...Institutional racism is alive and thriving in modern day America. Rampant discrimination and systemic oppression seems to be a disturbing pattern throughout American history. African-Americans have been given their rights then subsequently purloined of them in a confusing tangle of shifting reform and government. However one thing is quite clear the right of autonomy and liberty have been a tenuous thing. Through oppressive institutions of power African-Americans have been relegated to a permanent second-class status, all within the framework of the law. About fifty years ago direct, in-your-face, overt racism became illegal and less socially acceptable. Which had two side effects on white America: first, it allowed them to belive that racism...
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...White: The Problem with Institutional Racism In recent times the media has contributed to racism by only showing the acts of cruelty of Caucasian’s towards the minority in the United States. This is an example of institutional racism. Just what is institutional racism? Institutional racism is a pattern of social institutions, such as the media, government, schools, banks, and etc. This leads to the issue of inequality among the citizens of the United States. One key detail about institutional racism is that a person does not need to discriminate intentionally to have the label attached to them. For example, judges in the court of law might intend to impose similar sentences for similar crimes; yet if Caucasian citizens receive a...
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...Institutional racism is viewed in many ways within the American society, which was founded on the discrimination of slavery. This can be seen in the Jim Crow racial caste system, which regulated African Americans to the status of second class citizens, according to Ferris State University. Imagine being paralysed by racial discrimination, unable to go anywhere or do anything without your race impacting on your opportunities in life. Imagine if your own religion was twisted against you? This was the reality of many African Americans during the time of Jim Crow laws. Even church leaders claimed that blacks were cursed to be servants and that God supported racial segregation, which finally ended in 1954. Although this horrible discrimination has now officially ended, instutionalised racism still corrupts justice in...
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...Camara Phyllis Jones created a framework for understanding racism on three levels. These levels are institutional racism, personally mediated racism and internalized racism. In order to understand this, it is important to break down a real world example and show the impact of all three of these categories. One example which clearly demonstrates all three of these categories is the low graduation rate of black men in this country. Institutional racism plays an important factor in the lower graduation rate in a number of ways. Institutional racism is the societal disadvantages that people are born into due to their race. One example of this is that due to the segregation of communities based upon institutional racism the quality of schools...
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...justify the unjustifiable. It must constantly prove that it belongs to a hostile environment. Certainly, there are examples where social interactions led to a decrease in racist attitudes, but usually this occurs without the system of institutional racism is itself affected. The beneficiaries of affirmative action often divert their eyes from the final goal (remove oppression of institutional racism) because they need to defend the system to keep their personal benefits. The fact that slaves have become overseers on plantations has mitigates slightly, if at all, the harshness of slavery. And these supervisors were also in the unenviable position of defending a system that oppressed them, while giving them an "advantage" relative compared to other slaves. In fact, some people have no problem to hold this kind of position now, but others will struggle to manage their...
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...Race/Ethnicity Institutional vs. Blatant Racism and Education and Race vs. Social Class Race has been a serious concern in the United States. More specifically, people have been treated differently according to their race. Different races have also had different levels of academic and professional success. Despite being illegal for several decades, segregation is still existent in many public schools in the United States. However, it has become institutionalized; it is hidden deep inside society. Many Black Americans live in poor communities. Therefore, they attend poorly equipped and worn out schools. Without the necessary materials and environment needed to learn, they lose interest in school. Consequently, many of these students drop out of school before graduation. In turn, their potential to achieve higher education and economic status severely diminishes. As discussed in class, prejudice and discrimination are closely related. Prejudice is the thought one has towards another group while discrimination is the action performed towards another group. Prejudice often leads to discrimination. Derogatory terms towards other races or ethnicites have been the cause for genocides, population transfer, and segregation (Witt 2010:302) Discrimination is a great obstacle for Black Americans who seek to achieve a higher economic status. More specifically, racial profiling has been an impediment towards Black American employment. Better known as the glass ceiling, this has caused...
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...SOC 3290: Race and Ethnic Relations | Article Critique #1 | Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans | Melissa Bolton 5-15-2016 | Harris, F. C., & Lieberman, R. C. (2015). Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 9-20. Harris, F. C., & Lieberman, R. C. (2015). Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans. Foreign Affairs, 94(2), 9-20. The article chosen for critique is titled Racial Inequality after Racism: How Institutions Hold Back African Americans published March 2015, this article suggests "institutional racism" is a primary contributor to racial inequality in America today. Coined by Stokely Carmichael, a leader in the Black Power movement of the 1960's, the term institutional racism is used to define discrimination that "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than individual racism". The article sites recent social unrest in the African American community regarding the use of deadly force by police officers as a stark...
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...Introduction The social construction of the “Muslim race” has influenced the racialisation of the community on the basis of their Muslim identity. The racialisation process has been exacerbated by the recent terror attacks in France and Belgium, resulting in the unjust attachment of these acts to the Muslim community. Anti-Muslim racism is now the predominant form of racism in Britain, manifesting itself on an institutional and individual level (Mahamadille, 2005). This essay aims to discuss the reality of anti-Muslim racism in Britain through processes of racialisation and through manifestations of anti-Muslim hostility and discrimination. But first emphasis is placed on how “the Muslim race” has become socially constructed by mainstream British society. Social Construction of “Muslim Race” Social constructionists share the belief that categorisation on the basis of biologically transmitted traits is a pseudo that traditionally was used to justify the unequal treatment of certain groups by others (mainly relating to skin colour) (Machery, 2005). Biology, religion and culture merely provide the materials from which we socially construct the ideas of difference and community. Scholars now widely believe that race is socially constructed as opposed to biologically based (Bonilla, 1997). The “Muslim Race” is arguably the greatest example of a socially constructed race in recent times. Despite major differences in skin colour, nationality and culture, the Muslim community have...
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...Ryerson University Racism in Canadian Hockey Neil McGregor - 500 459 843 SOC 507- Race and Ethnicity in Canadian Society Professor Christopher Powell April 13th, 2016 ------------------------------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction......................................................................................................3 Evidence of Racism in Hockey Minor Hockey.......................................................................................3 Professional Hockey.............................................................................6 Impacts of Racism in Hockey............................................................................8 Influencing Factors...........................................................................................8 Corrective Action.............................................................................................10 Conclusion........................................................................................................12 ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Canada’s favourite past time hockey has and continues to endure racism throughout all levels of the sport. This paper will expose the institutional racism in Canadian hockey associations with an emphasis on black hockey players. Drawing credible news reports and personally experiences, I will provide evidence that institutional racism is deeply rooted within the fabric...
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...Thomas Lovsey Mrs. Barker ENGL 1100 Nov. 12, 2015 Not as Simple as Black-and-White “Discrimination is behavior, intentional or not, which negatively treats a person or a group of people based on their racial origins” (Randall). It is unclear what the exact cause is for people to be prejudiced towards another group of individuals. Racism could perhaps be triggered by having a fear of people who are different, needing to fit in with others who are of a racist mindset, and/or being ignorant of other people’s cultures. In the 1998 movie Pleasantville, it is shown that racism and discrimination towards different people occurs because of sudden changes to an established system and society. In reality, racism is a result of generations of stereotypes and mistreatment of a certain group of people, and is not something that can be resolved as quickly as it is in the movie. The film Pleasantville, directed by Gary Ross, is the story of how two teens from the 1990’s, David and Jennifer, end up in a 1950’s sitcom called Pleasantville. Everything is black-and-white in this world, and all the citizens believe it is perfect, or pleasant. As David and Jennifer (now called Bud and Mary-Sue) stay in Pleasantville, they quickly change the conventional norms of the society, bringing new and different ideas to the people. This change is shown when some of the citizens change from black-and-white to full color. As the changes to many citizens’ color and behaviors keep occurring, a group of black-and-white...
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...discussion of stakeholders and ways in which companies maneuver to obtain approval and minimize opposition. How do these strategies connect to "colonial" hierarchies and institutionalized racism? As Pellow states, the causes of environmental injustice referenced in the scholarly literature include institutional racism in housing… and the exclusion of low-income individuals and people of color from the dominant environmental movement” (Pellow, 13). And the environmental inequality is a social process involving and impacting many stakeholders, such as social movement organizations, private sector firms, the state, residents, and workers. “When different stakeholders struggle for access to valuable resources within the political economy, the benefits and costs of those resources become distributed unevenly” (Pellow, 14). Which means that, those stakeholders with less power suffers from environmental inequality, such as living and working under dangerous conditions; those stakeholders with greater power are able to deprive other stakeholders. Thus, workers and residents with minimal political power are the most vulnerable to environmental inequality. In order to obtain approval and minimize opposition, companies adopt many strategies, which are connected to "colonial" hierarchies and institutionalized racism. “Throughout history, one of the most effective ways of controlling a colony was to create hierarchies (or intensify existing ones) between social classes and/or ethnic groups, so...
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..._________________________________________________________________________________________ Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System Institutional racism and racial discrimination in the U.S. health care system has been part of a long continuum dating back over 400 years. After hundreds of years of active discrimination, efforts were made to admit minorities into the "mainstream" health system but these efforts were flawed. Colin Gordon in his book Dead on Arrival portrays a very strong stance towards this issue when he states, “The American welfare state has always been, at root, a Jim Crow welfare state – disdainful of citizenship claims of racial minorities, deferential to a southern-controlled Congress, and leery of the racial implications of universal social programs” (172). It is evident that throughout the history of U.S. health care that race has shaped health provisions in a number of ways, most noticeably in private and public health care institutions. Gordon throughout his books discusses the ways in which institutional racism, specifically in the field of healthcare, has manifested itself throughout history. One of the most prominent manifestations of institutional racism in the healthcare field comes to light when examining past (and sometimes present) policies regarding admission (to healthcare facilities) and discrimination of minorities. It is evident when observing the adoption, administration, and implementation of...
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...Ownership and Disclosure A Review of Literature By BADRU Bazeet and Mousa Sharaf Adin Hezam Abstract This is a review of various literatures on ownership and disclosure which has been carried out by various researchers in different countries. So far majorities of the researchers shows that the extent of corporate disclosure is negatively associated with a higher management of ownership structure and the extent of corporate voluntary disclosures is positively related with a higher institutional ownership structure. But findings also show that the negative relationship is weaker if the firm has a higher proportion of independent non- executive directors. Introduction Ownership Structure is a mechanism that aligns the interest of Shareholders and Managers. Corporate governace is the capstone of the activities that can reduce agency costs. Corporate mangers disclosure policies are influenced by firm’s ownership and governance on the level of various types of information disclosure. This is a summary of literature review on ownership structure and corporate disclosure. Studies have shown that ownership structure can be state, legal, managerial and block holder depending on the countries and cultural environment. Blockholder ownership is the percentage of shares held by substancial shareholders( that is shareholdings of 5% or more). Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that substancial shareholders are expected to have both greater power and incentives to monitor management, as...
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...Institutional investors are important in today’s business world because they have such a great influence on the cash flow surrounding all businesses. In a quick example to explain their importance, consider your 401k plan. I would much rather have my money trusted with an institutional investor than an individual investor, or worse, myself. That is a disaster waiting to happen. Institutional investors do this all day, every day. There is always hype from certain people concerning this profession, but I believe it’s mostly due to their lack of knowledge in the manner. It’s not fair to criticize something that you don’t completely understand. Institutional investors hold a high advantage when it comes to moving around the architecture of corporate policy. Reason being is because they hold a high ownership of stock (Varma, 2001). Owning this high amount of stock gives them the upper hand. They are capable of voting power, and much more. They also hold somewhat of a position of superiority when it comes to attaining information. This is an additional way that they are of great importance to the business world. They are able to actively oversee and supervise a company’s managers (Varma, 2001). I almost like to view this as a discreet check and balance process for firms. Lastly, one of the most important aspects of the institutional investor’s position is to ensure good business ethics. This brings back the comment I made earlier about the checks and balances process. Institutional...
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...Institutional holding and market friction Ping-Wen Sun Louisiana State University psun1@lsu.edu Abstract This study investigates the relationship between the institutional holding and the stock’s market friction measure. According to Sun’s (2007) findings, I use Hou and Moskowitz’s (2005) price delay measure (D1) and Liu’s (2006) liquidity measure (LM12) to proxy for a stock’s market friction. I find that a higher total institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s price delay measure, but institutional holding exhibits a U-shaped relationship with a stock’s LM12 measure. However, as the number of institutions increases, the stock’s market friction decreases. In terms of different types of institutional holdings, higher total block holding or higher top five institutional holding of a stock increases a stock’s market friction level. Furthermore, in contrast to Agarwal’s (2007) findings, higher independent long term institutional holding and risk averse institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s market friction level. Institutional holding and market friction Abstract This study investigates the relationship between the institutional holding and the stock’s market friction measure. According to Sun’s (2007) findings, I use Hou and Moskowitz’s (2005) price delay measure (D1) and Liu’s (2006) liquidity measure (LM12) to proxy for a stock’s market friction. I find that a higher total institutional holding tends to decrease a stock’s price delay measure, but institutional...
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