje epoke mjaft te rendesishme te historisen se njerzimit.Prej ketu edhe interesimi yne per kete studim.

II.PASQYRA HISTORIKE II/a.)Rrethanat e pergjithshme historike
Ne luginat e lumenjeve Nil,Tiger dhe Eufrat ,e me larg ne lindje edhe Ind ,Gang, Hoang-ho dhe Jance Kjang per shkak te tokes pjellore nen kushtet e volitshme per zhvillimin e blegtorise dhe te bujqesise shume shpejt ,me zhvillimin e zejtarise dhe te tregetise u krijuan civilizimet e para e me kete edhe forma mjaft te zhvilluara te organizimit shoqeror.Popujt e ketyre vendeve jetonin ne luginat e lumenjve: egjiptianet jetnonin ne luginen e lumit Nil,sumeret dhe babilonasit jetonin ne luginat e lumenjeve Tiger dhe Eufrat ose ne Mesopotani,indianet jetonin ne luginat e lumenjeve Ind dhe Gang,ndersa kinezet ne luginat e lumjeve Hoang-ho dhe Jance Kjang . Ne lashtesi Mesopotamia shtrihej prane lumenjeve Tiger dhe Eufrat.Ky vend ishte populluar nga sumeret,te cilet kishin ardhur nga viset malore te Iranit dhe nga India e sotme. Populli ishte i ndare ne njerez te lire dhe skllever.Ne mesin e njerezve te lire ishin fisniket ,tregtaret,njerezite e pasur qe ne pergjithesi quheshin skllavopronar.Ne mesin e skllaverve benin pjese edhe te varferit qe per borxhet e tyre binin ne skllaveri.Ne mijevjeqarin e XIX p.e.s. skllavopronaret qe kishin rritur pronat u detyruan te organizonin edhe reparte ushtaresh per te mbrojtur pasurite e tyre .Sa me shume qe shtohej numri i ushtareve,aq me shume forcohej autoriteti i prijesit,e i cili u be mbret.

Duke qene se rruget e shumta tregtare kalonin neper Mesopotami ky vend shpejt u be qender tregtare e kulturore.Ne shek XIX para Krishtit ne mes te lumenje2 ve Tiger dhe Eufrat u themelua qyteti Babilon,sipas te cilit e mori edhe emrin mbreteria e Babilonise. Ne shek.XVII p.e.s. ne krye te shtetit erdhi mbreti i famshem Hamurab,i cili bashkoi gjithe vendin ne nje mbreteri te vetme.Gjate kohes se sundimit vendi perjetoi nje zhvillim te madh si ne bujqesi,begtori, ne zejtari , tregti por edhe ne kulture, art dhe ne besim.Ne fillim te atij shekulli-diku rreth vitit 1694 p.e.s.,perandori Hamurab,sundimtar I Babilonise beri kodifikimin e ligjeve me te cilin rregulloheshin normat shoqerore. II/b.)Per historine e Kodit Shtylla prej gurit te bazalitit e gjate 2.25 m ,me tekstin e Kodit te Hamurabit eshte zbuluar nga nje ekip arkeologesh franceze ne vitin 1901/1902 ne gemadhat e qytetit Suzi ne Jug-perendim te Iranit te sotem,kryeqytet i shtetit te dikurshem Elam . 1 Atje nga Babilonia ne shek XII p.e.s.,e kishte bartur nje sundimtar i Elamit i cili kishte pushtuar pjese te Babilonise se dikurshme. Ne ate gure eshte e gdhendur edhe figura e Hamurabit,i cili paraqitet solemnisht para hyjnise se Diellit-Shamashit duke marre prej tij Kodin.2 Shtylla ka qene e vendosur ne sheshin e qytetit dhe,siq duket ka qene e vendosur ne disa qytete te Babilonise.3 Kodi ishte shkruar ne gjuhen akade me alfabetin kuneiform. Kodi i Hamurabit ka karakter te hapet klasor duke qene se sanksionon pabarazine formale juridike.Per personat qe u perkasin klasave dhe shtresave te ndryshme shoqerore per te njejtin delikt,parasheh denime te ndryshme,perkatesisht parasheh mbrojtje te ndryshme juridiko-penale. Ne kete kod paraqitet ne menyre relieve shteti dhe shoqeria babilonase. Ky monument njeheresh ofron edhe te dhena te shumta mbi shkallen e zhvillimit te mardhenjeve shoqerore ne babilonine e atehershme. Prandaj, kjo e bene kete Kod monumentin me te rendesishem jo vetem per historine e se drejtes por njekohesisht edhe burim shume te rendesishem per studimin e historise se shoqerise skllavopronare.

III PJESET E K0DIT TE HAMURABIT Kodi perbehet nga tri pjese:prologut a hyrjes,tekstit normativ dhe pjeses perfundimtare a epilogut.Keto tri pjese sikur mos te ishin te shkruara ne nje tekst,do te krijonin pershtypjen se jane shkruar ne kohe te ndryshme .Prologu dhe epilogu jane te gershetuar me plote misticizem dhe sakramentalizem.

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1.Ekipin e arkeologeve francez e udheheqte Zhan Zhak de Morgan/Jan Jacques de Morgan,Hilmi Ismajli dhe Fatmir Sejdiu,Historia e shtetit dhe se drejtes I,pjesa e pergjithshme,Universiteti I Prishtines,Prishtine,2002,fq.4 2. Jasic,Stojan ,Zakoni starog srednjeg veka,Beograd,1968 3.Shtylla e gurit me tekstin e Kodit te Hamurabit,sot ruhet ne Muzeun e Luvrit/Louvreu te Parisit dhe eshte mjaft e demtuar por ne baze te fragmenteve tjere te gjetur ne vise te ndryshme te Babi1onise eshte bere rekonstruimi pothuajse i teresishem i tij,megjithqe disa nene ende mungojne.Markovic dr Ceda,Zakon Hamurabjev,Begrad,1925

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III/1. Hyrja/prolgu: Ne kete pjese Perandori thirret ne fuqite hyjnore te cilat e kane zgjedhur qe te sundoje dhe atij i kane urdheruar e keshilluar qe te nxjerre ligjin.4Madje,ai ketu ve ne pah meritat e veta te sundimtarit.5 Veten e quan me prejardhje hyjnore-te zgjedhur nga perendite qe te sundoje.6 Sipas tij Kodin e nxorri “... kur ne kete qytet perendite e vendosen mbreterine e perjetshme ,themelet e se ciles jane te qendrueshem si qielli dhe Toka”.7 Ne epilog Hamurabi shpalle se nxjerrjen e Kodit e ka bere me qellim “...qe ta permiresoje mireqenjen e njerezve,te siguroje zbatimin e te drejtes ,te mesoje mireqenjen e njerezve,te siguroje zbatimin e se drejtes ne kete vend,te crrenjose te corodituren dhe te keqen,te pengoje te fortin qe te mos ta shtype te dobetin,ta ndriqoje Token...” Hamurabi e konsideron veten te zgjedhur nga perendite. 8 Ai konsideron se perendia Marduk e kishte derguar qe te sundoje dhe te shpalle te drejten. Me nxjerrjen e Kodit Hamurabi shpalle se ka vendosur drejtesine dhe krijuar mireqenjen e shtetasve. 9 III/2.Teksti normativ: Eshte pjesa me e rendesishme e Kodit dhe perbehet prej 282 neneve. Ne krahasim me pjesen hyrese dhe perfundimtare eshte me e laicizuar.Teksti normativ permban dispozita nga deget e ndryshme te se drejtes-pra,me kete rregulloheshin mardhenjet pronesore, familjare, trashegimore, penale e kishte edhe dispozita mbi rregullimin e gjyqesise dhe procedures gjyqesore. Sipas Kodit barra e proves binte mbi akuzuesin,10 kurse ne pamundesi te provimit te provimit te fajita pesonte denimi.11 Ne anen tjeter menyra e te provuarit ishin te pershtatshme per kohen,si psh.kercimi ne lume-neni 2.12

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4 “Pasaardhes mbreteror te cilin e krijoi perendia”,” ...mbret i menqur...1uftetar...zoteri” ...mbrojtes i Tokes... i qyteteve” ...”vella i perendise Zamama” ...,”mbret hyjnor i qyteteve “, Jasic,Stojan ,Zakoni starog srednjeg veka,Beograd,1968 5 ”luftetar pa riva1 ...i ci1i i zhduku te gjithe banditet...i cili shtetasit e vet i ushqeu ne kohen e urise” ...”i cili shpalli te drejten,drejtoi ligjin” ...pasaardhesi mbreteror i perjetesise,die11i i Babi1onise,”mbreti te ci1it i nenshtrohen te kater anet e botes”,Po aty 6 “Pasaardhes mbreteror te ci1in e krijoi perendia”, Po aty

7 “...Ne ate kohe ...Ea dhe Beli me thirren ne emrin tim mua-Hamurabin,princin e madh...” Po aty 8 “...une personalisht Hamurabi,bariu te ci1in e zgjodhi Beli...” Po aty 9 ”Kur Marduku me dergoi qe te sundoj njerezit,qe vendit ti shpa11 te drejten,ne goje te njerezve vura te drejten dhe drejtesine,krijova mireqenjen e shtetasve” Po aty 10.Hilmi Ismajli dhe Fatmir Sejdiu,Historia e shtetit dhe se drejtes I,pjesa e pergjithshme,Universiteti i Prishtines, Prishtine,2002,fq.4? 11.Nese ndonje njeri e fajeson njeriun tjeter dhe nuk e provon fajin,ai qe e fajeson tjetrin,te vritet,Neni 1 i Kodit,Jasic Stojan,po aty. 12.Denimet per mossuksesin ne provimin e fajesise ishin te ndryshme:me vrasje-neni 1,me konfiskimin e shtepise nga ana e te akuzuarit-neni 2 I Kodit,jasic Stojan,Po aty.

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Kodi sansiononte deshmimin e rrejshem duke percaktuar per kete denime,sipas natures se akuzave.13 Pallatit dhe tempujve ,ne menyren e natyrshme per rrethanat,u ishte dhene mbrojtja me e larte juridike.Keshtu,nese dikush vidhte sendet nga pallati apo tempulli denohej me vdekje,sikurse ai i cili I kishte pranuar sendet e ketilla.14Respektivisht,nese te ketilla ishin shtazet detyrimi ishte kompensimi i tridhjetefishte i gjese se vjedhur.15 Denimi me vdekje parashihej edhe per grabitjen e femijes se mitur dhe te skllavit te tjeterkujt.16 Kodi shpesh parashihte edhe denime net e holla e qe behej ne monedhat e vetra prej argjendi-“Shekela”2 dhe “mina”.17Edhe kompensimet e ndryshme ishin te parapara ne keto monedha. Dispozitat e caktuara te Kodit ishin te dedikuara per ceshtjet qe lidheshin me pjesmarrjen ne lufte.Keshtu ishte e sanksionuar mospjesmarrja ne flute per mbretin,18 pastaj shperblimi per ata qe ne lufte ishin zene robber nga artmiku,19 shperblimi per pjesmarrjen ne lufrte,20 dhe ceshtje te tjera ne lidhje me kete. Kodi percakton masa pere punimin e tokes dhe me shume dispozita e rregullon kete ceshtje,21sikurse pastaj per kopshtin,mbrojtjen e diges se ujit,22 per kullotjen e bagetise,23 etj.

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13.Personi i akuzuar per magji ishte i detyruar qe te kerceje ne lume dhe nese arrinte qe te notoje atehere konsiderohej ipafajshem/me kete rast akuzuesi vritej kurse i akuzuari e merrte shtepine e tij,Neni 2 i Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 14.Nese dikush ne process deshmon ne dem te te pandehurit dhe ate qe e thote nuk e provon,nese procesi ka te bej me jeten,deshmitari te vritet-Neni 3,respektivisht denohet me denimin e atij procesi-Neni 4,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 15.Neni 6 i Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 16.Neni 8 i Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 17.Nese dikush vjedh djalin e huaj te mitur,te vritet”-Neni 14 I Kodit,Jasic Stojan,PO aty 18.Kishte vleren e barabarte me 6 gr.argjend/Shiko nenin 17 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 19.Kishte vleren e barabarte me 324 gr.argjend/Shiko nenin 24 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 20.)Neni 26 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 21.Neni 28 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 22.Neni 28 dhe 29 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty. 23.Neni 43-48 te Kodit,Jasic Stojan,Po aty.

5.

III/3. Epilogu: Sikurse ne prologun edhe ketu Hamurabi larteson meritat e veta te sundimtarit dhe personifikohet me hyjnine e drejtesise.Konsideron se me kete vendit ia siguroin ligjin e drejte,njerezve ua ka hapur rrugen dhe u ka siguruar driten e mireqenjen.24Kjo pjese eshte plot me misticizem.Ketu ai urdheron qe ligji i tij te zbatohet gjate jetes dhe pas vdekjes se tij.Dhe porosite qe:”ne te ardhmen,secili mbret i ketij vendi le ti ruaje pergjithmone fjalet e drejtesise,te cilat i gdhenda ne monumentin tim,te mos e ndryshoje ligjin e vendit te cilin e dhashe,te mos e demtoje monumentin tim.Nese ai princ eshte i mencur dhe nese deshiron qe ne vend te mbaje rend,le tu permbahet fjaleve qe i gdhenda ne pllaken time,ai mbishkrim le tia mesoje rrugen,rregullin,ligjin qe ia dhashe vendit….”.25

Hamurabi mallkon sundimtaret e ardhshem-pasaardhesit e tij,nese nuk e zbatojne ligjin ose bejne cfaredo ndryshimi ne tekstin e ligjit,te cilin ai e quan mbishkrim ose monument te vetin.26Dhe ata qe nuk e respektojne kete ligj mallkohen me:”…shperthimin e kryengritjes te cilen nuk do tem und ta shuajne,fryerjen e ererave te shkaterrimit,jeten e shkurter,vitet e urise,terri pa drite,shperndarjen e shtetasve,nderprerjen e sundimit,harrimin e emrit dhe te kujtimeve…”27 IV.PERFUNDIM: Padyshim se Kodi i Hamurabit eshte nje monument i vertete i historise juridike dhe ne pergjithesi njerzore.Ai eshte pasqyre reale e rrethanave shoqerore nga te cilat edhe ka qene i kushtezuar.Me zbulimin e tij eshte zbuluar nje histori e tere e kultures, religjionit,artit,filozofise,rregullimit shoqeror dhe te drejtes.Rendesia e tij e pakontestueshme vereht edhe ne faktin se ky kod edhe pas shkaterrimit dhe ramjes se perandorise se babilonise,per nje kohe te gjate vazhoi qe te zbatohet ne pjesen me te madhe te Mesopotamise.Perveq kesaj,ai ka sherbyer edhe si shembull per shume ligjvenes te ardhshem dhe sipas modelit te tij jane nxjerre edhe shume ligje te tjera,meqe shprehte mardjhenjet ne nje ekonomi mjaft te zhvilluar. Kodi i Hamurabit perligj ndasite faktike dhe ishte nje ligj per njerezit e shtreses se larte siq ishin fisniket e tregetaret,pra per njerezit e pasur qe ne pergjithesi ishin skllavopronar.

Normat e shumta mbi gjyqet,mbi sendet,te drejten reale,mbi martesen, familjen, pajen,trashegimin,pjesmarrjen ne lufte,mbrojtjen e dinjitetit etj.,e bejne ate permbledhjen ligjore me te rendesishme te kohes se lashte.

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24.Dr.Hilmi Ismajli,Burime te zgjedhura juridiko historike,Prishtine,2001 25.Dr.Hilmi Ismajli,po aty 26.”Nese nje princ nuk kujdeset per fjalet e mia,te cilat i gdhenda ne piedestalin tim,mallkimin tim e perbuze,nuk i frikohet mallekimit te perendive,e abrogon ligjin qe e dhashe une,fjalet e mia i ndryshon ,emrin tim e fshin,emrin e tij aty e shkruan,ose nese nga frika prej mallekimit urdheron qe tae ta beje tjeterkush,ai njeri mbret,zoteri ose qytetar,qofte ai edhe perendi I madh,baba i perndive i cili ka percaktuar sundimin tim,le tia marre shkelqimin e mbretrise,tia ktheje skepeptrin,ta mallekoje fatin e tij”,Dr.H.Ismajli,po aty 27.Dr.H.Ismajli,po aty

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