...TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development TBI in Early Childhood: Impact of Early Intervention on Childhood Development Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing concern for children in their preschool years. Children of young ages undergo many developmental changes during the ages of two through five. These changes are significant for their growth and maturity. They include cognitive, social, and behavioral development as well as development in executive functioning. Sustaining a traumatic brain injury during these years can pose as a direct risk of developmental deficits in any or all of these areas. After an extensive literature review, it was found that most of the previous research resulted in areas of consensus. These areas compare the how TBI severity and the age of the TBI effect developmental. Results from multiple studies show that the more sever the TBI, the more prevalent the developmental deficiencies (Gerrard-Morris, A., Taylor, H., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., Minich, N., & Wade, S., 2009; McKinlay, A., Grace, R., Horward, L., Fergusson, D., & MacFarlane, M., 2008; Morse, S., Haritou, F., Ong, K., Anderson, V., Catroppa, C., & Rosenfeld, J., 1999; Taylor, H., Swartwout, M., Yeates, K., Walz, N., Stancin, T., & Wade, S., 2008). It is also found that children injured in early childhood are more vulnerable to developmental deficits, According to Taylor et. al (2008), a younger age at the time of injury is a predictor...
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...Early Childhood Cognitive and Executive Functions affected by Traumatic Brain Injuries Introduction Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are an important problem in the United States requiring attention because of the life-altering changes occurring a few months to a few years post-injury. Sometimes called the “silent killer”, TBI’s claim more than 52,000 lives per year with more than twice that number that are hospitalized or unreported (Faul, 2010). With its invisibility, initial diagnosis of a TBI is difficult and often overlooked. There is a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities, classified as either mild, moderate or severe. It can sometimes difficult diagnosing a TBI when physicians are treating other conditions in the Emergency Department. A mild TBI is classified as an altered state of conscious level with no mass/lesion visible on a CT or MRI. Moderate TBI’s are present with either a mass on a CT/MRI and/or the presence of neurological deficits, while the severity of severe TBI’s represents the existence of a coma and a lesion (Zollman, 2011). The bump, blow or jolt to the head may disrupt a child’s brain function. The blow may be considered open or closed based on whether the injury penetrates the skull and underlining meninges. For instance, the historic example of Phineas Gage had a large iron rod driven completely through his head and is classified as an open head injury. Compared to open head injuries, closed ones are more severe because of the increased intracranial...
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...understanding of the world. The Encyclopedia of Children’s Health (2016) defines cognitive development as “the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood” (p.1). Incorporating comfortable library areas with various levels of material available, such as books, movies, puzzles, computer activities, and the like, for a wide variety of developmental needs is key to influence cognitive growth for pediatric wards’ diverse patient population. Here, we highlight puzzle toy types. Solving puzzles is multifaceted when it comes to childhood...
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...Title: SAFETY PRACTICES AND POLICIES By: Cheryl Wilcox Walden University Edu- 1005-1 Professor Erin Eissler While reading "Safety, Nutrition, and health in early childhood and working as a teacher for Head Start, I have learned about the different hazardous situations and safety threats, safety policy, ways to prevent these hazardous situations and safety threats from happening, and how families ensure the safety of a child at home. HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS AND SAFETY THREATS First, poison is one of the most common items found in households and early childhood education environment. These items are cleaners, medicines, plants, pesticides, and certain foods that can poison children if it gets into their system. In my classroom Head Start requires me to keep chemicals and other poisonous items in a locked cabinet unreachable to children, and post poison control number by the phone. Plants that are poisonous like poison ivy, poison oak, and sumac are not present in the classroom environment because it damages the skin by causing rashes. Families can ensure the safety of their children by storing all poisonous materials in a locked cabinet; examine all plants in home, and post poison control number by phone. It helps when the child is taught by teacher are parent what type of foods are good to eat and what is not, encourage children not to put any type of poisoning items in their mouth, and why we keep poison materials locked in a cabinet. Second, U.S PIRG Education...
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...The characteristics of the individuals Carla has an unfortunate childhood. She lacks in parents’ care because they died when she was a little. So she raised by her uneducated aunt which leads to she barely experienced early childhood education. Carla got a divorce at young age, and she sole parented two children. Fortunately, her neighbours help her share childcare duties. So Carla has good interpersonal relationship in their community. She also is a kind-hearted woman. She still took care of her husband when he suffered a crisis, even they are separated. However, she is impoverished and lonely in late middle adulthood. She cannot find a fixed income and stable job; she even cannot afford the cost of visits on public transport. Also, many of...
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...According to Merriam-Webster, trauma is defined as a serious injury or wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent; a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional disturbances, usually for an extended period of time. There are many types of trauma that can affect a child’s development, specifically neural development. One pervasive form of trauma to children is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a simple descriptive for a disturbing cluster of subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage, traction type metaphyseal fractures, and retinal hemorrhage seen in children due to the act of violently shaking the child (Miehl, 2005). Shaken Baby Syndrome us an extremely vicious act of abuse that can result in numerous neurological, cognitive, and functional disabilities and deficits. In more severe cases, death is the result of Shaken Baby Syndrome. While there are many obvious and immediate symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome such as vomiting, lethargy, respiratory distress, seizure activity, decreased consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, and retinal hemorrhage; there are as many if not more permanent and long range ramifications (Miehl, 2005). Traumatic brain injuries that occur when the brain of the child is severely shaken inside the cranial cavity cause irreparable damage. Survivors of Shaken Baby Syndrome possess some degree of neurological and/or cognitive deficiency and exhibit seizure disorders, cerebral...
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...Childhood obesity as a form of child abuse Child abuse can be cited as any act that is emotional, sexual or physical that may harm or cause injury to a child. This involves acts that have potential for injury, threat injury to the child or result to injury in the actual sense. Child abuse occurs in different environments that the child interacts with. This includes but not limited to organizations, child care centers, schools or the child’s home. Abuse may happen to children of all ages, gender, ability or race. Abusers are often adults and young people they trust. They are familiar with them and also to the children’s family. A person can directly abuse a child or bear responsibility for abuse due to failure to prevent someone else causing harm to a child (Harwood Robin 20). Child abuse falls under four main categories which are: emotional abuse, neglect, sexual abuse and physical abuse. Emotional abuse includes contempt, excessive criticism, degradation, insulting, humiliation, among others. The abused children respond by internalizing the insults, distancing from those insulting them, self-blame, passive behavior, among others (Almond 18). On the other hand, physical abuse involves shaking, poisoning, throwing, drowning, suffocating, hitting or any kind of physical harm directed towards a child. Effects associated include withdrawal, chronic pain, guilt, anxiety, and depression, among others. Child neglect happens to be the most common form of child abuse. However, its...
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...Millennium Development Goal INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets, and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United. The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled ‘We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century’. Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide...
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...Palsy- Paralysis of the brain Spina Bifida- A spilt or divided spine Spinal Cord Injury- break, severe bruise, or other damage to the spinal cord that affects motor and sensory functions. Traumatic Brain Injury- The result of a sudden and significant insult to the brain. Types of Traumatic Brain Injury: - Closed head injury - Open head injury - Concussions Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury: - Cognitive Skills - Processing Ability - Language - Academic Achievement - Emotions - Behavior Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury: - Struck by/against and includes child abuse, especially shaken baby syndrome. - Automobile and motorcycle accidents, children not wearing seat belts. Describe Characteristics- Cognitive Characteristics: Students abilities are often related to the nature of the disorder, the severity of the disorder, and the effects of treating the disorder. Academic Characteristics: Same as Cognitive Characteristics. Social and Emotional Characteristics: Learn and relearn how to communicate with their classmates. Behavior Characteristics: Students may require very specific behavior intervention plans that have extensive rewards built in for appropriate behaviors. Recommended Educational Practices: Early Childhood- Services are offered at an early age in the child’s home. This includes early...
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...easy to disclose why she kept on hurting herself for she felt that she can talk freely without being judged. Throughout the video, the counselor evidently endorsed therapeutic transference where the clients transferred thoughts and feelings that are connected to the influential figures in her life onto the therapist. The counselor asked her client what is her situation at home and how do she get along with her step-father. She also made the client recall the days her interaction with her biological father. This is important in psychoanalytic therapy because it help the client understand her past and how event from her early life could be affecting her now. The counselor know how to just listen, when to comment, and when to ask further questions. As psychoanalyst, the counselor assume during the interview that her client’s irrational drives specifically her self-injury are rooted in her unconscious, she also assume that this irrational drive are cause by latent disturbances, and the client’s concerns are due to unresolved issues during her developmental years. 2. What techniques did the counselor use in the counseling situation? The aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the client understand her past experiences that may affect her current well-being. The therapist listened carefully to the client’s concerns and look out for patterns of events that may hold significance to her current situation. The counselor asked the client her...
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...Child Survival in Bangladesh KEY STATISTICS Under-five mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Percentage of child deaths between age 1 and 17 due to injury Infants fully vaccinated by 12 months (%) All data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2007, except: * Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003 ** EPI Coverage Evaluation Survey 2009 65 52 37 38* 75** BACKGROUND Bangladesh has made significant progress in improving the health of its children. It is one of the few countries in the developing world that is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing the under-five mortality rate by two thirds by 2015. Bangladesh is among only six countries in the world that have reduced by half or more their child mortality rate since 1990 (from 151/1000 in 1990 to 65 in 2007). The infant mortality rate has also significantly declined to reach 52 deaths per 1000 live births in 2007 from 117 deaths/1000 in 1990. Despite these inroads, challenges remain. While the mortality rates have improved overall, major inequalities among the population need to be addressed. The under-five mortality rate is 86/1000 for the poorest quintile while the richest quintile records only 43/10001. The recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in 2009 also shows huge geographical disparities with the least performing district, Sherpur, recording 102 deaths...
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...easy to disclose why she kept on hurting herself for she felt that she can talk freely without being judged. Throughout the video, the counselor evidently endorsed therapeutic transference where the clients transferred thoughts and feelings that are connected to the influential figures in her life onto the therapist. The counselor asked her client what is her situation at home and how do she get along with her step-father. She also made the client recall the days her interaction with her biological father. This is important in psychoanalytic therapy because it help the client understand her past and how event from her early life could be affecting her now. The counselor know how to just listen, when to comment, and when to ask further questions. As psychoanalyst, the counselor assume during the interview that her client’s irrational drives specifically her self-injury are rooted in her unconscious, she also assume that this irrational drive are cause by latent disturbances, and the client’s concerns are due to unresolved issues during her developmental years. 2. What techniques did the counselor use in the counseling situation? The aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the client understand her past experiences that may affect her current well-being. The therapist listened carefully to the client’s concerns and look out for patterns of events that may hold significance to her current situation. The counselor asked the client her...
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...Self-Injury Self-injury is a topic that is being discussed more often in the news, on television shows, in school settings, and in the psychological and medical fields. In a survey conducted by McGill University, seventy-four percent of the teachers reported having a personal encounter with self-injury but only twenty percent felt knowledgeable about working with those students (see Heath, Toste, & Beettam, 2007, 73). If the results are similar for the larger population, then it would be beneficial to inform and educate people who may encounter the individuals who participate in self-injurious behavior. Because most people think of self-injury as a new topic of discussion, many people assume that it is not actually a problem but only a cry for attention. Consequently much more research has been conducted in the past decade to determine what self-injury actually is and how it can be recognized. The research has produced results that not only define self-injury but also identify the criteria for diagnosis, and patterns of behavior that assist in recognizing an individual who is engaging in the action. Further research is required due to the fact that most of the focus has been on Caucasian women and young adults; is it prevalent among other demographic populations? Are there disorders that are common among self-injurers? Because it is becoming a more common problem among young adults, educators would benefit from these findings. Individuals in a school setting have expressed...
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...Child maltreatment is a behavior toward a child that is outside the norms of conduct and obtains substantial risk of causing harm to the child. There are four recognizable types of maltreatment; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child neglect. There are millions of alleged child maltreatment reports a year and most of the causes are still not well understood. These forms of abuse vary but most of them are often associated with physical injuries, harsh development and mental instability. When a child is taken in by Child Protective Services, the diagnosis is based off of physical examination of the child, lab testing’s, and recent history. In my opinion child maltreatment is a cowardly, nauseating act based on pure ignorance and insecurity. Children deserve to be safe. Physical abuse involves a caretaker inflicting harm or engaging in actions that inflict harm upon a child. Specific forms include shaking, punching, burning, and dropping. This form of abuse causes serious head injuries to infants and toddlers. Babies are the most vulnerable to maltreatment and also kids that reach their adolescent years. Some signs of physical abuse inflicted on a child would be handprints, bruises, round burn marks often from cigarettes, and long abrasions caused by belt whippings. Sexual abuse cases vary between forms of intercourse, molestation, and subjection that involves no physical contact but exposes the child to genitals or sexual acts. Any action with a child that...
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...In a study conducted by Holms, it is estimated that roughly 4.6 million children in the United States are currently being exposed to domestic violence. In many instances, children who are exposed to these violent crimes not only witness the physical injuries but also the emotional pain that is inflicted on the victims. In other instances, some children may not witness the violent acts directly but are still aware of its occurrence in the home. Although the effects of exposure of violence during childhood are not as widely studied as child abuse, its effects can be just as damaging and paralyzing. As with child abuse, a child’s exposure to domestic violence can cause brief or long term outcomes of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems during adolescence, including delinquency, status offenses, and perpetration of violence (Sousa et al., 2011). One of the primary studies in psychology and childhood development involved Bowlby’s attachment theories, which demonstrate the importance of a child attaching with his or her primary caretaker or maternal figure. Bowlby’s theory emphasizes the importance of a healthy parent child relationship and how this relationship can affect a child’s long-term development (Bowlby,...
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