...Understanding Institutional Discrimination of Promotion For a person working in a company for more than two or three years, willing to work even more, and having the required skills for the job performed, promotion is an expectation some time in the future. When the promotion is not received for certain unfair reasons, a conflict may arise and needs to be addressed. As a person with an accent and not a perfect English, I decided to choose scenario number 2 for my project. Maria, a person of Latino ancestry, has filed a complaint that she was unfairly eliminated for a promotion because of her distinctive accent. She also points out that she is the only one person of color, the only one woman, and the only one Latina in the department. She is a US citizen with a graduated degree, and has been with the company for 10 years and in her position for 7. The promotion was given to Alex instead, an Anglo, who has less time either with the company or in the position. The scenario shows though that Maria is often loud and aggressive when communicating with co-workers. She also has had some problems with the company. She has been counseled twice by her supervisor for tardiness, and once for absence. She said the reason in each situation was her necessary presence with a family member that needed help. My plan is to start a research about promotion policies, to study laws and regulations, and to analyze different other similar situations I might find. I have the following dilemma:...
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...Based off discrimination, I do not agree nor feel that with the criticism that the poor are unfairly discriminated against because they are the least able to pay their own bail and the least able to pay the fee to a bail bonds person. Now there may be many different ways that a less unfortunate person can do to make bond, but I do not feel like they have been discriminated against. " A person is indigent if he or she is unable to pay attorney fees without prejudicing, in a meaningful way, his or her financial ability to provide the necessities of life, such as food, clothing, shelter, and medical care for himself or herself or his or her legal dependents." http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/I/Indigent.aspx. When someone is arrested and they have a set bond, it is important that the bondsman makes sure that the arrestee will be in court on that set date....
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...Following this came Pete Daniel in Dispossession in which strives to explain the significant but relatively unknown part of the civil rights movement involving the struggles against institutional discrimination that targeted black farmers in the South and their aptitude to serve as a window into the association between race and government in modern American history. In the years following the Civil War, the number of black farmers in the South grew swiftly. After the both world wars and the Great Depression, the numbers of farms in general decreased, but not proportionately along the ethnic groups of farmers. What Daniel exposes is the appearance between 1940 and 1964 of a considerably unequal ratio of white-owned to black-owned farms that...
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..._________________________________________________________________________________________ Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System Institutional racism and racial discrimination in the U.S. health care system has been part of a long continuum dating back over 400 years. After hundreds of years of active discrimination, efforts were made to admit minorities into the "mainstream" health system but these efforts were flawed. Colin Gordon in his book Dead on Arrival portrays a very strong stance towards this issue when he states, “The American welfare state has always been, at root, a Jim Crow welfare state – disdainful of citizenship claims of racial minorities, deferential to a southern-controlled Congress, and leery of the racial implications of universal social programs” (172). It is evident that throughout the history of U.S. health care that race has shaped health provisions in a number of ways, most noticeably in private and public health care institutions. Gordon throughout his books discusses the ways in which institutional racism, specifically in the field of healthcare, has manifested itself throughout history. One of the most prominent manifestations of institutional racism in the healthcare field comes to light when examining past (and sometimes present) policies regarding admission (to healthcare facilities) and discrimination of minorities. It is evident when observing the adoption, administration, and implementation of...
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...Influencing Factors...........................................................................................8 Corrective Action.............................................................................................10 Conclusion........................................................................................................12 ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Canada’s favourite past time hockey has and continues to endure racism throughout all levels of the sport. This paper will expose the institutional racism in Canadian hockey associations with an emphasis on black hockey players. Drawing credible news reports and personally experiences, I will provide evidence that institutional racism is deeply rooted within the fabric of the sport, which can be observed from the actions and behaviour of authoritative figures. Additionally, the essay will analyze the implications from racial discrimination in both minor and professional hockey. By doing so, valuable information will be discovered to understand the true underlying factors that are influence and permit racist behaviour to persist. Moreover, the key purpose...
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...Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 9-20. The article chosen for critique is titled Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans published March 2015, this article suggests "institutional racism" is a primary contributor to racial inequality in America today. Coined by Stokely Carmichael, a leader in the Black Power movement of the 1960's, the term institutional racism is used to define discrimination that "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than individual racism". The article sites recent social unrest in the African American community regarding the use of deadly force by police officers as a stark reminder that racial inequality is an ongoing social problem. As policymakers are divided on the issue of racial inequality, both sides continue to focus primarily on the individual rather the institutional implications. The conservative majority believe the US has become a colorblind society, therefore attributing the existence of racial disparities to the personal failures of minority...
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...Introduction The social construction of the “Muslim race” has influenced the racialisation of the community on the basis of their Muslim identity. The racialisation process has been exacerbated by the recent terror attacks in France and Belgium, resulting in the unjust attachment of these acts to the Muslim community. Anti-Muslim racism is now the predominant form of racism in Britain, manifesting itself on an institutional and individual level (Mahamadille, 2005). This essay aims to discuss the reality of anti-Muslim racism in Britain through processes of racialisation and through manifestations of anti-Muslim hostility and discrimination. But first emphasis is placed on how “the Muslim race” has become socially constructed by mainstream British society. Social Construction of “Muslim Race” Social constructionists share the belief that categorisation on the basis of biologically transmitted traits is a pseudo that traditionally was used to justify the unequal treatment of certain groups by others (mainly relating to skin colour) (Machery, 2005). Biology, religion and culture merely provide the materials from which we socially construct the ideas of difference and community. Scholars now widely believe that race is socially constructed as opposed to biologically based (Bonilla, 1997). The “Muslim Race” is arguably the greatest example of a socially constructed race in recent times. Despite major differences in skin colour, nationality and culture, the Muslim community have...
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...Thomas Lovsey Mrs. Barker ENGL 1100 Nov. 12, 2015 Not as Simple as Black-and-White “Discrimination is behavior, intentional or not, which negatively treats a person or a group of people based on their racial origins” (Randall). It is unclear what the exact cause is for people to be prejudiced towards another group of individuals. Racism could perhaps be triggered by having a fear of people who are different, needing to fit in with others who are of a racist mindset, and/or being ignorant of other people’s cultures. In the 1998 movie Pleasantville, it is shown that racism and discrimination towards different people occurs because of sudden changes to an established system and society. In reality, racism is a result of generations of stereotypes and mistreatment of a certain group of people, and is not something that can be resolved as quickly as it is in the movie. The film Pleasantville, directed by Gary Ross, is the story of how two teens from the 1990’s, David and Jennifer, end up in a 1950’s sitcom called Pleasantville. Everything is black-and-white in this world, and all the citizens believe it is perfect, or pleasant. As David and Jennifer (now called Bud and Mary-Sue) stay in Pleasantville, they quickly change the conventional norms of the society, bringing new and different ideas to the people. This change is shown when some of the citizens change from black-and-white to full color. As the changes to many citizens’ color and behaviors keep occurring, a group of black-and-white...
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...Ownership and Disclosure A Review of Literature By BADRU Bazeet and Mousa Sharaf Adin Hezam Abstract This is a review of various literatures on ownership and disclosure which has been carried out by various researchers in different countries. So far majorities of the researchers shows that the extent of corporate disclosure is negatively associated with a higher management of ownership structure and the extent of corporate voluntary disclosures is positively related with a higher institutional ownership structure. But findings also show that the negative relationship is weaker if the firm has a higher proportion of independent non- executive directors. Introduction Ownership Structure is a mechanism that aligns the interest of Shareholders and Managers. Corporate governace is the capstone of the activities that can reduce agency costs. Corporate mangers disclosure policies are influenced by firm’s ownership and governance on the level of various types of information disclosure. This is a summary of literature review on ownership structure and corporate disclosure. Studies have shown that ownership structure can be state, legal, managerial and block holder depending on the countries and cultural environment. Blockholder ownership is the percentage of shares held by substancial shareholders( that is shareholdings of 5% or more). Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that substancial shareholders are expected to have both greater power and incentives to monitor management, as...
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...Institutional investors are important in today’s business world because they have such a great influence on the cash flow surrounding all businesses. In a quick example to explain their importance, consider your 401k plan. I would much rather have my money trusted with an institutional investor than an individual investor, or worse, myself. That is a disaster waiting to happen. Institutional investors do this all day, every day. There is always hype from certain people concerning this profession, but I believe it’s mostly due to their lack of knowledge in the manner. It’s not fair to criticize something that you don’t completely understand. Institutional investors hold a high advantage when it comes to moving around the architecture of corporate policy. Reason being is because they hold a high ownership of stock (Varma, 2001). Owning this high amount of stock gives them the upper hand. They are capable of voting power, and much more. They also hold somewhat of a position of superiority when it comes to attaining information. This is an additional way that they are of great importance to the business world. They are able to actively oversee and supervise a company’s managers (Varma, 2001). I almost like to view this as a discreet check and balance process for firms. Lastly, one of the most important aspects of the institutional investor’s position is to ensure good business ethics. This brings back the comment I made earlier about the checks and balances process. Institutional...
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...Institutional holding and market friction Ping-Wen Sun Louisiana State University psun1@lsu.edu Abstract This study investigates the relationship between the institutional holding and the stock’s market friction measure. According to Sun’s (2007) findings, I use Hou and Moskowitz’s (2005) price delay measure (D1) and Liu’s (2006) liquidity measure (LM12) to proxy for a stock’s market friction. I find that a higher total institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s price delay measure, but institutional holding exhibits a U-shaped relationship with a stock’s LM12 measure. However, as the number of institutions increases, the stock’s market friction decreases. In terms of different types of institutional holdings, higher total block holding or higher top five institutional holding of a stock increases a stock’s market friction level. Furthermore, in contrast to Agarwal’s (2007) findings, higher independent long term institutional holding and risk averse institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s market friction level. Institutional holding and market friction Abstract This study investigates the relationship between the institutional holding and the stock’s market friction measure. According to Sun’s (2007) findings, I use Hou and Moskowitz’s (2005) price delay measure (D1) and Liu’s (2006) liquidity measure (LM12) to proxy for a stock’s market friction. I find that a higher total institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s price delay measure, but institutional...
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...distinction as the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history. The events surrounding this history-making occurrence provide an important opportunity to examine the repercussions for WorldCom’s stakeholders. We especially focus on the valuation effects of the WorldCom failure on exposed financial institutions for their important monitoring roles as institutional investors and creditors. Despite the heightened uncertainty facing investors during this period, we find that the market is remarkably efficient in distinguishing among the various types of stakeholders. In particular, institutional investors and creditors are largely unaffected by the events, which is expected based on the benefit of diversification. In contrast, large and key competitors are adversely affected by the events, which may be attributed to scrutiny of rivals that are perceived to be facing similar problems. Furthermore, for large and key competitors, these results indicate that contagion effects dominate competitive effects. © 2004 Published by Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. JEL classification: G33; G14 Keywords: WorldCom; Bankruptcy; Contagion; Institutional investors; Creditors;...
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...Introduction Institutional investors have become predominant players in the stock market, and their influence has been growing steadily in recent times. Due to their large shareholdings it is perceived that institutional investors can leverage their position and act as watchdogs against corporate abuse. There are however several practical considerations which serve as disincentives to shareholder activism. The assertion that institutional investors have the potential and the incentive to contribute towards improving the corporate governance regime of their respective portfolio companies is a contentious issue. Some commentators on this subject have made a positive assessment of shareholder activism but empirical findings give a checkered history of the efficacy of such institutional investor activism thereby casting a shadow of doubt on the role of institutional investors in corporate governance. The analysis of divergent theories on the incentives and disincentives governing the behaviour of institutional investors in this regard becomes pertinent. The questions that are sought to be addressed in this paper are as follows - a. What are the various incentives and disincentives to shareholder activism among institutional investors? b. What are the techniques which may be employed by institutional investors to monitor the companies in which they invest? c. What are the reasons behind shareholder passivity? Is this apathy rational in the context of institutional shareholders...
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...Hermes Fund Management Dr. Okan Geray 1. Is the role of institutional investors to influence the strategy of companies in which they invest? Yes, they are influence on the strategy for the company * Institutional investors are in a unique position to exercise influence over companies and to hold them accountable for good governance. Given the typically significant stake they hold, they have the ability to demand meetings with the senior management of companies, challenge them on issues of concern, discuss strategies for achieving the companies’ goals and objectives and be the leading voice of shareholders in demanding corrective action when wrongdoing occurs. * Thus institutional investors have a critical and proactive role to play in the governance of companies. They have better access to information and possess the resources to build the necessary monitoring Capabilities. Given their unique position of influence, there is a need to priorities their leadership role in governance. * Institutional investors are professional investors who act on behalf of beneficiaries, such as individual Savers or pension fund members, the categories of institutional investors are wide and can include Collective investment vehicles, which pool the savings of many, and licensed fund managers to whom these funds are allocated. * Hermes is a UK independent fund manager investing approximately £36 billion on behalf of over 100 clients, including pension funds, insurance...
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...About Digital Libraries Library users increasingly expect everything to be immediately available on the web, free of charge at each point of service and coupled with the assurance of permanent access. At a cross-cultural level, libraries, museums and archives work together to a growing extend, to make their digital collections and objects available on the web for a large audience, very often through one central access point, a so called portal or digital library. IFLA recognizes the current shift of many libraries from analogue to digital, and increasingly includes digital libraries in its strategic agenda. This focus will be achieved not only by looking at the digitisation process as such, but also at strategies for providing long term access to digital content. At the IFLA World Library and Information Congress in Milan in 2009, the IFLA Professional Committee together with the Italian government organized a one-day conference on digital libraries which focused on the user perspective and the way in which cultural heritage institutions and publishers respond to the digital shift in the library world. As a result of this conference the IFLA Professional Committee drew up a vision statement for IFLA to form the basis to position and connect digital libraries related activities within the IFLA organisation. This vision is formulated as follows: To employ the fullest potential of digital technology in partnership with users by enabling seamless and open access to all types...
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